Water Solubility Of Curcumin Research Articles

Voltammetric quantification of surfactant stabilized curcumin at MWCNT/GCE sensor

Abstract A simple voltammetric method has been developed for selective quantification of curcumin, primary bioactive component of turmeric in phosphate buffer system at pH 2.5 in solubilized system at Multiwalled-carbon nanotube/Glassy carbon electrode (MWCNT/GCE) sensor using squarewave voltammetry as an analytical technique. Effect of different types of surfactants on the solubilization and stability of curcumin were compared to identify the most suitable surfactant for conducting voltammetric studies. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), Tween 20 and Triton X surfactants were used in the study. The experimental results suggested that solubility and chemical stability of curcumin were substantially increased in Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as compared to other solvent systems. Under the optimized conditions the oxidation peak current for curcumin was found to be proportional to its concentration in the range of 4 × 10 − 7 g/mL to 20 × 10 − 7 g/mL with 3.28 × 10 − 7 g/mL and 10.94 × 10 − 7 g/mL as limit of detection and limit of quantification respectively. As it is a well-known fact that curcumin exhibits wide therapeutic potential but its low aqueous solubility at neutral and acidic pH limits its use, therefore the present research focuses on development of method for preparation of water soluble curcumin by incorporation of surfactant micellar system in order to increase solubility and stability of curcumin in aqueous form. Also present investigation deals with finding out alternatives to the use of organic solvents with the aim of diverting research towards greener chemistry by using less hazardous solubilizing media.

Glycyrrhetinic acid-modified PEG-PCL copolymeric micelles for the delivery of curcumin

In this study, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) was conjugated with mono amino poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (ε-caprolactone) (H2N-PEG-PCL) with succinate linker to obtain the GA-modified PEG-PCL (GA-PEG-PCL). By way of thin film hydration method, curcumin was encapsulated into GA-PEG-PCL copolymer to form stable micelles with 93.76% of encapsulation efficiency and 11.93% of drug loading capacity. The micelles enhanced curcumin's water-solubility to 1.87mg/ml, being 1.70×105 times higher than free curcumin. X-ray diffraction and FT-IR analysis confirmed the encapsulation of CUR into copolymeic micelles with an amorphous state. Hemolysis datum of blank micelles showed its biocompatibility. Compared with GA-unconjugated micelles, curcumin-loaded GA-PEG-PCL micelles showed slower in vitro release of drug, but they displayed better in vitro cytotoxicity against HepG2 at about 40μM because of its selective accumulation in HepG2 cells induced by GA.The results showed that GA-PEG-PCL copolymer could be a promising drug carrier for liver targeted drug delivery.

Enzyme-assisted ionic liquid extraction of bioactive compound from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): Isolation, purification and analysis of curcumin

Curcumin is the bioactive compound of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) with wonderful therapeutic properties; however, is slight aqueous solubility has limited its biological applications. Advanced extraction techniques can help to overcome the low solubility of curcumin in water. In this study, extraction of curcumin from turmeric using a developed carbamate ionic liquid was investigated. N,N-Dipropyl ammonium N′,N′-dipropylcarbamate (DPCARB) was synthesized from dry ice and dipropylamine and used for extraction of curcumin from turmeric which resulted in extraction yield of 3.58%, at room temperature within 2h. To enhance the curcumin extraction yield, a simple enzymatic pretreatment step was utilized. Use of a mixture of α-amylase and amyloglucosidase enzymes to destruct the turmeric cell wall prior to the extraction process remarkably improved the extraction yield to 5.73%. The superior performance of the synthesized DPCARB over conventional extraction solvents was confirmed when acetone was used for extraction of curcumin from pretreated turmeric at the same operation condition (25°C and 2h) which resulted in extraction yield of only 3.11%. The FTIR, UV–vis and HNMR analyses approved the selective extraction and dissolution of curcumin in DPCARB. A curcumin extract with high purity of 96% was obtained as determined by HPLC analysis.

The efficacy of dietary curcumin on growth performance, lipid peroxidation and hepatic transcription factors in rainbow troutOncorhynchus Mykiss(Walbaum) reared under different stocking densities

Curcumin, derived from Curcuma longa, exerts antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer and immunomodulatory properties. This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary water-soluble curcumin (0, 200 or 400 mg kg−1) on growth performance and antioxidant status in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) rearing under normal (20 kg m−3) or high (100 kg m−3) stocking density conditions. A significant increase in body weight (FBW), feed intake (FI) and weight gain (BWG) was observed in fish fed with curcumin-supplemented diet at 200 mg kg−1 of diet levels of high stocking density conditions (P < 0.0001), whereas feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not significant. Also, serum and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were decreased by dietary curcumin in crowded fish (P < 0.01, for both). With curcumin supplementation, expressions of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70; P < 0.0001) and hepatic nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB; P < 0.01) decreased, whereas expressions of hepatic nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) (P < 0.001, for both) increased in fish exposed to high stocking density. In conclusion, curcumin supplementation alleviates adverse effects of high stocking density on performance through modulating expressions of stress-related nuclear transcription factors in rainbow trout.

The dual effect of curcumin nanoparticles encapsulated by 1-3/1-6 β-glucan from medicinal mushrooms Hericium erinaceus and Ganoderma lucidum

Curcumin is a polyphenol from turmeric Curcuma longa L that has been proved to possess numerous biological and pharmaceutical activities, including anti-cancer properties. However, curcumin has only limited clinical applications due to the aqueous insolubility characteristic that reduces its biological availability. On the other hand, using nanoparticles as drug delivery system has potential as it increases solubility of hydrophobic substances such as curcumin. Furthermore, nanoparticles can protect and control release of drug. Therefore, the objective of this project is to prepare nanoparticles by polymeric encapsulating curcumin by 1-3/1-6 β-glucan extracted from Vietnamese mushrooms to increase drug delivery efficiency and biological effect. Method of the preparation is nano-precipitation. The produced curcumin-β-glucan-nanoparticles (NanoGluCur) takes spherical shape with 60–70 nm in diameter. As expected, water solubility of curcumin increases about 180 times, from 0.6 μg ml−1 to 0.11 mg ml−1. Loading capacity of NanoGluCur is 18.16%. In vitro cytotoxicity and anti-tumor promoting effects of NanoGluCur were also investigated. Results revealed that NanoGluCur is able to inhibit the growth of two human cancer cell lines Hep-G2 and LU-1 with IC50 values of 6.82 and 15.53 mg ml−1, respectively, while free curcumin expresses the activity with IC50 values of 7.41 and 18.82 mg ml−1. At the concentration of 40 mg ml−1, NanoGluCur showed anti-tumor promoting effects in reducing tumor size by 59.93% and tumor density by 40.52%, while the percentages caused by pristine curcumin were 41.36% and 29.14%, respectively. These results demonstrated dual effect of 1-3/1-6 β-glucan encapsulated curcumin nanoparticles: higher water solubility and better in vitro anti-cancer effects compared to free curcumin and 1-3/1-6 β-glucan, expectedly. This observation can potentially open a new approach in research and manufacture of functional foods from medicinal mushrooms.

Application of response surface methodology and spectroscopic approach for investigating of curcumin nanoencapsulation using natural biopolymers and nonionic surfactant.

This study aimed at encapsulation of poor water-soluble curcumin so that it could be utilized in various food products as a functional ingredient. Biopolymer nanoparticles were assembled from sodium caseinate and gum arabic using electrostatic complexation in the presence of nonionic surfactant Tween 20. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the interactions of curcumin with protein, polysaccharide and surfactant. The effects of sodium caseinate (A), gum arabic (B), Tween 20 (C) and pH (D) on responses were studied using a three-level four-factor Box-Behnken design. For each response, a second-order polynomial model was developed. For optimum nanoencapsulation of curcumin, the variables concentration of sodium caseinate, concentration of gum arabic, pH and concentration of Tween 20 were 0.21, 0.5, 5 and 0.14wt% respectively. The particles were characterized by ζ-potential measurement. Spectroscopic results and data modelling, showed interaction of curcumin with sodium caseinate, gum arabic and Tween 20. Also, the nonionic surfactant Tween 20, influenced the electrostatic interaction between sodium caseinate and gum arabic.

Pharmacokinetics and in vivo delivery of curcumin by copolymeric mPEG-PCL micelles

Curcumin (CUR) has been associated with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-amyloid, and antitumor effects, but its application is limited because of its low aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability. To progress the bioavailability and water solubility of CUR, we synthesized five series of mono methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (ε-caprolactone) (mPEG-PCL) diblock copolymers. The structure of the copolymers was characterized by H NMR, FTIR, DSC and GPC techniques. In this study, CUR was encapsulated within micelles through a single-step nano-precipitation method, leading to formation of CUR-loaded mPEG-PCL (CUR/mPEG-PCL) micelles. The resulting micelles were characterized further by various techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The cytotoxicity of void CUR, mPEG-PCL and CUR/mPEG-PCL micelles was compared to each other by performing MTT assay of the treated MCF-7 and 4T1 cell line. Study of the in vivo pharmacokinetics of the CUR-loaded micelles was also carried out on selected copolymers in comparison with CUR solution formulations. The results showed that the zeta potential of CUR-loaded micelles was about −11.5mV and the average size was 81.0nm. CUR was encapsulated into mPEG-PCL micelles with loading capacity of 20.65±0.015% and entrapment efficiency of 89.32±0.34%. The plasma AUC (0–t), t1/2 and Cmax of CUR micelles were increased by 52.8, 4.63 and 7.51-fold compared to the CUR solution, respectively. In vivo results showed that multiple injections of CUR-loaded micelles could prolong the circulation time and increase the therapeutic efficacy of CUR. These results suggested that mPEG-PCL micelles would be a potential carrier for CUR.

Preparation of redox-sensitive β-CD-based nanoparticles with controlled release of curcumin for improved therapeutic effect on liver cancer in vitro

Abstract A redox-sensitive beta-cyclodextrin nanoparticle (β-CD NP) system was prepared for the controlled release of curcumin (CUR), and its therapeutic efficacy on liver cancer was compared with that of CUR in vitro. 1-Dodecanethiol (DDT) was conjugated to per-6-thiol-β-CD by disulfide bond formation though an oxidation reaction (β-CD-ss-DDT). Rhodamine B (RhoB) was included into the β-CD-ss-DDT cavity by inclusion complex formation (β-CD-ss-DDT-ic-RhoB). CUR was encapsulated into β-CD-ss-DDT-ic-RhoB aggregates by self-assembly through dialysis method. The composition, morphology, size distribution and zeta potential of β-CD-ss-DDT-ic-RhoB NPs were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. It was found that CUR was released from β-CD-ss-DDT-ic-RhoB/CUR NPs due to the dissociation of β-CD-ss-DDT through a reduction reaction. β-CD-ss-DDT-ic-RhoB/CUR NPs had a higher cellular uptake ratio and a greater anticancer effect on mouse hepatoma Hepa 1-6 cells than CUR, mainly attributed to the improved water-solubility of CUR after encapsulating it in the NPs. Our findings suggest that β-CD-ss-DDT-ic-RhoB NPs can be used as nanocarriers for delivering CUR into cancer cells, thereby serving as a clinical therapeutic agent for liver cancer treatment.

Study of the Composition of Polycaprolactone/Poly (Ethylene Glycol)/Polycaprolactone Copolymer and Drug-to-Polymer Ratio on Drug Loading Efficiency of Curcumin to Nanoparticles

Abstract Background: Natural products derived from plants play a significant function in healthcare in many cultures, both ancient and modern. curcumin (CUR) is a chemical constituent of turmeric with anticancer activity, but its poor water solubility limits its use clinically. Methods: To improve the bioavailability and water solubility of curcumin, we synthesized five series of poly (caprolactone)-poly (ethylene glycol)- poly (caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL) triblock copolymers. The structure of the copolymers was characterized by HNMR, FT-IR, DSC, and GPC techniques. The nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using a solvent evaporation method. To achieve the best delivery system, we assigned the effect of the length of the copolymers’ hydrophilic and hydrophobic chains on the encapsulation of hydrophobic CUR, performed entrapment efficiency and drug loading assignments, as well as evaluated the particle distribution and in vitro release using the direct dispersion method. Results: CUR was encapsulated with 71% and 83% efficiency in biodegradable nanoparticulate formulations, based on NP4 and NP5. Dynamic laser light scattering (DLS) indicated a particle diameter of 112 nm and 110 nm for NP4 and NP5, respectively. FT-IR and DSC analysis of the NPs showed that CUR was encapsulated into the NPs. The in vitro release experiments showed that NP5 controlled the release of CUR more effectively, with only 51% of CUR released after 120 hours. Conclusions: The results indicate the successful formulation of curcumin-loaded PCL-PEG-PCL nanoparticles and improved water solubility of curcumin, which may have potential application in cancer treatment.

Study of the Composition of Polycaprolactone/Poly (Ethylene Glycol)/Polycaprolactone Copolymer and Drug-to-Polymer Ratio on Drug Loading Efficiency of Curcumin to Nanoparticles

Background: Natural products derived from plants play a significant function in healthcare in many cultures, both ancient and modern. curcumin (CUR) is a chemical constituent of turmeric with anticancer activity, but its poor water solubility limits its use clinically. Methods: To improve the bioavailability and water solubility of curcumin, we synthesized five series of poly (caprolactone)-poly (ethylene glycol)- poly (caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL) triblock copolymers. The structure of the copolymers was characterized by HNMR, FT-IR, DSC, and GPC techniques. The nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using a solvent evaporation method. To achieve the best delivery system, we assigned the effect of the length of the copolymers’ hydrophilic and hydrophobic chains on the encapsulation of hydrophobic CUR, performed entrapment efficiency and drug loading assignments, as well as evaluated the particle distribution and in vitro release using the direct dispersion method. Results: CUR was encapsulated with 71% and 83% efficiency in biodegradable nanoparticulate formulations, based on NP4 and NP5. Dynamic laser light scattering (DLS) indicated a particle diameter of 112 nm and 110 nm for NP4 and NP5, respectively. FT-IR and DSC analysis of the NPs showed that CUR was encapsulated into the NPs. The in vitro release experiments showed that NP5 controlled the release of CUR more effectively, with only 51% of CUR released after 120 hours. Conclusions: The results indicate the successful formulation of curcumin-loaded PCL-PEG-PCL nanoparticles and improved water solubility of curcumin, which may have potential application in cancer treatment.

Modification of curcumin with a reactive UV absorber and its dyeing and functional properties for silk

Curcumin, derived from the ground roots of Curcuma longa L., has been extensively used to prepare colored and antibacterial textiles. Unfortunately, the applications of curcumin are limited due to its low water solubility, photo-sensitivity and poor fastness. In the present study, a novel water-soluble curcumin was synthesized by introducing a water-soluble reactive UV absorber into curcumin molecule, and applied in the dyeing and functional finishing of silk fabric. The modified curcumin showed good water solubility. The uptake of the modified curcumin by silk was more sensitive to the pH of dyebath than that of curcumin. Moreover, the silk fabric dyed with modified curcumin showed good color fastness (especially rub and light fastness), very good UV protection ability, and high antibacterial activity equivalent to that of the curcumin dyed silk, but its antioxidant activity was lower than that of the curcumin dyed silk. This study shows that the novel water-soluble curcumin can be synthesized through chemical modification and suitably applied to prepare multifunctional silk textiles.

Xanthan gum stabilized PEGylated gold nanoparticles for improved delivery of curcumin in cancer

In recent years, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have received immense interest in various biomedical applications including drug delivery, photothermal ablation of cancer and imaging agent for cancer diagnosis. However, the synthesis of AuNPs poses challenges due to the poor reproducibility and stability of the colloidal system. In the present work, we developed a one step, facile procedure for the synthesis of AuNPs from hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) hydrate (HAuCl4. 3H2O) by using ascorbic acid and xanthan gum (XG) as reducing agent and stabilizer, respectively. The effect of concentrations of HAuCl4, 3H2O, ascorbic acid and methoxy polyethylene glycol-thiol (mPEG800-SH) were optimized and it was observed that stable AuNPs were formed at concentrations of 0.25 mM, 50 μM and 1 mM for HAuCl4.3H2O, ascorbic acid, and mPEG800-SH, respectively. The XG stabilized, deep red wine colored AuNPs (XG-AuNPs) were obtained by drop-wise addition of aqueous solution of ascorbic acid (50 mM) and XG (1.5 mg ml−1). Synthesized XG-AuNPs showed λmax at 540 nm and a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 80 ± 3 nm. PEGylation was performed with mPEG800-SH to obtain PEGylated XG-AuNPs (PX-AuNPs) and confirmed by Ellman’s assay. No significant shift observed in λmax and hydrodynamic diameter between XG-AuNPs and PX-AuNPs. Colloidal stability of PX-AuNPs was studied in normal saline, buffers within a pH range of 1.2–7.4, DMEM complete medium and in normal storage condition at 4 ˚C. Further, water soluble curcumin was prepared using PVP-K30 as solid dispersion and loaded on to PX-AuNPs (CPX-AuNPs), and evaluated for cellular uptake and cytotoxicity in Murine melanoma (B16F10) cells. Time and concentration dependent studies using CPX-AuNPs showed efficient uptake and decreased cell viability compared to free curcumin.

Green anchors: Chelating properties of ATRP-click curcumin-polymer conjugates

The development of environmentally friendly and biologically benign effective systems to chelate and remove toxic heavy metal ions is of utmost importance. Curcumin, the active ingredient in the spice Turmeric is a known chelator of transition metals. The metal chelation ability of curcumin is severely limited by its hydrophobicity. The efficient synthesis of water soluble curcumin and sugar brush polymer conjugate via atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and click chemistry is reported here. The polymer conjugate selectively binds and precipitates a range of highly toxic metals that include cadmium, lead, and copper, under physiologically relevant conditions.

Soluble hydrolysis-resistant composite formulation of curcumin containing α-glucosyl hesperidin and polyvinylpyrrolidone

We developed a formulation for increasing the water solubility of curcumin (CUR). The new formulation also protected CUR from hydrolytic degradation. A ternary system of CUR/α-glucosyl hesperidin (hesperidin-G)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 was prepared by the solvent evaporation method. Although the binary sample of CUR/hesperidin-G showed increased solubility, the effect disappeared within a few hours of storage in aqueous media. In contrast, the ternary system of CUR/hesperidin-G/PVP K-30 (1:10:5, weight ratio) exhibited a long-lasting solubility increase. This supersaturated CUR solution remained stable even after 24h, as shown by the 2600-fold increase in solubility compared with untreated CUR. The stability of CUR to hydrolytic degradation under alkaline conditions was improved dramatically by adding hesperidin-G and PVP K-30, whereas untreated CUR completely decomposed after a few minutes. The solubilizing effect may arise from the formation of an amorphous solid dispersion, including CUR, and from complex formation between CUR, hesperidin-G, and PVP K-30 in aqueous media. The complex may also protect CUR from hydrolytic degradation.

Evaluation in vitro and in vivo of curcumin-loaded mPEG-PLA/TPGS mixed micelles for oral administration

The aim of this work is to prepare and characterize curcumin-loaded methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (mPEG-PLA)/D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) mixed micelles (CUR-MPP-TPGS-MMs), analyze the influence of formulation on enhancing the solubility of curcumin in water, and evaluate the improvement of intestinal absorption after oral administration. CUR-MPP-TPGS-MMs were prepared using the thin film diffusion method and optimized with the uniform design. The optimal CUR-MPP-TPGS-MMs were provided with high drug-loading (16.1%), small size (46.0nm) and spherical shape. Low critical micelle concentration (CMC) and superior dilution stability showed that CUR-MPP-TPGS-MMs could keep integrity during the dilution of gastrointestinal fluid. In vitro drug release study indicated a sustained release of curcumin from CUR-MPP-TPGS-MMs in simulated gastrointestinal solution. The absorption mechanism of passive diffusion was obtained by measuring in situ intestinal absorption of CUR-MPP-TPGS-MMs in rats, and the best absorption segment was found to be the duodenum. The pharmacokinetics was evaluated in rats at the dose of 75mg/kg by intragastric administration. The Cmax and mean retention time (MRT0–24) for CUR-MPP-TPGS-MMs were both increased, and the relative bioavailability of micelle formulation to curcumin suspension was 927.3%. These results suggested that mPEG-PLA/TPGS mixed micelle system (MPP-TPGS-MMs) showed great potential in improving oral bioavailability of curcumin.

Enhancement of Curcumin Solubility by Phase Change from Crystalline to Amorphous in Cur-TPGS Nanosuspension.

Nanosuspensions (NSs) were fabricated to enhance water solubility, dissolution rate, and oral adsorption of water insoluble curcumin using sonoprecipitation method. As a good stabilizer, d-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) was used to improve the stability of curcumin-TPGS NSs (Cur-TPGS NSs). Ultrasonic homogenization (UH) could effectively enhance the solubility of curcumin and to produce homogeneous NSs with small particle sizes. Water solubility of curcumin was significantly improved from 0.6 μg/mL in pure water to 260 μg/mL in the mixture of curcumin and TPGS (1:10) with UH treatment. The mean particle size of Cur-TPGS NSs was decreased significantly after UH and maintained between 208 and 246 nm. Lyophilized powder of Cur-TPGS NSs was dissolved about 91.08% whereas the pristine curcumin powder was dissolved only 6.5% at pH 7.4. This study showed a great potential of Cur-TPGS NSs as a good nano-formulation of curcumin with enhanced solubility and improved oral adsorption.

Effect of Aromatic Substitution of Curcumin Nanoformulations on Their Stability.

Curcumin, a poorly water-soluble bioactive compound, was successfully loaded into three different aromatic contents of hydroxypropylmethacrylamide (HPMA)-based polymeric micelles in order to develop water-soluble curcumin nanoformulations (Cur-Nano). The stability study of Cur-Nano was done by keeping the formulations at 4, 30, and 40 °C for 90 days. The physical appearance, curcumin remaining, and particle size of Cur-Nano were examined by visual inspection, high-performance liquid chromatography, and dynamic light scattering, respectively. After the storage period, the Cur-Nano composed of 100% aromatic-substituted polymer exhibited the highest stability of curcumin (80% of curcumin remaining) with a similar particle size as measured on the first day (50–60 nm) in all storage conditions. Curcumin in Cur-Nano composed of 25% and 0% aromatic-substituted polymer was significantly less stable accordingly. The results suggested that aromatic substitution to HPMA-based polymeric micelles can significantly enhance the stability of the loaded curcumin, considerably due to the π-π stacking interactions between the aromatic groups of curcumin and the polymer. It is concluded that curcumin-loaded polymeric micelles with high substituted aromatic content can be promising candidates with good storage stability for further clinical evaluations.

Fabrication and characterization of curcumin-loaded albumin/gum arabic coacervate

In this study, gum arabic (GA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were used for encapsulation of poorly water-soluble curcumin (CN) by complex coacervation method. To optimize coacervate formulation, three factors including pH (3.7–4.2), BSA/GA weight ratio (3:1, 2:1, 1:1) and CN content (1000–5000 μg), at three levels were examined in central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM). A quadratic polynomial equation was used for encapsulation efficiency (EE) optimization. The complex coacervation between GA and BSA was restricted to a narrow pH range, where both molecules carry maximum opposite charges. Optimum conditions were found at BSA/GA weight ratio of 2:1 and pH 3.7. Encapsulation efficiency in this condition was found to be around 92%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a sponge-like coacervate phase and showed the size in the range of 40–80 μm. Further characterization of dried coacervates was performed using XRD and DSC. Penetration test showed that among three mentioned variables, biopolymers ratio had a dominant effect on texture. This study showed that the BSA/GA emulsification-coacervation is an efficient and promising technique for CN encapsulation according to encapsulation efficiency and facility of the method.

Efficacy of a novel water soluble curcumin derivative versus Tadalafile in mediating erectile function

Efficacy of a novel water soluble curcumin derivative versus Tadalafile in mediating erectile function

Poorly Water Soluble Drug Nanostructures via Surface Solvent Evaporation

A high percentage of developed drug compounds are poorly soluble in water, which severely limits their applications. Nanotechnology has been used to address this issue. Here we describe a simple and versatile bottom-up approach for the preparation of drug nanostructures by surface solvent evaporation on aluminum surface and polymer-coated surface. Three poorly water soluble drug compounds, including griseofulvin (GF), curcumin and antimalarial compound SL-2-25 have been investigated as model compounds. The structures are mainly characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) while the GF nanoparticles are also examined by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A variety of structures including microassemblies composed of nanoparticles, nanospheres and nanofibers have been produced. A sonication method can be employed to produce aqueous nanoparticle suspension.