CuO Nanopowder Research Articles

Comparative Investigation of Water-Based CMC and LA133 Binders for CuO Anodes in High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Transition metal oxides are considered to be highly promising anode materials for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. While carbon matrices have demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing the electrical conductivity and accommodating the volume expansion of transition metal oxide-based anode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), achieving an optimized utilization ratio remains a challenging obstacle. In this investigation, we have devised a straightforward synthesis approach to fabricate CuO nano powder integrated with carbon matrix. We found that with the use of a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based binder and fluoroethylene carbonate additives, this anode exhibits enhanced performance compared to acrylonitrile multi-copolymer binder (LA133) based electrodes. CuO@CMC electrodes reveal a notable capacity ~1100 mA h g-1 at 100 mA g-1 following 170 cycles, and exhibit prolonged cycling stability, with a capacity of 450 mA h g-1 at current density 300 mA g-1 over 500 cycles. Furthermore, they demonstrated outstanding rate performance and reduced charge transfer resistance. This study offers a viable approach for fabricating electrode materials for next-generation, high energy storage devices.

Modeling the freezing of nanomaterial through the cold storage unit implementing numerical approach

In this attempt, the freezing period in the system was effectively reduced by introducing a fin and incorporating nanoparticles. The attachment of a fin to a vertical cold surface, coupled with an insulated tilted wall, strategically optimized the freezing process. Both the concentration of CuO nano-powders and the sizes of the additives were meticulously examined in the modeling, emphasizing their roles in enhancing the conduction mode. The proposed model, derived through the approximation of the homogeneous model and deliberately neglecting velocity terms, was solved using the Galerkin method and validated against previous data. Size variations from dp = 40 to 50 nm resulted in a notable 49.3 % increase in freezing time, while changes from 30 to 40 nm led to a 20.01 % reduction. Furthermore, the dispersion of CuO nanoparticles with ϕ = 0.02 significantly improved solidification by approximately 27.06 %. These findings offer valuable insights for practical applications, showcasing the potential of this approach to optimize freezing processes in diverse systems.

Facile one-step solid-state synthesis of CuO nanoparticles finely decorated over carbon sheets for improved OER activity

Renewable energy storage and conversion in electrochemical fuel cells require highly efficient and cost-effective noble metal free electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Downscaling of a material to nanoscale morphology can lead to enhancement in its surface activities affecting its physical and chemical properties which can well serve the purpose. In lieu to this, it could be one of the first reports to tune the morphology of CuO particles to 10–25 nm finely trapped inside non-graphitic carbon sheets using a novel single step solid state reaction. XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and Raman analyses confirm the structural and morphological attributes. The synergistic effect from carbon and copper oxide resulted in the attainment of best-in-class electrode material for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The as-prepared CuO/C shows an excellent OER activity with a low overpotential of 454 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a low Tafel slope of 74.9 mV dec−1. The amount of carbon is optimized to get optimal performance from the CuO nanopowder.

Exploring the stability and catalytic activity of monoethanolamine functionalized CuO electrode in electrochemical CO2 reduction.

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reactions (eCO2RR) have emerged as promising strategies for both mitigating CO2 emissions and converting them into valuable products. Despite the promise, challenges such as stability, efficiency, and availability of CO2 on the electrode surface, especially at high current densities, still need to be overcome. Herein, this study explores the precipitation of CuO nanoparticles with monoethanolamine to preserve nitrogen groups on the surface of the material. These groups can act by adsorbing the CO2 and stabilizing its catalytic performance during the electroreduction procedure. The incorporation of monoethanolamine as functionalization on the surface of the CuO catalyst was confirmed by XPS measurements. Electrodes utilizing the S-MEA catalyst demonstrated enhanced electrochemical activity, achieving a current density of -187 mA cm-2 at a half-cell potential of -1.2 V versus RHE. Furthermore, long-term stability tests confirmed consistent activity for at least 100 hours in both flow cell and zero gap cell configurations. These results indicate that electrodes featuring the S-MEA catalyst display notably superior electrochemical activity and stability compared with the non-functionalized CuO (S-KOH) and commercial CuO nanopowder (c-CuO). The S-MEA enhancement is attributed to the introduction of amine functional groups that serve as CO2 adducts, facilitating CO2 adsorption and fostering electrode activation. It was evidenced by higher current densities and improved structural integrity during prolonged tests. The insights gained from the comparative performance of these electrodes provide valuable directions for future research in developing more robust and efficient catalysts for environmental remediation technologies.

Influence of a binary phase ZnO–CuO on the structural and reflectance properties of poly-ε-caprolactone based nanocomposites

The binary phase metal oxide of ZnO and CuO (BPMO-ZC) nanopowders were synthesized by the chemical bath deposition. The BPMO-ZC nanopowders were distributed through the poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) matrix by solution casting. The effect of the BPMO-ZC on the structure, thermal and reflectance properties of PCL was investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the combined hexagonal wurtzite and cubic forms of the respective ZnO and CuO nanomaterials as well as an orthorhombic form of the semi-crystalline PCL nanocomposite films. Morphology included aggregated particles with heterogeneous distribution. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the degree of crystallinity of nanocomposites films increased in the presence of the nanopowders. Nanocomposites displayed poor thermal stability compared to PCL, but improved residue. Reflectance measurement revealed that the absorption edges of PCL shifted to higher wavelength with the addition of ZnO–CuO.

Mitigating the negative catalytic effect of CuO by FAS-17 coated Al nanopowder: Isothermal ageing of Al/CuO nanothermite at 71 °C and 60% relative humidity

The safety and reliability of weapon systems would be significantly affected by changes in the performance of energetic materials due to ambient temperature and humidity. Nanothermites have promising applications due to their excellent reactivity. Therefore it becomes extremely important to understand their aging and failure process in the environment before using them. Here, the aging and failure process of Al/CuO in 71 °C/60% RH were investigated，and showed that CuO nanoparticles negatively catalyze Al nanopowders, resulting in rapid hydration. The anti-aging effect of FAS-17-coated Al nanopowder was also examined. The aging process of Al, Al/CuO, and Al@FAS-17/CuO in high humidity and heat environment were revealed by quasi-in situ SEM and TEM methods. Compared with the aging of pure Al, the Al nanopowder in the nanothermites strongly agglomerated with the CuO nanopowder and hydrated earlier. This may be caused by CuO catalyzed hydration of Al nanopowder.The energy release experiments showed that the performance of Al/CuO decreased rapidly and failed to ignite after 4 h of aging. In contrast, the Al@FAS-17/CuO thermite can achieve long-term stability of up to 60 h in the same environment by simple cladding of FAS-17. It is found that FAS-17 coated Al nanopowder can prevent both particle agglomeration and water erosion, which is an effective means to make nanothermites application in high humidity and heat environment.

Synthesis of Binary Metal Doped CuO Nanoarchitecture for Congo red dye Removal: Synergistic Effects of Adsorption and Mineralization Techniques

Herein, a microwave-assisted fabrication technique has been practiced for the generation of pristine CuO and Cd/Zn co-doped CuO (Cu0.94Cd0.03Zn0.03O) nanopowders with the identical weight ratio of cadmium and zinc metals. The structure, chemical nature, shape, and optical response of CuO and Cu0.94Cd0.03Zn0.03O were assessed by PXRD, FESEM, FTIR, and UV–vis analytical techniques. PXRD results affirmed that CuO and Cu0.94Cd0.03Zn0.03O have developed in a single monoclinic phase; other extra phases are absent. The crystallite sizes of CuO and Cu0.94Cd0.03Zn0.03O were identified as 18.5 nm and 14.39 nm. The FESEM image of the Cu0.94Cd0.03Zn0.03O sample demonstrated a nanosheet-like morphology that was developed after the co-doping of Zn and Cd metal ions. FTIR graphs established the occurrence of Cu–O main bonds in both fabricated nanopowders. The UV–vis examination demonstrated that Cd and Zn co-doping has substantially reduced the energy gap of pristine CuO from 2.0 eV to 1.54 eV. This massive reduction in CuO bandgap assists it in catching extra photons to stimulate valence-band electrons and hence boosts the activity of the catalyst under sunlight irradiations. Moreover, including Cd and Zn has also effectively hindered the e−/h+ recombination in CuO throughout the photocatalysis process. The photocatalytic activities of pristine CuO and Cu0.94Cd0.03Zn0.03O nanosheets were probed against Congo-red (CR) pollutants under sunlight irradiations. The mineralization efficiency was detected as maximum (∼87.88%) for Cu0.94Cd0.03Zn0.03O nanosheets in contrast to pristine CuO nanostructures. Cu0.94Cd0.03Zn0.03O nanosheets, due to their astonishing properties, could be an economical alternative in creating intelligent strategies for mineralizing organic pollutants in industrial effluents.

Heat transfer, exergoeconomic performance and sustainability impact of a novel CuO + MgO + GO/Water ternary nanofluid

This paper describes an experimental investigation of heat transport, exergy, economic, sustainability, and environmental impact of a ternary nanofluid applied in a circular conduit under 5.36 kW/m2 constant heat flux boundary condition. The experiments are undertaken in fully developed turbulent flow with a Reynolds number range of 12,500–35,000. A stable ternary nanofluid is prepared by dispersing MgO, CuO and GO (graphene oxide) nanopowders into water in the presence of GA (Gum Arabic) surfactant applying ultrasonication. The nanopowder concentration is varied by 0.10, 0.30 and 0.50 wt%. The thermal conductivity with 0.50 wt% is the highest and 24.23 % greater than the value with water. The maximum Nusselt number, which is abnormally 148.23 % greater than water, is obtained with 0.50 wt%. The friction factor of nanofluid gradually decreases with increasing Reynolds number and they are average 3 % higher than water. Ternary nanofluid with 0.5 wt% and 0.30 wt% delivers the highest energy and exergy efficiencies of 96.51 % and 59.68 % respectively at 35,000 Reynolds number. The cost of exergy destruction is reduced by ternary nanofluid application. The analysis of improvement potential (IP) demonstrates the advantage of ternary nanofluid over water. Further, the result depicts that the use of ternary nanofluid can increase sustainability up to 81.10 % and reduces the harmful impact of energy loss on the environment maximum by 52.32 %. Finally, the authors recommend ternary nanofluids as working fluids for future heat transfer and energy applications.

Energy storage unit with complex geometry including mixture of water and nanomaterial analyzing solidification

The unsteady conduction mechanism during converting liquid water to ice has been analyzed in this research. The container with the shape of a rectangular closed cavity has been equipped with fins. Also, a mixture of CuO nano-powders and water has been applied to enhance the conduction mechanism that is the main force of the freezing. Effects of size and fraction of additives were investigated in the result section. Style of the mesh has altered with the increase of time. With increase of ϕ, the conduction mode has been improved about 39.04 % and freezing time reduces from 11.58 s to 7.06 s. The best size of CuO nano-powders is 40 nm and changing size from 30 to this optimized size makes freezing time decrease about 18.02 %.

Preparation, stabilization, and thermal characterization of CuO/water nanofluids applicable to domestic solar water heater

In this contribution, an experimental investigation has been carried out to analyze the stability and light absorbance characteristics of CuO/water nanofluids applicable to domestic solar water heaters. Nanofluids are prepared at 0.01–0.05 wt% by dispersing dry CuO nanopowder in water in presence of Gum Acacia (GA) stabilizer via ultrasonic agitation. The stability of the nanofluids is examined through gravity sedimentation. The samples are exposed to natural sunlight as well as LED light to examine their light absorbance potential by virtue of temperature rise. The light absorbance potential of nanofluids as compared to water is expressed as Temperature Variation Ratio (TVR). The nanofluids remain stable for six months. The sedimentation is more in higher concentration relative to their dilute counterparts. The absorbance capacities of the nanofluids augment with the nanoparticle addition to base fluid. However, 0.01 and 0.05 wt% samples show relatively lower absorbance due to a higher sedimentation rate. Maximum absorbance is observed with 0.03 wt% which shows a maximum temperature rise up to 60 °C under sunlight and 56 °C under LED light. Whereas, water shows a maximum increase up to 52 °C under sunlight and 48 °C under LED. The TVR shows the highest values of 2.3 and 1.86 with 0.03 wt% sample when kept under sunlight and LED lights respectively. Hence, nanofluids are recommended as working fluids in solar water heating applications.

Discharging process within a storage container considering numerical method

Numerical method for simulating the influence of loading CuO nano-powders on freezing process was scrutinized in present essay considering the triangular enclosure in existence of fin. The process has been modeled via Galerkin method incorporating adaptive grid and transient terms have been discretized based on implicit technique. The formulas with assumption of homogeneous mixture approximation were incorporated to predict the features of mixture incorporating the impact of nanoparticles and diameter. Verification for current code has been presented which indicates that good accuracy can be achieved. Based on output, loading powder makes the freezing to expedite about 41.24 % which is associated with augmentation of conduction. Also, with alter of dp from minimum to optimum size, the freezing time declines about 20 % while augmenting dp more than this value makes the completion time to augment about 49.28 %.

Effect of the Synthesis Time on Structural Properties of Copper Oxide

The structural properties of the CuO nanopowder oxide prepared reflux techniquewithout any templates or surfactant, using copper nitrate hydrate (Cu(NO)3 3H2O) in deionizedwater with aqueous ammonia solution are reported. The Xrd analysis data and processing in originpro program used to get FWHM and integral width to study the effect of different synthesis timeswas studied on the structural properties. It was found that values of crystal sizes are 17.274nm,17.746nm, and 18.560nm, the size of nanoparticles is determined by Halder-Wagner, and 15.796nm, 15.851nm, and 16.52nm, were calculated by Size-Strain Plot (SSP) method. The Sample wasconsidered to determine physical and microstructural parameters such as internal strain,dislocations density, surface area, and the number of unit cells and then to compare the results.

Influence of nano-minimum quantity lubrication with MoS2 and CuO nanoparticles on cutting forces and surface roughness during grinding of AISI D2 steel

Environmental side effects of machining lubricants are the main reasons for the progressive development of utilizing the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method instead of conventional methods. Owing to the high specific energy of cutting and generation of more heat in grinding, the MQL technique has a lower efficiency than conventional methods. However, by adding nanoparticles to the base oil, the lubrication efficiency in grinding can be enhanced. In this research, grinding of cold work tool steel AISI D2 was studied using a MQL technique by adding MoS2 and CuO nanoparticles to two types of vegetable-based oils: colza and soybean with different concentration percentages, and their effects were examined on the cutting forces (normal and tangential forces) and surface roughness. The results indicated that the values of normal force and tangential forces diminished by 19 and 35 % when using CuO nano powder in soybean base oil with a concentration of 4 % and MoS2 nano powder in soybean base oil with a concentration of 2 %, respectively. Furthermore, when using CuO nano powder in colza base oil and with a concentration of 2 %, the surface roughness had a significant reduction of 77 % in comparison with pure oil as a grinding fluid.

Nanomaterial efficacy on freezing of PCM with involvement of numerical simulation

To reduce the freezing time for a unit with curved walls which filled with water, nanoparticles has been dispersed. The shapes of CuO nano-powder can affect the conductivity of mixture and this factor efficacy has been scrutinized in current article. Freezing process is mostly affected by condition and due to negligible magnitude of velocity, only the energy equation with neglecting advection term should be considered as main equation which has been solved via FEM. The proposition of utilizing homogeneous mixture is applicable for condition of low concentration of additives and for this study, this is practical assumption. Conduction mode is significant for freezing and dispersing nanoparticle especially with greater shape factor can expedite the process. When shape factor of copper oxide nanoparticles augments with fraction of 0.04, the freezing time decline about 10.71%. The required time declines about 31.39% with raising the fraction of particles from zero to 0.04.

Non-doped and transition metal-doped CuO nano-powders: structure-physical properties and anti-adhesion activity relationship.

Bacterial contamination and biofilm formation generate severe problems in many fields. Among these biofilm-forming bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) has emerged as a major cause of nosocomial infection (NI). However, with the dramatic rise in resistance toward conventional antibiotics, there is a pressing need for developing effective anti-biofilms. So, fabrication of copper oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is one of the new strategies to combat biofilms. Notably, doped CuO NPs in anti-biofilm therapy have become a hot spot of attention in recent years due to their physicochemical properties. In this context, the present work deals with the investigation of undoped and transition metal (TM)-doped CuO NPs (TM = Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe and Co), synthesized via the co-precipitation method. The synthesized CuO NPs are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results consistently revealed the successful formation of CuO NPs using the co-precipitation method and confirmed that TM ions are successfully inserted into CuO crystal lattice. We found that doping changes the morphology of the CuO NPs and increases their crystallite size. The XPS results show a non-uniform distribution of the doping concentration, with a depletion or an enrichment of the NP surface depending on the element considered. Furthermore, the anti-adhesive potential of CuO NPs against S. epidermidis S61 biofilm formation is evaluated in this study by crystal violet and fluorescence microscopy assays. All synthesized NPs exhibit considerable anti-adhesive activity against S. epidermidis S61 biofilm. Interestingly, compared to undoped CuO, Fe and Ni-doped oxides show an improved activity when used at high concentrations, whereas Mn-doped CuO is the most efficient at low concentrations. This makes TM-doped CuO a promising candidate to be used in biomedical applications.

Modeling for solidification of paraffin equipped with nanoparticles utilizing fins

Freezing process of paraffin within a system with fins was simulated in this paper. The kind of PCM is RT28 and CuO nano-powders are added to enhance the conductivity. Three configurations for fins were assumed in this research and all of them have equal volume of paraffin. These two techniques have positive effect on reducing required time of process. Although buoyancy has no sensible impact on freezing phenomena, its related term was considered in equations. Structure grid has been created in ANSYS FLUENT to augment the accuracy. Homogeneous formulation for nanoparticle was applied and implicit approach for modeling of transient term was incorporated. Cold flow within the pipe makes RT28 to lose heat and freezing begins from the region next to the inner wall. Existence of fins makes conduction stronger and freezing time decreases. With changing style of fins from A to C, liquid fraction declines about 37.93% while temperature augments about 0.45% when t = 50 min. The minimum required time occurs for case C in which whole paraffin converts to solid after 65 min.

Synthesis and Characterization of Undoped and Mn‐Doped Copper Oxide Nanoparticles

AbstractCopper oxide (CuO) is a p‐type metal‐oxide semiconductor with a bandgap of 1.2 eV and a minimal bandgap. Solar cells, superconductors, and sensors are among the applications for which it is used. To dope transition metals, researchers use a low‐cost soft chemical process (Mn). The aim of this research is to identify CuO nanopowders using a low‐cost soft chemical method to dope transition metals (Mn). The nanopowders' structural, morphological, functional, and optical properties are investigated. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis findings point to the synthesis of high purity single monoclinic phase CuO nanoparticles. The crystallite size (30 nm) and lattice parameters of Mn‐doped CuO samples are reduced. These results suggest that Mn‐doped CuO nanoparticles may be a promising candidate for optoelectronic devices and photocatalytic organic compound degradation.

Hierarchical CuO nanostructured materials for acetaldehyde sensor application

A nanocrystalline CuO with mixed morphologies (nanorods, nanoplates and nanoparticles) were prepared using simple room temperature wet chemical synthesis route. The nanostructured CuO material was characterized using FESEM, TEM, EDS, elemental mapping, UV–visible spectroscopy, and BET surface area techniques for various physicochemical characteristics. The gas sensor device was fabricated using CuO nano-powder and its acetaldehyde gas sensing properties was investigated. The CuO sensor showed excellent sensing response towards 20–100 ppm acetaldehyde. The acetaldehyde response of the CuO sensor was recorded at various operating temperatures as well as concentrations. The responses of 418% and 115% were noted for 100 ppm and 20 ppm acetaldehyde concentration at 180 °C respectively. The higher selectivity of the CuO sensor was observed towards acetaldehyde among various gases. The transient response of the sensor was observed to be consistent with concentrations. The dynamic repetitive response of the sensor was tested at 100 ppm acetaldehyde that revealed to be same. The sensor's stability was tested and observed to be quite stable. A brief acetaldehyde sensing mechanism for CuO sensor was elucidated. The easy and large-scale formation of CuO nanostructures without growth controlling surfactants, and the good selectivity of the high response acetaldehyde sensor at relatively low operating temperatures may pave pathway for future gas sensor technology.

Effects of CuO nano powder on performance improvement and entropy production of double-pipe heat exchanger with innovative perforated turbulators

The objective of the present numerical study is to investigate the heat transfer enhancement, entropy generation, and thermal performance of turbulent nanofluids inside double-pipe heat exchangers equipped with novel perforated cylindrical turbulators. Effects of inflow velocity, CuO nanoparticles volume fraction and perforated index are evaluated on the Nusselt number, friction loss, thermal performance factor (η), and viscous irreversibilities of the double-pipe heat exchangers. The newly proposed perforated turbulators with CuO nanopowder with ϕ = 1.5% provide the thermal performance of η = 1.931, which is considerably higher than the other previous studies. The results show that raising PI reduces the turbulent kinetic energy, especially in outer regions of the cylindrical turbulator. The jet formation near the walls and the perforations is the primary physical reason for this. The viscous entropy generation is increased up to 153.0% by increasing the Re number from 6,000 to 17,000 for PI = 8% and DR = 0.7. Thermal boundary layer disruption is the primary physical reason for heat transfer enhancement.

The solution plasma synthesis, characterisation, and antibacterial activities of dispersed CuO nanoparticles

ABSTRACT In the present research, CuO nanopowders with high dispersivity were synthesised using a solution plasma method. The effect of K2CO3 as an electrolyte on the phase and morphology of the products was examined. The antibacterial activity was investigated by calculating the diameter of the inhibition zone, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). The XRD results showed that the sample synthesised at a low concentration of K2CO3 had two phases of CuO and Cu(OH)2, whereas the one prepared at high electrolyte concentrations exhibited copper oxide single phase. The nanoparticles were stable and dispersed up to 10 h in water. The DLS result showed the size distribution starting from 25 to 160 nm, which confirms the powders’ high quality prepared by a solution plasma method. The antibacterial result revealed that the synthesised samples are effective as an antibacterial agent to reduce Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus activity.