Cumulative Loss Research Articles

STUDY OF CLINICAL PROFILE, RISK-FACTORS AND MANAGEMENT OF POST PARTUM HAEMORRHAGE IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE

Introduction: Post-partum Haemorrhage is commonly defined as cumulative blood loss of greater than or equal to 1000ml or blood loss accompanied by signs or symptoms of hypovolemia within 24 hrs after birth process. PPH accounts for 35% of maternal deaths worldwide. Objective: To study clinical profile, risk factors and management of Postpartum Haemorrhage in tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: A Prospective observational study was conducted collecting data from medical records of consenting subjects who had Postpartum Haemorrhage in a tertiary care centre over a period between September 2019 to September 2021 after ethics approval. Results: In our study, PPH was seen higher(52.08%) in study subjects between age group of 25-30 years and in Primipara subjects. Atonic uterus was the major cause of PPH identified in 59.3% of subjects where 16.67% of subjects were effectively managed medically by Oxytocin, Misoprostol and Methergine alone. Remaining subjects required cervical/vaginal tear repair, utero-vaginal packing, uterine artery ligation and Obstetric hysterectomy. Secondary PPH was seen in 5.2% of subjects where the etiology identified was Retained products. Conclusion: As obstetric care improves, the incidence of postpartum haemorrhage decreases and maternal deaths from it drastically reduced. Hence, a multicentric approach has to be made to deal with these complications.

Response of Post-Harvest Behavior of Pineapple (Ananas comosus var. Giant Kew) Fruits at Different Storage Conditions

The present study was carried out to establish the synergistic effect of CoolBot storage and organic and chemical preservatives on pineapple fruit to lengthen the marketable shelf life. The research work was conducted during the period of 17th Mangsir to 28th, Poush 2077 at the laboratory of the National Horticulture Research Center, Khumaltar, Lalitpur. The pineapple fruits var.Giant Kew was set up in an experimental unit in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with eight treatments and replicated three times. The treatments were viz., T1= Dipped in 3 mM salicylic acid for 15 min. under CoolBot storage, T2= Dipped in 5 mM salicylic acid for 15 min. under cool bot storage, T3= Coated with aloe Vera gel and T4=controlled treatment under CoolBot storage and T5= Dipped in 3 mM salicylic acid for 15 min. under ambient storage, T6= Dipped in 3 mM salicylic acid for 15 min. under ambient storage T7= Coated with aloe Vera gel under ambient storage and T8= Controlled treatment under ambient storage condition. Each replication of treatment comprises 8 fruits. Changes in Cumulative physiological weight loss % (Cum. PLW%), Vitamin C content (mg/100 gm), Outside and inside Firmness (N/F) of fruit, pH value of juice, and sensory evaluation were observed during the storage period at every 7 days of an interval. The samples at ambient storage conditions (20.5°C and 61.6%) were removed on day 14, and samples at CoolBot storage (10-12°C and 90-92%) were removed on 35 days of storage by observing the sensory evaluation. Thus the study concluded that the synergistic effect of aloe Vera gel coating and Cool Bot storage has been found effective in pineapple fruits to delay internal browning index and extend marketable shelf life from 14 days (ambient storage) to 35 days.

Pricing cumulative loss derivatives under additive models via Malliavin calculus

We show that integration by parts formulas based on Malliavin-Skorohod calculus techniques for additive processes help us to compute quantities like ${\E}(L_T h(L_T))$ for different suitable functions $h$ and different models for the cumulative loss process $L_T$. These quantities are important in Insurance and Finance. For example they appear in computing expected shortfall risk measures or stop-loss contracts. The formulas given in the present paper, obtained by simple proofs, generalize the formulas given in a recent paper by Hillairet, Jiao and Réveillac using Malliavin calculus techniques for the standard Poisson process, a particular case of additive process.

Present and Future Losses of Storage in Large Reservoirs Due to Sedimentation: A Country-Wise Global Assessment

Reservoir sedimentation is often seen as a site-specific process and is usually assessed at an individual reservoir level. At the same time, it takes place everywhere in the world. However, estimates of storage losses globally are largely lacking. In this study, earlier proposed estimates of sedimentation rates are applied, for the first time, to 47,403 large dams in 150 countries to estimate cumulative reservoir storage losses at country, regional, and global scales. These losses are estimated for the time horizons of 2022, 2030, and 2050. It is shown that 6316 billion m3 of initial global storage in these dams will decline to 4665 billion m3 causing a 26% storage loss by 2050. By now, major regions of the world have already lost 13–19% of their initially available water storage. Asia-Pacific and African regions will likely experience relatively smaller storage losses in the next 25+ years compared to the Americas or Europe. On a country level, Seychelles, Japan, Ireland, Panama, and the United Kingdom will experience the highest water storage losses by 2050, ranging between 35% and 50%. In contrast, Bhutan, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Guinea, and Niger will be the five least affected countries losing less than 15% of storage by 2050. The decrease in the available storage by 2050 in all countries and regions will challenge many aspects of national economies, including irrigation, power generation, and water supply. The newly built dams will not be able to offset storage losses to sedimentation. The paper is an alert to this creeping global water challenge with potentially significant development implications.

Lost circulation pattern in the vug-fractured limestone formation

Due to numerous leakage zones, such as vugs, fractures, and caves appearing in carbonate rocks, lost circulation, the main issue, restricts safe and effective drilling. The lost circulation pattern of the vug-fractured limestone formation has been extensively studied using the Mishrif formation of the H oilfield in the Middle East as the research sample. The equivalent physical models of three different types of leakage zones, including vug, natural fracture, and induced fracture, were built based on the interpretation of FMI (Formation MicroScanner Image) logging. By embedding discrete fractures into a variable permeability matrix and solving it using the finite element method (FEM), a three-dimensional fluid–solid coupling mathematical model of mud loss rate was established. The study focused on the effects of drilling fluid performance parameters on lost circulation as well as the parameters of the single leakage zone (vug, natural fracture, or induced fracture) on lost circulation. Additionally mentioned were the variable characteristics of mud loss rate and cumulative mud loss volume in various combined ways of leakage zones. The findings indicate that there are considerable differences in how various types of leakage zones affect lost circulation properties. Fractures, particularly induced fractures, can result in more severe lost circulation than those brought on by vug for the creation of a single leaking zone. Mud loss rate and cumulative mud loss volume are greatly influenced by fracture width and dissolved radius, both of which have thresholds. Due to the enhanced flow conductivity, the lost circulation is more severe the more complicated the leakage zone combination mode is. The numerical model developed in this research provides a new perspective on how to analyze the lost circulation pattern of vug-fractured limestone formations and provides theoretical direction for lost circulation control of drilling in this kind of formation.

Investigating the suitability of synthetic envelopes as an alternative or complement to stone aggregate in clay-textured soils in Ireland

In Ireland, agricultural landscapes dominated by high rainfall and poorly drained soils have high densities of in-field pipe drains surrounded by stone aggregate envelopes. Unlike other countries, there is limited availability and use of synthetic envelopes, and no data exist about their suitability and efficacy in clay-textured soils. Indeed, both aggregate and synthetic envelope based designs have been implemented without knowledge of their suitability or efficacy. Available synthetic envelopes have two configurations: pre-wrapped loose materials and pre-wrapped geotextiles (woven, non-woven, and knitted, with the knitted being the most common in the U.S. and Canada). In total, five configurations (referred to in this paper as ‘treatments’) were examined in this study with a view to ranking them from performance and cost perspectives. The treatments were: a 0.8-mm-thick needle-punched, non-woven geotextile or a 2-mm-thick knitted filter sock wrapped around the drainpipe, with no aggregate (Treatments 1 and 2, respectively); a 0.8-mm-thick needle-punched, non-woven geotextile wrapped around 2–10 mm (D10–D90) stone aggregate (Treatment 3); a 2-mm-thick knitted filter sock wrapped around a drainpipe surrounded by 2-to-10-mm-diameter stone aggregate (0.15 m above pipe, 0.13 m below pipe) (Treatment 4); and a 2-to-10-mm stone aggregate alone (0.15 m above pipe, 0.13 m below pipe) (Treatment 5). The hydraulic and filter performance of Treatments 1 to 4 were compared with Treatment 5. Treatments 3 and 4 were assessed to determine if they improved hydraulic conductivity and filter performance over Treatment 5. Using cumulative discharge and cumulative flow weighted sediment loss (total suspended solids: TSS) as indicators of performance, geotextiles performed poorly from discharge and TSS perspectives. The discharge for Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 was below the discharge observed from the stone aggregate, and cumulative TSS losses were 636% and 709% higher (Treatment 1 and 2, respectively). The discharge from Treatments 3 and 4 was 67% and 134% higher than the stone aggregate, but this produced an increase in cumulative sediment losses. Treatment 5 performed effectively, with a discharge that was higher than that observed in the geotextile treatments (Treatments 1 and 2) but lower than that observed in Treatments 3 and 4. The use of these treatments, either alone or in combination with stone aggregate, is not recommended in the clay-textured soil tested, from both performance and cost perspectives. Therefore, this study recommends that stone aggregates in the optimal size range should be used as drain envelope material in similar textured soils in Ireland.

Mass balance, ice volume, and flow velocity of the Vestre Grønfjordbreen (Svalbard) from 2013/14 to 2019/20

ABSTRACT The first seven years (2013/14–2019/20) of annual and seasonal mass-balance monitoring on the glacier Vestre Grønfjordbreen (16.4 km2), located south of the town of Barentsburg on Spitsbergen, Svalbard, are presented. This part of the archipelago is one of the least glaciated on Svalbard and at the same time it experiences the most prominent glacier retreat within the last few decades. The annual mass balance of Vestre Grønfjordbreen is negative, ranging from −0.60 ± 0.18 to −2.01 ± 0.26 m w.e. The results of direct observations are compared with the geodetic mass balance for the same period (July 2015 through end of summer 2019) to identify systematic bias in the record. As the mismatch between cumulative mass balances, defined by the glaciological method (−5.66 ± 0.47 m w.e.) and computed from geodetic differencing (−5.52 ± 0.40 m w.e.), lies within the uncertainty limits, no calibration of the mass-balance series is needed. From the results of a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey (spring 2019), which confirmed the polythermal glacier structure, a total glacier volume of 1.987 ± 0.139 km3 was found, meaning that the cumulative mass loss during the reported seven-year period equals 8 ± 1% of the total glacier mass. Observed annual ice-flow velocities, varying from 0.50 ± 0.10 to 4.50 ± 0.10 m year−1, are consistent with low mean bed and surface slopes (5° and 8°, respectively). Correlations of mass-balance values with meteorological observations at the Barentsburg weather station are mediocre, possibly due to anomalous values recorded for 2015/16: the negative mass-balance peak reported for the other land-terminating Svalbard glaciers was not observed at Vestre Grønfjordbreen.

Effect of Modified Atmospheric Packaging (MAP) treatment on post-harvest quality of different varieties of kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) under Cool bot storage condition

Kiwifruit is one of the leading agricultural commodities having the tremendous potential of export to the international market. An experiment was carried out during the period of 20th January to 20th June, 2020 to evaluate the efficacy of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on quality and physiochemical characteristics in cool bot storage conditions. There were altogether four varieties and twenty-five fruits of each variety were sealed with modified atmosphere packaging films of 25µ with standard 16 perforations stored in cool bot storage (6-7°Cwith 95-97% RH) condition. The Physiological weight loss %, Cumulative Weight loss (%), Total Soluble Solids(°Brix), Titrable Acidity (%), Vitamin C content, Color changes were obtained according to the measurements applied at harvest and during the storage periods. Though the treatment showed a non-significant effect, the maximum physiological weight loss was observed in Abbott (13.6%) and the minimum was in Hayward (9.21%) at 140 days of cool bot storage whereas cumulative weight loss (%) was the maximum in Allison (71.49%) and the minimum in Hayward (41.29%). The Total Soluble solid(TSS°Brix) were increased and Titrable Acidity (%) and vitamin C content (mg/100 gm) were decreased with the advancement of the storage period. The color value (L*, a* and b*) were also analyzed, and the result showed that Modified Atmospheric Packaging has a beneficial effect to retard the ripening process of kiwifruit in cool bot storage. Thus, the research revealed that modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) i.e. 25µ LDPE in a combination of cool bot storage was more effective to extend the marketable shelf life of kiwifruit without much affecting on quality perspectives.

Environmental risk of microplastics after field aging: Reduced rice yield without mitigating yield-scale ammonia volatilization from paddy soils

Microplastics (MPs, <5 mm) are enriched in paddy ecosystems as emerging environmental pollutants. Biochar (BC) is a controversial recalcitrant carbon product that poses potential environmental risks. The presence of these two exogenous organic substances has been demonstrated to have impacts on soil nitrogen cycling and crop production. However, the after-effects of MPs and BC on soil ammonia (NH3) volatilization and rice yield after field aging remain unexplored. In this study, two common MPs, including polyethylene (PE) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and BC were selected for rice growing season observations to study the impacts on soil NH3 volatilization and rice yield after field aging. The results showed that the reduction of cumulative soil NH3 losses by MPs was around 45% after one-year field aging, which was within the range of 40–57% in the previous rice season. Abatement of NH3 volatilization by MPs mainly occurred in basal fertilization and was related to floodwater pH. Besides, the reduction rate of NH3 volatilization by BC and MPs + BC was enhanced after field aging (63% and 50–57%) compared to that in the previous rice season (5% and 11–19%), with the abatement process occurring in the first supplementary fertilization. There was a significant positive correlation between cumulative NH3 volatilization and soil urease activity. Notably, field aging removed the positive effect of MPs and MPs + BC in reducing yield-scale NH3 losses in the previous rice season (∼62%). Furthermore, despite BC affecting rice yield insignificantly after field aging, the presence of MPs led to a significant 17–19% reduction in rice yield. Our findings reveal that differences in the after-effects of BC and MPs in field aging emerge, where the negative impacts of MPs on soil NH3 abatement and crop yield are progressively becoming apparent and should be taken into serious consideration.

Characteristics of rice straw decomposition and bacterial community succession for 2 consecutive years in a paddy field in southeastern China

The characteristics of long-term rice straw decomposition and succession in the bacterial community in the double-rice system are still unclear. Here a 2-year continuous straw bag decomposition experiment was conducted to explore changes in nutrient release, enzyme activity, and bacterial community composition during rice straw decomposition in the double-rice system in Southeast China. After burial in soil, the cumulative dry matter loss rates of rice straw were 38.9%, 72.6%, and 82.7% after 2, 12, and 24 months, respectively. The change in the release rate of straw nitrogen and phosphorus was similar to the dry matter loss, but 93.5% of straw potassium was released after 1st month. Bacterial abundance and community diversity in straw increased rapidly, reaching peaks after 7 and 12 months, respectively. Straw extracellular enzyme activities were the highest in the first 2 months and then gradually decreased over time, and they significantly and positively correlated with straw decomposition rate. Straw decomposition was dominated by copiotrophic Bacilli and Flavobacteriia in the early stages and evolved to be dominated by oligotrophic Acidobacteria, Anaerolineae, Deltaproteobacteria, Saccharibacteria, and Sphingobacteriia in the later stages. Changes in the C/N and K content of straw are the main reasons for bacterial community succession during rice straw decomposition. This study can provide a scientific basis for developing efficient decomposing bacteria agents for rice straw.

Storability study of different short-day onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes/varieties

A total of 25 short-day onion genotypes along with two recommended varieties viz. BARI Piaz-1 and BARI Piaz-4 were evaluated for 5 and ½ months at the bamboo-made ambient storage. The study was conducted at Spices Research Sub-Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Faridpur, Bangladesh in 2020 with the geographic coordinates- 23̊ 11̍ N and 89̊ 09̍ E. for assessing their storability. All genotypes in the trial were evaluated under 25 accession lines such as AC Bog 409, AC Bog 410, AC Bog 411, AC Bog 412, AC Bog 413, AC Bog 414, AC Bog 415, AC Bog 416, AC Bog 417, AC Bog 419, AC Bog 420, AC Bog 421, AC Bog 422, AC Bog 423, AC Bog 424, AC Bog 425, AC Bog 426, AC Bog 427, AC Bog 428, AC Bog 429, AC Bog 430, AC Bog 431, AC Bog 433, AC Bog 434 and AC Bog 435. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. The storage data were recorded periodically at 20 days interval (20 May, 08 June, 27 June, 16 July, 04 August, 23 August, 11 September, 30 September and 19 October) on rotting (%), sprouting (%), physiological loss in weight (PLW, %) and total loss (%) of bulbs. The results revealed that the genotypes/varieties had significant difference on the rotting, sprouting, PLW and total loss of bulbs. The genotype AC Bog 430 showed the lowest cumulative rotting loss (10.47%) but AC Bog 429 exhibited the highest cumulative rotting loss (39.47%). The maximum and minimum cumulative sprouting losses were recorded from AC Bog 434 (23.03%) and AC Bog 429 (1.47%). The BARI Piaz-1 had the lowest cumulative PLW (19.39%). However, the AC Bog 420 had the highest cumulative PLW (44.68%). The highest and the lowest cumulative total losses were calculated from the AC Bog 433 (79.99%) and AC Bog 430 (44.62%). The rate of storage loss was higher in May to July than that of August to October. The rotting, sprouting, PLW and total losses were increased with the increase of the onion storage period. The average rotting, sprouting, PLW and total losses were 20.71%, 13.71%, 29.87% and 64.29%, respectively for 5 and ½ months storage of onion under the study. The storage capacity was not correlated with the skin colour of onion. The dry matter content of bulb was found partial associated with the storage capacity. Finally, under the present storability study, AC Bog 430 (44.62%), AC Bog 426 (45.28%), AC Bog 413 (47.13%) and BARI Piaz-1 (45.31%) showed good performance on the basis of total weight loss.

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Signaling and Bioenergetics in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a hereditary and sporadic neurodegenerative illness defined by the gradual and cumulative loss of neurons in specific brain areas. The processes that cause AD are still under investigation and there are no available therapies to halt it. Current progress puts at the forefront the "calcium (Ca2+) hypothesis" as a key AD pathogenic pathway, impacting neuronal, astrocyte and microglial function. In this review, we focused on mitochondrial Ca2+ alterations in AD, their causes and bioenergetic consequences in neuronal and glial cells, summarizing the possible mechanisms linking detrimental mitochondrial Ca2+ signals to neuronal death in different experimental AD models.

Characterization of nutrient runoff from perennial and annual forages following broiler litter application.

Information on how forage species influence sediment and nutrient transport in runoff is required for limiting non-point source pollution from broiler litter applications. In this study, we examined the effects of five forage species (eastern gamagrass [Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.], Kernza [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey], silphium [Silphium integrifolium Michx.], switchgrass [Panicum virgatum L.], and winter wheat [Triticum aestivum L.]) on runoff nutrient losses from broiler litter-amended (5.6 Mg ha-1 ) and non-amended plots (control) following four simulated rainfall (5cm h-1 ) events that were applied to these plots in late spring and early fall of 2019 and 2021. Runoff collected for 30min was analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS) and nutrients (total organic carbon [TOC], soluble reactive phosphorus [SRP], total dissolved phosphorus [TDP], total phosphorus [TP], total nitrogen [TN], ammonium-nitrogen [NH4 -N], and nitrate-nitrogen [NO3 -N]). Total sediment and nutrient losses increased 5- to 19-fold following litter application for all species, which reduced to background levels during fall rainfall events. Across the four simulated rainfall events, switchgrass resulted in lower cumulative losses of TSS, TOC, SRP, TDP, TP, and NO3 -N than gamagrass and wheat but did not differ from Kernza and silphium for litter-amended treatments. The performance of newly introduced perennial crops (Kernza and silphium) was similar or better than that of gamagrass in terms of cumulative runoff sediment and nutrient losses. Results show high potential for Kernza, silphium, and switchgrass to improve water quality when used in forage-vegetative filter strip systems.

Internal erosion in hydrophobic and hydrophilic soils

The water repellency of soil occurs when organic matter coats the soil particle surface; this can either happen naturally due to wildfire and fungal growth or be induced by chemical treatments. The internal stability of water-repellent soils subjected to seepage has not been explored in the literature. In this study, the mechanical responses to internal erosion in three synthetic water-repellent soils, treated by different organic matters, were first investigated using a modified stress-controlled triaxial apparatus. The degree of hydrophobicity of the test soils was assessed through the measurement of apparent water contact angle. In each internal erosion test, the cumulative particle loss, deformation and hydraulic conductivity were evaluated. The water-repellent coatings efficiently suppressed the progression of internal erosion at practical hydraulic gradients because of their smaller fluid–solid adhesion. Continuously increasing the hydraulic gradient would finally result in a breakthrough of internal erosion due to the saturation of the hydrophobic soils under high pore-water pressures. Post-erosion contact angle measurements and scanning electron microscopy images confirmed the durability of the three water-repellent coatings against seepage erosion. The findings of this study confirm the potential of applying hydrophobic soils to mitigate internal erosion under normal hydraulic loading conditions.

Using DMPP with cattle manure can mitigate yield-scaled global warming potential under low rainfall conditions

Organic fertilisers can reduce the carbon (C) footprint from croplands, but adequate management strategies such as the use of nitrification inhibitors are required to minimise side-effects on nitrogen (N) losses to the atmosphere or waterbodies. This could be particularly important in a context on changing rainfall patterns due to climate change. A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) was set up on a coarse sandy soil to evaluate the efficacy of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, nitrate (NO3−) leaching losses and net global warming potential from manure, with (R+) and without (R-) simulated rainfall events. Soil water availability was a limiting factor for plant growth and microbial processes due to low rainfall during the growing season. Nitrification was effectively inhibited by DMPP, decreasing topsoil NO3− concentrations by 28% on average and cumulative N2O losses by 82%. Most of the N2O was emitted during the growing season, with annual emission factors of 0.07% and 0.95% for manure with and without DMPP, respectively. Cumulative N2O emissions were 40% higher in R-compared to R+, possibly because of the higher topsoil NO3− concentrations. There was no effect of DMPP or rainfall amount on annual NO3− leaching losses, which corresponded to 12% of manure-N and were mainly driven by the post-harvest period. DMPP did not affect yield or N use efficiency (NUE) while R-caused severe reductions on biomass and NUE. We conclude that dry growing seasons can jeopardize crop production while concurrently increasing greenhouse gas emissions from a sandy soil. The use of nitrification inhibitors is strongly recommended under these conditions to address the climate change impacts.

Mutual Jellification of Two Bactericidal Cationic Polymers: Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of a New Two-Component Hydrogel.

Here, a new two-component hydrogel (CP1OP2-Hgel) was developed, simply by dispersing in water two cationic bactericidal polymers (CP1 and OP2) effective against several multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates of the most relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. Interestingly, while OP2 acts only as an antibacterial ingredient when in gel, CP1 works as both an antibacterial and a gelling agent. To verify whether it would be worthwhile to use CP1 and OP2 as bioactive ingredients of a new hydrogel supposed for a future treatment of skin infections, dose-dependent cytotoxicity studies with CP1 and OP2 were performed on human fibroblasts for 24 h, before preparing the formulation. Although a significant cytotoxicity at concentrations &gt; 2 µM was evidenced for both polymers, selectivity indices (SIs) over 12 (CP1) and up to six (OP2) were determined, due to the powerful antibacterial properties of the two polymers, thus supporting the rationale for their formulation as a hydrogel. The chemical structure and morphology of CP1OP2-Hgel were investigated by PCA-assisted attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while its rheological properties were assessed by determining its dynamic viscosity. The cumulative weight loss and swelling percentage curves, the porosity, and the maximum swelling capability of CP1OP2-Hgel were also determined and reported. Overall, due to the potent bactericidal effects of CP1 and OP2 and their favorable selectivity indices against several MDR pathogens, good rheological properties, high porosity, and strong swelling capability, CP1OP2-Hgel may, in the future, become a new weapon for treating severe nosocomial skin infections or infected chronic wounds. Further investigations in this sense are currently being carried out.

Economic impact of predominant ticks and tick-borne diseases on Indian dairy production systems

As per 20th livestock census, India possessing 193.46 million cattle and 109.85 million buffaloes in organized and unorganized sectors. These animals are suffering from tick infestation almost throughout the year causing both direct and indirect losses. Repeated use of chemical acaricides for tick management resulted in the establishment of acaricide resistant tick populations, insecticide residues in livestock products and environmental pollution. In the present study, analysis of the data generated during 1990–2021 revealed pooled prevalence of infestations in cattle and buffaloes was 53% [95% CI = 47–60%] and 38% [95% CI = 28–49%], respectively. Based on peripheral blood smear examination the prevalence of theileriosis, babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle is estimated as 17% [95% CI = 12–24%], 4% [95% CI = 3–6%] and 5% [95% CI = 3–7%], respectively, while in buffalo the prevalence of infection is estimated as 7% [95% CI = 2–21%], 2% [95% CI = 0–5%] and 8% [95% CI = 2–36%],respectively.To estimate economic impact, both direct (reduction in milk production, cost of treatment, leather depreciation) and indirect (milk loss and treatment cost) losses were taken into consideration. Loss of milk production was predicted as 13.91, 56.91 and 85.34L/cross-bred cow/lactation in low, moderate and high tick infestation conditions, respectively. Whereas, 20.10, 7.01L milk/buffalo/lactation in Hyalomma spp. and Rhipicephalus spp. infestation was estimated. Similarly,the estimated loss of milk production due to clinical theileriosis, babesiosis and anaplasmosis was 57.96, 30.96 and 59.22L, respectively. The cumulative (milk loss, treatment cost and leather loss) loss due to tick infestation was calculated as 46199.31 million INR (USD595.07 million) while due to TBDs 14877.15 million INR (USD191.15 million) = 61076.46 million INR (USD787.63 million). The data provided base line information for the policy maker to develop strategies at government level so that the significantly high cumulative loss of 787.63 million USD due to ticks and tick borne diseases (TTBDs) can be minimized.

RF18 | PSAT149 Joint Function and Quality of Life in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva: Results from an International Burden of Illness Survey of Patients and Family Members

Abstract Introduction Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an ultra-rare genetic disorder of progressive heterotopic ossification, resulting in cumulative loss of joint function and severe disability. We present results from an international, cross-sectional FOP Burden of Illness Survey (NCT04665323) demonstrating the impact of loss of joint function on quality of life (QoL) for patients and their family members. Methods Individuals with FOP (survey proxy-completed for patients aged &amp;lt;13 years), their primary caregivers, and other family members (aged ≥18 years) were eligible to participate. Family members who acted as a proxy could also participate themselves, as a family member. The survey was available online from 18Jan21–30Apr21 in 15 countries and 11 languages. The Patient­-Reported Mobility Assessment (PRMA) evaluated range of motion across 12 joints and 3 body regions (total scores range from 0–30; higher scores reflect more severe limitations). PRMA total scores were categorized into four Levels: Level 1, 0–6; Level 2, 7–12; Level 3, 13–18; Level 4, ≥19. To assess the impact of FOP on QoL, patients ≥13 years and their family members completed the EuroQoL health-related QoL questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L; index ranges from &amp;lt;0 [worst health] to 1 [full health]). Descriptive analyses of EQ-5D-5L index scores were performed for each population and by patients’ PRMA Level. Linear regression analyses (adjusted for geographic region) were used to evaluate the relationship between patients’ degree of joint impairment (PRMA total score) and patient or family member EQ-5D-5L index score. Results 463 survey responses were received from 405 individuals: patient/proxy population, n=219 (patients ≥13 years, n=161; proxies for patients &amp;lt;13 years, n=58); family member population, n=244, of whom 163 identified as primary caregivers. Mean (standard deviation [SD]) EQ-5D-5L index score was 0.24 (0.36) for patients ≥13 years, 0.83 (0.22) for primary caregivers, and 0.85 (0.21) across all family members. For the patient population, mean (SD) EQ-5D-5L index score decreased as PRMA Level increased: Level 1, 0.61 (0.26); Level 2, 0.46 (0.34); Level 3, 0.21 (0.30); Level 4, 0.05 (0.26). There was a significant negative association between PRMA total score and EQ­-5D-5L index score for patients, such that for every 1-unit increase in the PRMA total score of the patient, there was a mean (standard error [SE]) decrease of 0.029 (0.003; p&amp;lt;0.0001) in EQ-5D-5L adjusted for geographic region. For all family members, there was no significant association between EQ-5D-5L and the PRMA total score of the patient (p=0.6737). Conclusion Loss of joint function (as represented by PRMA Level) has a significant, detrimental impact on QoL for patients with FOP. These findings increase understanding of the impact of FOP on patients and their family members, and may help to improve quality of care and access to support for the FOP community. Funding: Sponsored by Ipsen. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m., Sunday, June 12, 2022 12:48 p.m. - 12:53 p.m.

Effectiveness of multi-physics numerical model in simulating accelerated corrosion with spatial and temporal non-uniformity

This study is motivated by the need to develop an efficient numerical model to simulate non-uniform interfacial degradation of reinforcing steel in concrete in an accelerated corrosion setup considering the influence of differential aeration, moisture and conductivity. In this study, a multi-physics finite element (FE) model is presented to simulate spatially and temporally non-uniform surface topography of corroding steel with rust layer, and eliminates the assumption of uniform mass loss and its linear variation with time as per available literature that uses classical approach of Faraday’s law. The model is validated experimentally with accelerated corrosion setup. Unlike previous studies, pore saturation (PS) is continuously monitored and its existing experimental correlations with conductivity and oxygen diffusivity are adopted so that the model can be extended to simulate natural corrosion to enhance the accuracy of service life predictions. These evaluations can be made completely nondestructive and in real-time eliminating the challenges in capturing the influence of environment by the use of alternative parameters such as relative humidity from real climate change predictions. The key findings from the investigation reveal that incorporating local environmental parameters measured in situ allows for the model to naturally evolve with anodic and cathodic locations on steel surface avoiding the need to assume predefined locations. It is envisioned that the developed multi-physics FE model can be used as a reliable substitute to accelerated corrosion experiment which is frequently used for durability studies of corroding reinforced concrete (RC) members. It is shown that the daily and cumulative mass loss evaluated from the degraded surface topography of the corroded rebar using the simulated model are in good agreement with those evaluated experimentally. Further, the maximum pit depth evaluated from the simulated surface is validated that has valuable applications in estimating degraded strength of corroding steel and service life of RC members.

Influence of Geometric Parameters for a 100 kW Inward Flow Radial Supercritical CO2 Turbine

Abstract Highly compact and efficient design makes inward flow radial (IFR) turbine a preferred choice for kilowatt scale supercritical CO2 (sCO2) power blocks. The influence of geometric design parameters on sCO2 turbine performance differs from gas turbines because of their small size, high rotational speeds, and lower viscous losses. The paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study for a 100 kW IFR turbine to arrive at optimal geometric design parameters—axial length, outlet-to-inlet radius ratio, number of rotor blades, and velocity ratio, and understand their influence on the turbine's performance. The results are compared with well-established gas turbine correlations in the specific speed range of 0.2 to 0.8 to understand the implications on sCO2 IFR turbines. The analysis shows significant variations in the optimal values of design parameters when compared with gas turbines. It is found that sCO2 turbines require fewer blades and higher velocity ratios for optimal performance. The maximum turbine efficiency (∼82%) is achieved at a lower specific speed of ∼0.4 compared to a gas turbine with specific speed varying between 0.55 and 0.65. Additionally, higher negative incidence angles in the range of −50 deg to −55 deg are required at high specific speeds to counter the Coriolis effect in the rotor passage. The paper presents the variation of stator, rotor, and exit kinetic energy losses with specific speeds. The cumulative losses are found to be minimum at the specific speed of ∼0.4.