Cumulative Infiltration Depth Research Articles

Response of soil moisture to rainfall following deep soil drying in China's hilly loess lands

Deep soil drying is a physical soil phenomenon that has become increasingly characteristic to artificial afforestation on China's Loess Plateau. Current research is largely short of conclusive reports on soil moisture recovery following deep soil drying in afforested lands. In this study, a 10-m deep underground column was constructed at Pengyang Experimental Station in Ningxia. The CS650-CR1000 automatic soil moisture monitoring system and BLJW-4 small meteorological observation stations were used to respectively monitor soil moisture and meteorological conditions in the study area for the period 2014–2019. The local rainfall was classified and the characteristics of soil infiltration analyzed at both monthly and annual scales. The results showed that: i) Deep soil moisture recovery in the semi-arid Loess Plateau region depended mainly on 25–49.9 mm and >50 mm types of rainfall; together accounting for 35.44 % of the precipitation. ii) Deep soil moisture replenishment occurred mainly for the period from April to October. While this accounted for 30.13 % of the precipitation, evaporation loss accounted for 69.87 % of it. With increasing monthly rainfall (Pm), the variation in monthly infiltration depth (Zm) was quadratic in shape — where Zm = −0.0094 Pm2 + 3.7702 Pm (R2 = 0.9577). iii) At the annual scale, deep soil moisture replenishment was mainly driven by year-on-year infiltration water accumulation. This is because a single year precipitation infiltration was not enough to replenish deep soil moisture. The cumulative infiltration depth for 2014–2019 was 180, 260, 400, 700, 1000 > 1000 cm. It suggested that soil water infiltration and deep dry soil recovery occurred at different times under rainfed conditions in the semi-arid loess hills in China. This is key for in-depth studies of the hydrological process in dry soil regions.

Effect of Soil Bulk Density on Water Infiltration in Layered Soil

Abstract: The optimal design of various irrigation systems requires knowledge and a deep understanding of various soil properties. Water infiltration in the soil is among the most prominent of these characteristics. Ten laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of the bulk density of stratified soils (two-layered soils), Where sandy loam soil, and clay soil were used. Three bulk density values were adopted for each soil, and experiments were conducted in different sequences. New empirical relationships were derived to calculate the cumulative infiltration depth and the depth of the wetting front in terms of time and the basic infiltration rate of the soil. The results revealed a high agreement between the values measured in the laboratory and those estimated from the proposed empirical equations for infiltration and wetting front depths with a coefficient of determination of 0.96 and 0.98, respectively. The results showed that the infiltration and wetting front depths increased with the cumulative infiltration time and the soil bulk density reduction, regardless of the soil location in the upper or lower layer within the stratified soil. It was also found that the infiltration rate was affected by the density of the upper stratum more than its influence by the change in the density of the lower stratum.

The Effect of Soil Preparation Methods on Rain Water Infiltration as The Basis of Irrigation Application for Dry Land Rice

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of land preparation methods on the soil infiltration which can be used as a basis for designing irrigation for dryland rice cultivation. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three land preparation treatments, namely T0 (no tillage), T1 (hoeing), and T2 (hoeing plus loosening). Each treatment was carried out with three replication plots. Artificial rain was given with an average intensity of 4.61 mm/h for 120 min. Observations were made on the infiltration thickness and rainwater volume. Results showed that land preparation methods resulted in very significant differences in the cumulative infiltration depth and infiltration rate, where the T2 treatment caused the highest infiltration. During 120 minutes of rain, 331.83 liters of water volume was poured out and resulted in an average infiltration thickness of 7.3 cm for T0 (no tillage), 18.09 cm for T1 (hoeing), and 21,3 cm for T2 (hoeing plus loosening). The results also showed that cumulative infiltration (y) increased with rain water volume (x) that followd a logarithmic curve with an R2 value of more 94-98% for the three land preparation methods with order T2 > T1 > T0.Keywords: Rain, Tillage, Infiltration, Dry land, Rice

Performance evaluation of infiltration models under different tillage operations in a tropical climate

Land management practices have the propensity to influence soil infiltration characteristics and predictability of infiltration models. This study was conducted to evaluate the performances of the Kostiakov model, the Philip model and the Horton model in predicting cumulative infiltration depth under four tillage systems in a sandy clay loam: (i) No Tillage (NT), (ii) Reduced Tillage (RT), (iii) Ploughing followed by Harrowing and Ridging (PHR), and (iv) Deep tillage followed by Ploughing, Harrowing and Ridging (DPHR). Using the double ring infiltrometer to measure the infiltration rate, the observed data was fitted to the infiltration models and their goodness of fit was verified by Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), coefficient of determination (R2), Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and paired sample t-test. The results show that the Kostiakov model exhibited the highest accuracy with the highest R2 and NSE values (R2≥0.9967 and NSE ≥ 0.9965) and lowest errors (RMSE≤ 1.16 mm and MAE ≤ 0.98 mm). The comparison of the performances of the models in predicting the cumulative infiltration depth revealed that the Kostiakov model is superior to the Philip and the Horton models under all the Tillage systems, as the Philip and the Horton models underestimated and overestimated the observed data at the initial and latter parts of the experiment, respectively. The observed and predicted cumulative infiltration depth compared using the paired sample t-test showed that the Kostiakov model was better than the Horton and the Philip models under NT, RT and PHR, while the Horton model predicted better on the DPHR than the Kostiakov and the Philip models. The infiltration capacities of the conservation tillage practices (NT and RT) were higher than the conventional tillage conditions (PHR and DPHR). However, the performance of the evaluated models in predicting cumulative infiltration shows that the measured infiltration was best simulated for the DPHR followed by the PHR, RT and NT tillage practices. From our study the Kostiakov model precisely predicted the cumulative infiltration depth relative to the Horton and Philip models. It is, therefore, the preferred choice for modelling cumulative infiltration depth in the ochrosols of the study area and under verified field conditions, these models can be applied to determine the suitable infiltration characteristics to minimise deep percolation and run off losses in irrigation scheduling.

A Comparative Analysis of Infiltration Models for Groundwater Recharge from Ephemeral Stream Beds: A Case Study in Al Madinah Al Munawarah Province, Saudi Arabia

Groundwater recharge is strongly influenced by the infiltration process. In this research, the Philip, Horton, Kostiakov, and Green–Ampt infiltration models were tested for the ability to describe the infiltration process in the ephemeral stream beds located in Al Madinah Al Munawarah Province in Saudi Arabia. Infiltration data were obtained from double-ring infiltrometer tests in 14 locations distributed over the province. The method of least squares through an objective function optimization formalism is utilized to estimate the parameters of each model. The results show high variability in the parameters of each model over the tests. Individual tests showed that some models were better for representing specific tests than other models. On average, the Kostiakov empirical model was the best at describing the 14 infiltration tests with only 2 empirical parameters, since it had the minimum root mean square error (RMSE) for the cumulative infiltration depth F (1.13 cm), and it also had the same RMSE for the infiltration rates f (0.1 cm/min), similar to other models. Moreover, the Kostiakov model had an acceptable correlation coefficient R = 0.61 for f, and R = 0.99 for F. The results imply significant variability in the groundwater recharge rates from flash floods in the region.

Development of the Green-Ampt Infiltration Rate Model and Relationship of the GA Model Parameters with Soil Hydraulic Parameters

In the Green-Ampt model, the infiltration rate is indirectly related to time via the intermediate term of cumulative infiltration depth. In the present study, the direct theoretical relationship between the infiltration rate of the GA infiltration model with time is derived and elaborated. A new laboratory method for separate measurement of the GA model parameters is developed and tested via the constant-head infiltration tests on two sandy soil columns considering different values of initial soil water content. Hysteretic soil water characteristic (SWC) curves of studied soils are also measured. Results indicate that the GA model parameters are constant values and independent from the initial soil water content. Hydraulic conductivity K, wetting front matric head Ψf, and water content of wetted zone θwz of GA model are separately estimated from proposed method and are found to be respectively equal to saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks, water-entry value hw−e, and saturated water content of the wetting SWC curve θsw. By setting K=Ks, Ψf=hw−e, and θwz=θsw, the results of the GA model matched reasonably well with the numerical solution of Richards’ equation using HYDRUS-1D and measured data.

Infiltration and Some Physical Properties of Soil

The research aims to study the effect of some physical properties of the soil as soil components of sand, silt, and clay, as well as bulk density, and the initial soil moisture, on both cumulative infiltration depth, infiltration rate, and basic infiltration rate.Depending on data of 31 laboratory infiltration tests represented by 516 values ​​for cumulative infiltration depth and cumulative infiltration time, including a wide range of change in soil physical properties. Using the statistical program (SPSS), and by applying the nonlinear regression method, the best empirical equation has been derived to estimate the cumulative infiltration depth, with a determination coefficient of 0.975, as a function of some physical properties of soil and in the form of Kostakov's equation to include estimation of basic infiltration rate.

Construction and Testing of A Single and Double Ring Infiltrometers in Auchi Polytechnic, Edo State

This paper presents the results of the construction of an improvised double and single ring infiltrometers. The study was carried in Auchi Polytechnic campus, after the construction, the double ring and single ring infiltrometer were used to carryout infiltration tests at four different locations. The t-test was used to test check the performance of the double and single ring infiltrometers. The results of the soil properties showed that the soil texture was predominantly sandy loam and loam respectively. The result presented herein showed a high significant difference between the performance of the single and double ring infiltrometer at Plot A and no significant other plots. The total cumulative infiltration depth of the single-ring infiltrometer for the A, B, and C and D fields were 188.30 cm, 59.70 cm, 77.00 cm and 97.00 cm, respectively. The total cumulative infiltration depth of the Double-ring infiltrometer for the A, B, and C and D fields were 123.30 cm, 75.60 cm, 70.50 cm and 95.20 cm, respectively. Generally, Philip’s model performed better than Kostiakov’s model Keywords : Single and Double ring infiltrometer, infiltration models DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/12-3-04 Publication date: February 28 th 2021

Ameliorating Effect of Biochar on some Physical Properties of Sandy Soil and Water use Efficiency of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Plant Grown under Drip Irrigation

Field experiments were conducted in two successive seasons (2018 and 2019) to investigate the effect of biochar application rates on weight basis (0.0 % (BC0), 0.2 % (BC1), 0.4 % (BC2) and 0.6 % (BC3)) on soil some physical properties, yield productivity and water use efficiency of tomato grown in sandy soil under drip irrigation. The results indicated that the soil physical properties, yield component and water use efficiency of tomato were significantly and positively affected (P ˂ 0.05) by biochar application treatments. Marked lowering in bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration depth of the sandy soil in both the two growing seasons as results of increasing application rate of biochar. In addition , increasing rate of biochar application resulted in significant increase of total porosity, mean weight diameter (MWD) , soil moisture constants (i.e., saturation percentage (SP), field capacity (F.C.), and wilting point (W.P.)), and soil water retention of sandy soil in both the two growing seasons. The measured available water content (AWC, %) showed a significant increase with increasing rate of biochar application which can be arranged in the order: BC3˃BC2˃BC1˃BC0. The results showed that the highest yield of tomato (32.4 and 31.9 ton.fed-1) was obtained due to BC2 treatment in both seasons. The maximum values of WUE (10.7 and 10.5 kg / m3) were associated with BC2 treatment (0.4 wt. % biochar) in both seasons. Consequently, under sandy soil conditions, application of biochar might be a promising amendment for ameliorating soil physical properties and subsequently enhancing tomato plant productivity. Tomato, Sandy soil, Biochar, Soil Physical Properties, Water use efficiency

FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SINGLE AND DOUBLE RING INFILTROMETERS

This paper presents the results of the construction of an improvised double and single ring infiltrometers. The study was carried in Auchi Polytechnic campus, after the construction, the double ring and single ring infiltrometer were used to carryout infiltration tests at four different locations. The t-test was used to test check the performance of the double and single ring infiltrometers. The results of the soil properties showed that the soil texture was predominantly sandy loam and loam respectively. The result presented herein showed a high significant difference between the performance of the single and double ring infiltrometer at Plot A and no significant other plots. The total cumulative infiltration depth of the single-ring infiltrometer for the A, B, and C and D fields were 188.30 cm, 59.70 cm, 77.00 cm and 97.00 cm, respectively. The total cumulative infiltration depth of the Double-ring infiltrometer for the A, B, and C and D fields were 123.30 cm, 75.60 cm, 70.50 cm and 95.20 cm, respectively. Generally, Philip’s model performed better than Kostiakov’s model Key Words : Single and Double ring infiltrometer, infiltration models DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-22-06 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

Estimation of infiltration models parameters and their comparison to simulate the onsite soil infiltration characteristics

Detailed knowledge about soil characteristics and site-specific final steady infiltration rate could help to increase the irrigation water use efficiency and decrease water losses in agricultural system. The experiments were conducted on Agricultural Research Farm of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan during 2016. The cumulative infiltration depth was measured using double ring infiltrometer at selected six points of the study area. Most commonly used infiltration models such as Kostikov’s, Philip’s and Horton’s were fitted to the field infiltration data for determination of model parameters and to find the best fit model for the study area. Kostikov’s infiltration model’s parameters such as empirical constant ‘c’ and infiltration decay constants ‘k’ were obtained in the ranges of 0.140-0.290 and 0.307-0.433, respectively. Philip’s infiltration model’s parameters such as sorptivity ‘S’ and conductivity constant ‘A’ were found in the ranges of 0.167-0.288 cm/min1/2 and –0.001 to –0.009 cm/min, respectively. Similarly, the Horton’s model’s ‘parameter ‘k’ was obtained in the range of –1.619 to –1.238. The value of infiltration capacity at onset of infiltration (fo) was obtained as 1.744 to 3.491 for all the six points. The analysis showed that the infiltration models using the estimated parameters have satisfactory prediction capability at all the selected points. Horton’s model provided the lowest mean values for RMSE (0.235) and highest mean values for ME (94%); and the lowest mean values for MPD (0.127). This indicated that infiltration can be well-described by the Horton’s model at the selected site. Keywords: infiltration characteristics, infiltration models, parameters estimation, perdition capability DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191203.4015 Citation: Farid H U, Mahmood-Khan Z, Ahmad I, Shakoor A, Anjum M N, Iqbal M M, et al. Estimation of infiltration models parameters and their comparison to simulate the onsite soil infiltration characteristics. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(3): 84–91.

Estimation of infiltration models parameters and their comparison to simulate the onsite soil infiltration characteristics

Detailed knowledge about soil characteristics and site-specific final steady infiltration rate could help to increase the irrigation water use efficiency and decrease water losses in agricultural system. The experiments were conducted on Agricultural Research Farm of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan during 2016. The cumulative infiltration depth was measured using double ring infiltrometer at selected six points of the study area. Most commonly used infiltration models such as Kostikov’s, Philip’s and Horton’s were fitted to the field infiltration data for determination of model parameters and to find the best fit model for the study area. Kostikov’s infiltration model’s parameters such as empirical constant ‘c’ and infiltration decay constants ‘k’ were obtained in the ranges of 0.140-0.290 and 0.307-0.433, respectively. Philip’s infiltration model’s parameters such as sorptivity ‘S’ and conductivity constant ‘A’ were found in the ranges of 0.167-0.288 cm/min1/2 and –0.001 to –0.009 cm/min, respectively. Similarly, the Horton’s model’s ‘parameter ‘k’ was obtained in the range of –1.619 to –1.238. The value of infiltration capacity at onset of infiltration (fo) was obtained as 1.744 to 3.491 for all the six points. The analysis showed that the infiltration models using the estimated parameters have satisfactory prediction capability at all the selected points. Horton’s model provided the lowest mean values for RMSE (0.235) and highest mean values for ME (94%); and the lowest mean values for MPD (0.127). This indicated that infiltration can be well-described by the Horton’s model at the selected site. Keywords: infiltration characteristics, infiltration models, parameters estimation, perdition capability DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191203.4015 Citation: Farid H U, Mahmood-Khan Z, Ahmad I, Shakoor A, Anjum M N, Iqbal M M, et al. Estimation of infiltration models parameters and their comparison to simulate the onsite soil infiltration characteristics. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(3): 84–91.

Effect of sodium adsorption ratio and electric conductivity of the applied water on infiltration in a sandy-loam soil

Infiltration measurements using a double-ring infiltrometer were conducted on a sandy-loam soil located in Saudi Arabia. The measurements were performed for an undisturbed soil. The effect of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and electric conductivity (EC) of the applied water on infiltration rate was examined. The infiltration rate at the initial time was high, in the order 305 > 240 > 137 > 104 > 65 mm/h for SAR of 3.34, 3.52, 4.14, 4.18, and 7.60, respectively. The results showed that 180 min after the initial time of measurement in the sandy-loam soil, the final infiltration rates were in the range of 21.1–44.0 mm/h for the different qualities of water considered in this study, with an average value of 33.8 mm/h. Hence, the infiltration rate is sensitive to the SAR of the applied water. The final infiltration rate (IRf) and the final cumulative infiltration depth (Zf) after 180 min could be predicted using the following equations:IRf (mm/h) = 49.399 + 6.691 × EC (dS/m) – 6.740 × SAR (—) R2 = 0.939Zf (mm) = 148.198 + 20.074 × EC (dS/m) – 20.221 × SAR (—) R2 = 0.9387

A New Visual Method to Determine Infiltration Rate from Infiltration Capacity Models

It is challenging to demonstrate the ideas of infiltration capacity and actual infiltration rates into soil from a water supply (such as rainfall) event because infiltration capacity models are usually given as a function of time. This article outlines a new visual method by which the actual infiltration rate can be demonstrated using an Excel spreadsheet file. The visual method is appropriate for junior/senior and graduate students interested in water resources management courses such as hydrology, groundwater engineering, or soil physics. The first step is to construct a relationship between the capacity infiltration rate and the cumulative infiltration depth. This relationship serves as the basis to determine the actual infiltration rate. The next step is to use a visual iterative approach in Excel to determine the timing of runoff and the actual infiltration rates. Three representative examples are presented to illustrate the method. The first example represents a case of constant water supply rate. In the second example, we present a scenario with unsteady water supply rate, but having large enough rate to sustain continuous runoff once it started. The third example is a case of unsteady water supply rate with intermittent runoff after it started. This new approach is a valuable tool by which students and researchers can better understand the concepts related to infiltration capacity and actual infiltration rate in real-world applications. Impact Statement Relationships between water supply rates and actual infiltration rates into a soil are important concepts of many real-world applications. This article outlines a new visual method by which the actual infiltration rate can be determined using a spreadsheet file in a trial-and-error manner. With this new method, the infiltration and runoff concepts can be quantitatively demonstrated to better understand the difference between the infiltration capacity and actual infiltration.

A parameterized model for local infiltration in two-layered soils with a more permeable upper layer

Summary A simple conceptual model for local infiltration into a two-layered soil profile with the upper layer much more permeable than the subsoil is proposed. It is a reformulation of a conceptual model of Corradini et al. (2000) [J. Hydrol. 273, 58–73] involving coupled ordinary differential equations that was developed for infiltration and soil water content distribution in a two-layered soil under any rainfall pattern. The simpler model framework proposed here is restricted to the estimate of infiltration rate alone in cases where the upper layer is more permeable than the lower one. First, the maximum value, K 1 h , of the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the upper soil, K 1 s , that yields the time to ponding while the dynamic wetting front is entirely within this homogeneous layer is defined by a conceptual approach. Then, parameterized forms for the time when the wetting front reaches the interface, for time to ponding associated with K 1 s ⩾ K 1 h , and for the suction head at the interface as a function of time are determined. With these functional forms, the current model utilizes algebraic equations for ponding time and soil infiltration capacity, thus providing substantial savings in computational effort for describing infiltration in two-layered soils. When compared to the detailed conceptual model, the proposed model represents the infiltration rate accurately, with less than 10% average error on the dynamic cumulative infiltration depth. This simplified model offers potential for upscaling to field-scale infiltration over layered soils exhibiting spatial heterogeneity.

ANALYTICAL SENSITIVITY COEFFICIENTS FOR THE GAML INFILTRATION MODEL

Sensitivity coefficients are important in the selection and use of hydrologic/water quality models. The Green- Ampt-Mein-Larson model is increasingly being used to predict infiltration. Sensitivity coefficients for this model are derived for the soil parameters of effective conductivity, initial saturation, and field saturated moisture content and the Brooks-and-Corey parameters. They are shown to be a function of cumulative infiltration depth. Relative sensitivity coefficients for effective conductivity vary between zero at ponding and an asymptotic value of one as the cumulative infiltration depth approaches infinity. Relative sensitivity coefficients for initial saturation have a modal shape with values of zero at both ponding and as cumulative depth approaches infinity. The maximum value lies between these two limits and is dependent on the initial saturation. Infiltration depth is generally more sensitive to the effective conductivity than the initial saturation.

Improved Decomposition Solution to Green and Ampt Equation

Here, the author expands on the results of the paper “Explicit Solution to Green and Ampt Infiltration Equation” by Serrano published in 2001. Specifically, new simple expressions are given for the cumulative infiltration depth and the infiltration rate that include more terms in the decomposition series. These expressions improve the results and overcome the transcription errors in Eqs. (16) and (17) in the paper by Serrano. A criterion for the convergence of the series is given with graphical illustrations of applications. Generally, the decomposition solution is accurate for a wide range of soil and hydrologic parameters. Important errors occur when the rainfall rate is very high relative to the soil hydraulic conductivity (e.g., high rainfall intensity on clayey soils). As time increases, the errors decrease and the decomposition solution is accurate.

Explicit Solution to Green and Ampt Infiltration Equation

An explicit solution of the Green and Ampt infiltration equation is presented by constructing a decomposition series. Simple expressions for the cumulative infiltration depth and the infiltration rate are proposed. These expressions are valid for deep homogeneous soils under ponding conditions resulting from intense rainfall events. The solution was compared with the exact implicit solution, and with the Lambert W solution of the Green and Ampt equation. It was found that with three terms in the series, the decomposition solution has a maximum error of about 0.15%. The inclusion of additional terms in the series reduces the error. With four terms, the decomposition series yields an error of about 0.02%. The accuracy of a three-term decomposition solution seems adequate for most practical calculations. Furthermore, its simplicity of implementation makes it suitable for fast hand calculations.

Derivation of Lewis‐Kostiakov Intake Equation

The empirical Lewis‐Kostiakov intake equation takes a power form in an algebraic equation that explicitly relates the cumulative infiltration depth, d, to the intake time, t, as d=ktn, in which k and n are the empirical constants. Although users of this well‐known intake (infiltration) equation are convinced that k and n have physical meanings, this equation is still regarded as empirical. This paper presents the physical derivation of the Fok power‐law infiltration equations to enable the interpretation of the physical meanings of k and n according to the infiltration time zones.

The Effect of Soil Air Entrapment on Erosion

ABSTRACT THE effects of soil air entrapment on erosion and infiltration were investigated by two laboratory studies, one with a fallow soil and one with a grass cover. Both the fallow soil and the grass cover experiment had a zone which restricted the downward movement of soil air. For the air-trapped treatments, soil air was trapped between the restrictive zone and an advancing wetting front produced by applying overland flow. Vent tubes permitted soil air to escape at the restrictive layer during the air-vented treatments. Trapping the soil air above the plow pan restricting zone increased the erosion rates an average of 530 and 180% during the overland flow application rates of 1.54 and 0.89 L/s-m, respectively. Fluctuations in the erosion rate correlated well with the fluctuations of soil air pressure. Infiltration rates decreased when soil air was entrapped. The decrease in cumulative infiltration depth averaged 55% for the low-flow treatments and 45% for the high-flow treatments. The effect of soil air entrapment on infiltration rates for the grass-cover treatments decreased as the grass cover developed and the soil's bulk density increased. The decreased infiltration rates, due to soil air trapping, averaged 74% for the initial overland flow event, 26% for an identical event 12 weeks later, and 10% 16 weeks later.