Cumulative Deformation Research Articles

Study on Horizontal Loading of Large Diameter Single Pile of Offshore Fan on Soft Clay Seabed Foundation


 Vigorously developing offshore wind power is an important measure to achieve China's "dual carbon" goal. For offshore wind turbines, the foundation embedded in the seabed is directly related to the safety and stability of the wind turbine, and is the most important part of wind power design. At present, in the offshore wind power construction within 40 m, large diameter single pile foundation is the most widely used foundation form. For the design of single pile foundation, it is necessary to ensure that the ultimate load of foundation can withstand the most extreme external load. Secondly, it is necessary to ensure that during the 25-year service period of the fan, the cumulative deformation of a single pile at the mud surface under the cyclic load of wind and waves does not exceed the value specified in the code; Finally, it is necessary to ensure that the wind power structure does not occur fatigue damage under the action of reciprocating dynamic load. Such strict design criteria, coupled with the soft clay seabed with poor mechanical properties widely distributed in the sea area of China's wind farms, bring severe challenges to the design of single piles.

Rheological analyses of binders modified with triple combinations of Crumb-Rubber, Sasobit and Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene

The development of polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) has been a widely used technique by many researchers. Moreover, further modification of PMA binders has generated interest due to possible improvements in performance and cost. In this regard, Sasobit wax has been an alternative to reduce costs in Crumb-Rubber (CR) and Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer (SBS) binders. However, there is little detail on the rheological behaviour of CR-SBS-Sasobit triple-modified samples for failure and damage resistance properties. Therefore, this study shows various properties of binders with triple modification of CR-SBS-Sasobit at different dosages. For this purpose, the development of single, double and triple modifications has been proposed to be tested by Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) for permanent deformation. In the case of radial cracking and thermal cracking, it is evaluated by linear amplitude sweep test (LAS) and binder creep energy test (BYET). The results indicate that a CR-SBS combination in single or double addition achieves good thermal stability and behaviour. However, a higher elasticity is achieved in the case of a triple modification with CR-SBS-Sasobit. Specifically, Sasobit achieves 67% and 28% reduction in the cumulative deformation of MSCR for a variation of 40–80 °C, respectively. Concerning fatigue life (Nf), it is shown that CR-SBS modifications do not always acquire higher Nf than single modifications. However, adding Sasobit in triple modifications increases these values, generating bitumen with higher strength. It is also shown that adding Sasobit is a viable modifier in yield, even increasing the yield energy (Er) for samples with equal CR-SBS and reducing the percentage of SBS in the sample.

Nuclear shapes are geometrically determined by the excess surface area of the nuclear lamina.

Introduction: Nuclei have characteristic shapes dependent on cell type, which are critical for proper cell function, and nuclei lose their distinct shapes in multiple diseases including cancer, laminopathies, and progeria. Nuclear shapes result from deformations of the sub-nuclear components-nuclear lamina and chromatin. How these structures respond to cytoskeletal forces to form the nuclear shape remains unresolved. Although the mechanisms regulating nuclear shape in human tissues are not fully understood, it is known that different nuclear shapes arise from cumulative nuclear deformations post-mitosis, ranging from the rounded morphologies that develop immediately after mitosis to the various nuclear shapes that roughly correspond to cell shape (e.g., elongated nuclei in elongated cells, flat nuclei in flat cells). Methods: We formulated a mathematical model to predict nuclear shapes of cells in various contexts under the geometric constraints of fixed cell volume, nuclear volume and lamina surface area. Nuclear shapes were predicted and compared to experiments for cells in various geometries, including isolated on a flat surface, on patterned rectangles and lines, within a monolayer, isolated in a well, or when the nucleus is impinging against a slender obstacle. Results and Discussion: The close agreement between predicted and experimental shapes demonstrates a simple geometric principle of nuclear shaping: the excess surface area of the nuclear lamina (relative to that of a sphere of the same volume) permits a wide range of highly deformed nuclear shapes under the constraints of constant surface area and constant volume. When the lamina is smooth (tensed), the nuclear shape can be predicted entirely from these geometric constraints alone for a given cell shape. This principle explains why flattened nuclear shapes in fully spread cells are insensitive to the magnitude of the cytoskeletal forces. Also, the surface tension in the nuclear lamina and nuclear pressure can be estimated from the predicted cell and nuclear shapes when the cell cortical tension is known, and the predictions are consistent with measured forces. These results show that excess surface area of the nuclear lamina is the key determinant of nuclear shapes. When the lamina is smooth (tensed), the nuclear shape can be determined purely by the geometric constraints of constant (but excess) nuclear surface area, nuclear volume, and cell volume, for a given cell adhesion footprint, independent of the magnitude of the cytoskeletal forces involved.

Fretting fatigue behavior and damage mechanism of cast Al-Si-Cu-T6 alloy under two surface roughness conditions

This paper experimentally evaluates the fretting fatigue properties of cast Al-Si-Cu-T6 alloys against nodular cast irons with two surface roughnesses. A softening phenomenon contrary to the cyclic response behavior of plain cyclic loading is pointed out and discovered to be affected by persistent damage and cumulative plastic deformation. Two considerably different roughness conditions produce two entirely distinct damage mechanisms, and a schematic diagram is drawn to illustrate the discrepancy. The initiation and propagation of cracks are not only affected by fretting wear damage but also significantly depend on the microstructure, especially the α-Fe and (β + ω) phases play key roles. The realization of this research comprehensively reveals the fretting damage mechanism of Al-Si cast alloys under two characteristic contact surface states, which serves the fretting failure analysis of aluminum castings in the automotive industry.

Using InSight Data to Calibrate Seismicity From Remote Observations of Surface Faulting

AbstractWe use a scaling relationship between fault length and scalar moment to predict seismicity from the Cerberus Fossae graben using shear modulus and fault lengths. Cerberus Fossae is 20–40° (1,200–2,300 km) from the InSight lander and matches the location of 21 recorded seismic events withMw ≥ 3. These unique seismic observations make an ideal laboratory to test our method of predicting seismicity on another planet using surface fault observations. Terrestrial faults have observed patterns of rupture depth distributions and segmentation. We use these patterns and magnitudes of detected marsquakes to predict moment release of events in Cerberus Fossae over a range of plausible Martian rupture vertical slip extents (VSEs) of 2, 20, and 40 km, which are rooted in estimates of crustal thickness, elastic thickness, and seismicity depth. We sum individual events for each case to determine cumulative moment release and use deformation duration to determine annual moment release. Predicted seismicity rates are dependent on the duration of deformation, which in this case is well constrained to 2–10 Ma. We compare our results to events recorded at Cerberus Fossae by InSight and find that seismicity rates for the cases with a 40 km maximum VSE or no limit on VSE are within an order of magnitude of observed seismicity. Faults with maximum VSEs of 2 km best match observed magnitudes. Our approach, using only observed fault lengths, segmentation, seismogenic thickness estimates, and deformation duration, produces seismicity estimates that are as accurate as methods that take rupture offset into account.

Drawing fracture behavior and mechanism analysis of ER50-6G welding wire steel

In this paper, we investigated the drawing fracture behavior of ER50-6G welding wire steel and analyzed the factors affecting the fracture, such as continuous casting slag and inclusion, billet structure segregation, Ti inclusion, surface defect inheritance, metallographic structure type, fracture morphology, and so on. OLYMPUS GX53 optical microscope was used to observe and analyze the macrostructure of the cross-section and longitudinal section of the continuous casting billet and the original quality state of the wire rod surface. The continuous cooling transformation curve (CCT curve) of the steel was measured using a DIL805A thermal dilatometer and a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation test machine. The microstructures of the non-fracture area and drawing fracture of wire rod samples were observed through a ZEISS-ULTRA scanning electron microscope. The results show that the austenite starting transformation temperature (Ac1) and the austenite finishing transformation temperature (Ac3) of ER50-6G welding wire steel are 732 °C and 865 °C, respectively. Under the actual cooling conditions of online production, the strip structure is composed of ferrite (F), pearlite (P), and a small amount of bainite (B). There is a small amount of slag and inclusion in the continuous casting billet; in addition, Al2O3 inclusions and TiC (or Ti(C,N)) inclusions can be observed in the wire rod. The scratch depth of the wire rod surface is 24∼62 μm and the width is 31∼50 μm. With the increase in drawing cumulative deformation, the Al2O3 and TiC (or Ti(C,N)) inclusions that are not easy to deform lead to drawing fracture and brittle fracture. In addition, a small amount of bainite in the wire rod microstructure causes the fracture of the wire with a fine diameter, whereas, the limited-depth scratches on the steel surface do not have an obvious effect on the drawing fracture.

Influence of Horizontal Loading in Changing the Ultimate Uplift Bearing Capacity of Monopile Foundation of Offshore Wind Turbine

Throughout their lifespan, monopile foundations supporting offshore wind turbines inevitably experience horizontal loads from waves, winds, and currents, resulting in cumulative deformation. It has been believed that deformation caused by horizontal loading weakens the interaction between the pile and the soil, leading to a reduction in the ultimate uplift bearing capacity of the pile foundation. However, there is a scarcity of literature investigating this issue, particularly regarding monopiles used in offshore wind turbine installations. Therefore, this study aims to explore the impact of horizontal cyclic loads on the ultimate uplift bearing capacity of monopile, focusing on the pile–soil interaction. To achieve this, a series of 1 g model tests were conducted on a rigid model pile embedded in silt with varying relative compaction. The test results indicate that the ultimate uplift bearing capacity of the pile is significantly diminished after experiencing horizontal cyclic loading, and the extent of reduction is closely linked to the amplitude of the horizontal deformation. A semi-empirical model is developed to predict the ultimate uplift bearing capacity of the pile foundation following horizontal cyclic loading. The key findings of this study are as follows: (1) The earth pressure in the active zone gradually decreases with an increasing number of cycles, while the earth pressure in the passive zone experiences a slight increase under horizontal cyclic loading. (2) The position of the pile rotation center under horizontal cyclic loading is approximately 0.84 times the depth at which the pile is buried, and this relationship appears to be independent of soil density and cyclic load ratio. (3) The variation of earth pressure corresponding to the horizontal deformation of the pile in the active zone can be divided into three phases: a rapid decline phase, a slow decline phase, and a stable phase. (4) The reduction in the ultimate uplift capacity is influenced by the cyclic ratio and number of cycles but does not appear to have a significant relationship with soil density.

Bayesian Monte Carlo Inversion of InSAR Time Series Deformation Induced by Wastewater Injection: A Case Study in West Texas

AbstractWastewater disposal can induce detectable surface uplift, which may cause ground instability and threaten infrastructure. The distributions of local hydro‐geomechanical parameters, especially Young's modulus and hydraulic conductivity, play an essential role in these geohazards. To constrain these parameters, we have inverted spatio‐temporal deformation measured by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and injection information using a Bayesian Monte Carlo approach with a poroelastic finite element model. Sentinel‐1A/B imagery from 2014 to 2020 is processed to track the spatio‐temporal deformation in Winkler county, West Texas, USA. The posterior distribution of subsurface effective volumes reveals under‐reported volumes in the well near the deformation center. In addition, the inversion results provide better constraints for the parameters than those solely obtained based on the cumulative spatial deformation or temporal development of the deformation center.

Dynamic behavior of EPS amended lightweight soil under cyclic loading

The dynamic behavior of expanded polystyrene (EPS) particle amended lightweight soil was explored using consolidated undrained dynamic and monotonic triaxial tests conducted on samples of lightweight soil with different mixing ratios. The dynamic stress, dynamic strain, and dynamic pore pressure time history curves, and shear strength criterion were studied. As a kind of structural soil, the dynamic strain time history curves of lightweight soil could be divided into three stages as the vibration compaction, vibration deformation and vibration failure stages according to the cumulative deformation rate of dynamic strain, but the vibration compaction stage was not obvious. The dynamic strain accumulation for lightweight soil was mainly single amplitude in compressive region. The deformation rate during the vibration failure stage for the lightweight soil was larger than that of the remolded soil owing to its increased stiffness and brittleness with added cementation. Unlike that of the remolded soil, dynamic pore pressures fluctuated markedly in lightweight soil tests. The dynamic pore pressure development of lightweight soil was found to relate to the mixing ratios of its components and the confining pressures. For lightweight soil samples with high EPS particle mixing ratio, the dynamic pore pressures remained in the positive range, increasing unsteadily with some fluctuation. However, for lower EPS content samples in different confining pressures, the dynamic pore pressure showed decreasing trends into the negative range, again changing unsteadily with fluctuation, showing a trend of suction and soil skeletal dilation. Based on analysis of results, it was determined that, general pore pressure, limit equilibrium and yield criterias were not suitable to describe the dynamic behavior of lightweight soil, while the dynamic strain criterion was suitable. Excluding the plastic deformation range, the single amplitude dynamic compression strain of 5% was recommended as the dynamic strain criterion to determine dynamic strength of lightweight soil.

Monitoring and analysis of Woda landslide (China) using InSAR and Sentinel-1 data

Detecting the slow motions of highly elevated landslides in remote mountain areas has always been a problem. This paper takes the Woda landslide along the Jinsha River as an example to monitor landslide movement. Although some parts of the landslide body have been found to have moved in recent years, the timing and magnitude of motion have not been systematically monitored or interpreted. Here, we apply the SBAS time series strategy using 65-scene Sentinel-1A/B satellite InSAR images and study the spatial distribution and temporal behaviour of landslide movements between July 4, 2018, and August 29, 2020. Our research results show that the cumulative deformation on the left side of the landslide body with concentrated deformation was approximately 200 mm during the 2-year observation period. By calculating the relationship between the InSAR time series and the precipitation around the landslide, it is found that the landslide deformation is closely related to precipitation. GNSS technology is also deployed on the landslide mass and effectively complements InSAR technology. Simultaneously, based on the results of field surveys and hydrological data analysing the landslide's spatial deformation characteristics and deformation factors, the landslide deformation can also be inferred to be related to precipitation.

Texture evolution and its influence mechanism on properties of single crystal copper and polycrystalline copper during cumulative deformation

The φ16 mm single crystal copper rod was prepared by heated-mold horizontal continuous casting, and the φ16 mm polycrystalline copper rod was prepared by up-casting technology. Both of them were drawn to φ0.2 mm, the conductivity, strength, elongation, and microstructure evolution of single-crystal copper wire and polycrystal copper wire were compared and analyzed. The results show that the plasticity of as-cast single-crystal copper rod is 13.94% higher than that of as-cast polycrystalline copper rod. When drawing to φ0.2 mm, a single crystal copper wire with high strength (506 MPa) and high conductivity (98.01% IACS). At the same deformation amount, the single crystal copper wire obviously deforms more slowly and has a higher plastic deformation capacity; the texture transformation of single crystal copper wire is from soft → hard orientation, selective orientation to discrete distribution, while the weave transformation of polycrystalline copper wire is from soft → hard orientation, then from hard → soft orientation, and finally stabilizes to selective orientation. The microstructural evolution of single-crystal copper wire and polycrystalline copper wire during continuous deformation was observed: dislocation entanglement into dislocation cells by slip → microstrip structure → lamellar organization → twinning organization, single-crystal copper wire appears twinning later, single-crystal copper deformation coordination ability is better than polycrystalline copper. It is found that the increase of dislocation density, the decrease of grain width and the increase of <111> texture are the main factors for the strength improvement of micro-nano pure copper wires.

Electromagnetic and Mechanical Characteristics of Transformer under Multiple Short‐Circuit Impacts

The short‐circuit withstand capability of the transformer is crucial to the reliability of power systems. Research on the short‐circuit characteristics of windings is the basis for improving the stability of power transformers. Although many studies focus on electromagnetic force and cumulative deformation of two‐winding transformers, there is a lack of careful comparison of the electromagnetic and mechanical characteristics of three‐winding transformers, as well as the cumulative effect of stress, displacement and strain. In this paper, the model is established to study temporal response and spatial distribution of the electromagnetic and mechanical properties under short‐circuit impacts. The results show that the short‐circuit effects on medium and low‐voltage windings are more severe than on high‐voltage windings. The first current peak will lead to the greatest threat. Second, the influences of iron core and pre‐stress on short‐circuit characteristics are investigated. The characteristics of windings differ between inside and outside the iron core window, which is pronounced for high‐voltage winding. Besides, the greater pre‐stress is not better for the stability of windings. Finally, it is found that the residual stress and displacement continue to accumulate and the plastic strain appears under multiple short‐circuit impacts. This work is helpful for the analysis of short‐circuit withstand capability of transformers. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Field monitoring and analysis of soil deformation of curved steel pipe jacking in Gongbei tunnel

To ascertain the soil deformation law in the construction of curved pipe jacking, ground deformation, layered settlement and lateral deformation of deep soil have been analyzed by field monitoring of soil deformation data in different types of soil in the curved pipe jacking roof of Gongbei tunnel. The results show that the curved pipe jacking induced ground settlement groove curve shows asymmetry. The variation law of ground settlement and deep soil deformation in different soil is consistent, and the mud pressure, excavation face support force and friction resistance have great influence on the deep soil deformation, but the maximum deformation is related to the soil type. Adjacent curved pipe jacking construction will cause the accumulative deformation of surrounding soil, due to the supporting effect of the completed pipe jacking on surrounding soil, the accumulated value of this part of soil is small. The maximum settlement values of single curved pipe jacking are artificially fill > sand layer > mucky soil. during construction of adjacent jacking pipes, the cumulative deformation values are as follows: mucky soil > artificial fill > sand layer, indicating that the deformation of mucky soil is more significant under multiple disturbances. The soil loss caused by relative position of curved pipe jacking and tunnel is the main reason for the ground settlement deviation. The calculated result of modified Peck formula is accordance with measured values, which can be used to predicate the surface deformation caused by curved pipe jacking.

Experimental Study on Cumulative Deformation of Pile Group in Saturated Clay under Horizontal Cyclic Loading

In order to investigate the cumulative deformation of the pile group in saturated clay under horizontal cyclic loading, a series of 1g model tests were conducted using the self-made loading equipment in this paper. Firstly, the loading equipment and testing procedure are introduced. Then, the cumulative deformation of the pile group, the dynamic response of the soil, and the bending moment of the pile shaft under horizontal cyclic loading are studied. Finally, the horizontal cyclic stiffness of the pile group is analyzed based on the experimental results. It can be found that the cumulative displacement, the rotation angle of the bearing platform, the pile shaft bending moment, and the pore water pressure can attain 90% of the peak values within the first 1000 cycles, and the growth rate slows down in subsequent loading cycles. Moreover, the bending moment of each pile increases with the burial depth and gradually decreases after the peak values. Notably, the horizontal cyclic stiffness of the pile group grows with the cycle loading times and decreases with the loading amplitude.

Analysis of the Effects of an Unconventional Rolling Process under Cumulative Plastic Deformation Conditions.

This article presents the results of research carried out on an experimental rolling mill with axial, cyclic movement of rolls (RCMR). The device was made on the basis of an unconventional technical solution for the movement of shaping tools and equipped with a complete measuring system recording all the parameters of the process. The research was conducted on selected copper alloys CuFe2 and CuCr0.6. Rolling tests in the RCMR process were carried out for rolling speeds vr = 3.1 × 10-3, 6.3 × 10-3 and 9.4 × 10-3 m/s, which correspond to the rotational speed of the rollers at ω = 1, 2 and 3 rpm for an active diameter of the rollers = 60 mm. In testing the thermal effects of the process, the rolling speed ω = 0.7 rpm was also used. A constant value of the frequency of axial movement of the rollers f = 1 Hz and the amplitude of the displacement of the rollers A = 0.8 mm were assumed. The rolling process for the strands was carried out in six culverts using the average relative crush in the passage of Δh = 15%. Conventional rolling tests were carried out to compare rolling processes, and the obtained data formed the basis for assessing the strain intensity and identifying local deformation zones in the RCMR rolling process. The waveforms of rolling pressures, intensity and non-uniformity of deformation, and increase in the temperature of the strip surface in subsequent culverts were compared with the results obtained in the conventional rolling process.

Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Nanostructuring Burnishing AISI 52100 Steel Using an Inclined Flat Cylindrical Tool

This article is devoted to the development of a sliding burnishing scheme using a flat cylindrical indenter. The previously established patterns of nanostructured state formation in the AISI 52100 steel subsurface layer showed a need to create a special tool with a variable tilt angle of the indenter and with force regulation. A new tool with a cubic boron nitride indenter opens wide possibilities for nanostructuring burnishing of hardened bearing steel. Firstly, a flat cylindrical indenter has high durability due to repeated rotation around its axis. Secondly, the change of the tilt angle to the treated surface allows controlling the contact compression pressure and plastic shear deformation, which determines the formation of a nanostructured state of the material by the method of severe plastic deformation (SPD). The purpose of the work is to determine the optimal parameters of the process and tool in order to form a nanostructure and significantly increase surface layer microhardness. The goal was achieved by the methods of finite element modeling (FEM) and experimental studies of burnishing when the indenter tilt angle changes from 0.5° to 2.5° under dry processing conditions. Numerical simulation of the process made it possible to establish optimal values of the indenter tilt angle of 2° and the burnishing force 250 N according to the criteria of maximum contact pressure and cumulative deformation. The experimental studies of cumulative deformations and the coefficient of friction by the method of burnishing a split disc and dynamometry of the process confirmed the FEM results. The transmission microscopy, durometry, and 3D surface profilometry showed the sensitivity of nanocrystallite sizes, microhardness, and roughness to an indenter tilt angle and confirmed the optimality of the established tilt angle value.

Cumulative Deformation Analysis of Foundation of Mined-Out Areas under Dynamic Loading - a Case Study of Taijiao High-Speed Railway

Cumulative Deformation Analysis of Foundation of Mined-Out Areas under Dynamic Loading - a Case Study of Taijiao High-Speed Railway

Microstructure, texture evolution and mechanical properties of a large-scale multidirectionally forged Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr-Ag alloy

A large-scale Mg-6.2Gd-3.7Y-0.9Zn-0.3Zr-0.3Ag (wt.%) magnesium component with the dimension of 480 × 250 × 160 mm3 was fabricated via direct-chill (DC) casting, homogenization and multidirectional forging (MDF). The evolution of the microstructure, texture and uniaxial tensile properties during MDF process were comprehensively investigated. 2.5%, 5.6% and 10.9% anisotropy were obtained in the MDF alloy subjected to 9, 18 and 27 passes, respectively. The MDF alloy subjected to 27 passes tensile along FD exhibits superior comprehensive mechanical properties, with a yield strength (TYS) of 292 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 384 MPa and elongation of 9.0%. Interdendritic Mg5(Gd, Y, Zn) phases dissolved after homogenization, with the precipitation of intragranular lamellar 14H long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases from α-Mg matrix. During the MDF process, intragranular lamellar LPSO phases were initially kinked, suppressing dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior in the first 9 passes, and subsequently partially dissolved. Dynamic precipitation of Mg5(Gd, Y) and ultrafine LPSO phase were also induced by MDF. With the cumulative deformation of MDF, increased volume fraction of Mg5(Gd, Y) phases, enhanced texture and refined α-Mg grains are likely responsible for the improved mechanical properties via MDF. We also found that prismatic <a> slip is activated in the deformed grains with the c-axis around FD and multiple slip is activated in the other deformed grains during the MDF process. This paper provides a superior MDF processing route to manufacture high-performance large-scale Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr-Ag components for industrial production.

Investigation on crushing behavior and cumulative deformation prediction of slag under cyclic loading

This investigation aims to explore the crushing behavior and cumulative deformation of slag under cyclic loading by both cyclic triaxial simulation tests through PFC5.03D and in-situ vibration tests. The particle crushing index Kg was proposed to characterize the evolution of particle crushing of slag. The negative exponential Mechanics-Empirical model (M-E) was summarized to predict the cumulative deformation of slag and validated by in-situ vibration tests. Three crushing types for slag particles are observed: rupture, breakage, and surface grind, respectively. The Kg increases with increasing confining pressure, frequency, and cyclic deviatoric stress. The Kg exhibits a linear correlation with the accumulated strain under the same confining pressure, and the confining pressure would inhibit the accumulated strain. The rebound modulus of slag decreases with the dynamic strain. The normal contact force mainly exists in the vertical direction under various loading settings, and the maximum rotates toward the axial direction with the increasing cyclic deviatoric stress. The trend of the settlement predicted by the M-E model is similar to that of the measured by the vibration test, but the prediction is more conservative on the safe side than that measurement.

Cumulative Deformation and Damage Evolution of Fiber Cement–Modified Iron Tailings under Cyclic Load

Cumulative Deformation and Damage Evolution of Fiber Cement–Modified Iron Tailings under Cyclic Load