Culture System For Production Research Articles

Census of potential predators and competitors of sandfish, Holothuria scabra, juveniles during floating hapa ocean nursery culture

AbstractPredation and competition are among the most important factors affecting sandfish, Holothuria scabra, growth and survival in ocean‐based production systems. In this study, the potential predators and competitors of sandfish juveniles reared at two sites in the Philippines using the floating hapa ocean nursery system were assessed. A total of 26 species of potential predators and competitors from 16 different families of fishes, molluscs and crustaceans were recorded. These taxa were dominated by the opisthobranch Stylocheilus striatus at Bolinao (north–west Luzon) and the isopod Cymodoce sp. at Maliwaliw (eastern Visayas). Highest number of potential predators and competitors that recruited and/or migrated to the inside of floating hapa nets was recorded on day 23 at Bolinao and day 30 at Maliwaliw, then decreased over the 69‐day duration of the study. Mean length, absolute growth rates (AGRs) and survival of sandfish juveniles reared in floating hapas at the two sites varied during the study. AGRs were highest at 1.17 ± 0.06 mm day−1 at Bolinao, and 1 ± 0.08 mm day−1 at Maliwaliw, by days 23 and 60, respectively. Mean lengths of sandfish juveniles reared at Bolinao and Maliwaliw by the end of the study were 46.7 ± 0.15 and 58.8 ± 2.4 mm, respectively, and survival at both sites was high at 96% by the end of the study. Negative correlations were observed between the number of individual predators and competitors, and survival and growth rates of sandfish juveniles reared at Bolinao and Maliwaliw, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of predator and competitor management measures and appropriate site selection to optimize growth performance and survival of sandfish juveniles reared in ocean‐based culture production systems.

Key traits for ruminant livestock across diverse production systems in the context of climate change: perspectives from a global platform of research farms.

Ruminant livestock are raised under diverse cultural and environmental production systems around the globe. Ruminant livestock can play a critical role in food security by supplying high-quality, nutrient-dense food with little or no competition for arable land while simultaneously improving soil health through vital returns of organic matter. However, in the context of climate change and limited land resources, the role of ruminant-based systems is uncertain because of their reputed low efficiency of feed conversion (kilogram of feed required per kilogram of product) and the production of methane as a by-product of enteric fermentation. A growing human population will demand more animal protein, which will put greater pressure on the Earth's planetary boundaries and contribute further to climate change. Therefore, livestock production globally faces the dual challenges of mitigating emissions and adapting to a changing climate. This requires research-led animal and plant breeding and feeding strategies to optimise ruminant systems. This study collated information from a global network of research farms reflecting a variety of ruminant production systems in diverse regions of the globe. Using this information, key changes in the genetic and nutritional approaches relevant to each system were drawn that, if implemented, would help shape more sustainable future ruminant livestock systems.

Staging the Delinquent: Edwardian Theatre and The Hooligan

W. S. Gilbert is best known as a dramatist and librettist who produced fourteen comic operas with his collaborator, composer Arthur Sullivan. Less familiar is his last work The Hooligan (1912), one of the first realist representations of the young urban working-class male seen on the twentieth-century British stage. This article explores the Edwardian conditions of social and cultural volatility reflected in the authoring and production of this play. It discusses the period as one where narratives of gender and class that underpin contemporary perspectives were shaped and contested. It demonstrates how hegemonic systems of cultural production created binary distinctions between the ‘ideal’ of the ‘Imperial Youth’ and the alien, working-class ‘other’. Gilbert’s authoring of the working-class male subject and his representation in a commercial theatre were subject to both market controls and middle-class ‘anxieties’. This historical perspective indicates continuities between these factors and the contemporary representation of the young urban working classes. Martin Heaney is a senior lecturer in Drama, Applied Theatre and Performance at the University of East London. He is co-director of the Centre of Applied and Participatory Arts and has published articles in various journals, including Research in Drama Education. His book chapter ‘Edward Bond and The Representation of Adolescence’ is forthcoming in The Routledge Guide to Theatre for Young People (2021).

Genotype by environment interactions of harvest growth traits for barramundi (Lates calcarifer) commercially farmed in marine vs. freshwater conditions

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer), also known as Asian seabass, is a commercially important tropical aquaculture species farmed in diverse culture production systems and salinities (marine to freshwater). Despite adaptability to different culture conditions, selective breeding programs to improve growth rates in barramundi should consider the impact of genotype by environment (GxE) interactions on genetic gains. Barramundi juveniles from 144 families, originating from 24 dams and 54 sires were farmed in a seawater (SW) raceway in Bowen (QLD, Australia) and a freshwater (FW) pond environment in Townsville (QLD, Australia) - both operated under commercial culture conditions. Fish were sampled at 15 months post-hatch (mph) in the SW raceway (mean 1718 ± 309 g weight (W), 454 ± 28 mm total length (Lt) and 141 ± 11 mm body depth (BD) (n = 752)) and at 21 mph in the FW pond (mean 1905 ± 426 g W and 451 ± 39 mm Lt and 144 ± 15 mm BD (n = 752)). DNA parentage analyses were used to assign progeny to their respective parents, and the final dataset comprised of 1116 offspring. Moderate-low heritability estimates were found for body traits (W h2 = 0.46 ± 0.10; Lth2 = 0.41 ± 0.12; BD h2 = 0.49 ± 0.13; body shape H h2 = 0.41 ± 0.12; and Fulton's K condition factor h2 = 0.15 ± 0.07). Deformities (Def) were observed in 1.8% of fish in SW and 25.1% of fish in FW, although negligible additive genetic effects were evident (Def h2 = 0.05 ± 0.04). GxE interactions were found to be moderate for harvest growth traits (W GxE rg = 0.81 ± 0.11; Lt GxE rg = 0.64 ± 0.18; BD GxE rg = 0.78 ± 0.13; H GxE rg = 0.71 ± 0.17), and high for Fulton's K condition factor (K GxE rg = 0.36 ± 0.31; P > 0.05). This study reveals the presence of weak to moderate re-ranking of genotypes for harvest growth traits in L. calcarifer farmed in marine and freshwater conditions, suggesting that GxE interactions should be taken into account in a breeding program servicing multiple environments. Incorporation of sib-information from extreme salinity environments into the selection criteria of a breeding program may therefore optimize the realization of genetic gains across distinct commercial conditions.

The life cycle of cyclotides: biosynthesis and turnover in plant cells

Key messageTurnover rates have implications for understanding cyclotide biology and improving plant cell culture-based production systems.Cyclotides are a family of polypeptides recognized for a broad spectrum of bioactivities. The cyclic, cystine knot structural motif imparts these peptides with resistance to temperature, chemicals and proteolysis. Cyclotides are found widely distributed across the Violaceae and in five other plant families, where their presumed biological role is host defense. Violets produce mixtures of different cyclotides that vary depending on the organ, tissue or influence of environmental factors. In the present study, we investigated the biosynthesis and turnover of cyclotides in plant cells. Viola uliginosa suspension cultures were grown in media where all nitrogen containing salts were replaced with their 15N counterparts. This approach combined with LC–MS analysis allowed to separately observe the production of 15N-labelled peptides and decomposition of 14N cyclotides present in the cells when switching the media. Additionally, we investigated changes in cyclotide content in V. odorata germinating seeds. In the suspension cultures, the degradation rates varied for individual cyclotides and the highest was noted for cyO13. Rapid increase in production of 15N peptides was observed until day 19 and subsequently, a plateau of production, indicating an equilibrium between biosynthesis and turnover. The developing seedling appeared to consume cyclotides present in the seed endosperm. We show that degradation processes shape the cyclotide pattern present in different tissues and environments. The results indicate that individual cyclotides play different roles—some in defense and others as storage proteins. The turnover of cyclotides should be accounted to improve cell culture production systems.

Radical “Boyhood” Futures for the Twenty-First Century, or, Pinocchio (Finally) Gets His Phallus

ABSTRACTThis article considers radical “boyhood” futures for the twenty-first century and the ways transmasculine subjects are creating exuberant, phallic subjectivities through working the gap between body and psyche. In Female Masculinity, Jack Halberstam asked, “What happens when boy rebellion is located not in the testosterone-induced pout of the hooligan but in the sneer of the tomboy?” Recent transgender movements compel a revision of this question, for what if boy rebellion is located precisely in this “testosterone-induced pout” but in the body of a child or adult assigned female at birth? Availability and advances in medical technologies allow boyhood to occur at any stage of life, in effect queering the life cycle, while new cultural production and community support systems offer unprecedented opportunities for change. Some of these developments suggest how Pinocchio and other childhood stories become important touchstones used by transmasculine subjects to construct their own boyhoods. The 2016 documentary Real Boy tells the story of a young musician who transitions from female to male despite his family’s rejection. “Camp Lost Boys” offers transmasculine folks the experience of summer camp, a place to reflect on what it means to be masculine. Responding to the problem of White transnormativity, the 2012 documentary The Aggressives by Daniel Peddle brings to a larger audience the struggles that trans* subjects of color assigned female at birth experience endure due to economic precarity, violence, and the prison industrial complex (PIC). “Brown Boi Project” helps trans* folks to ask what it can mean to be a man or a boy in communities of color. Testifying to their power, nonnormative boyhoods augment existing anxiety and resentment among White, cisgendered men, helping to perpetuate the self-created “state of emergency” over POCs (people of color), women, and LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) persons “infiltrating” (in their minds), the heteronormative, cisgendered “mainstream.” The violent reactions of White supremacist men’s groups suggest how the transmasculine tampers with the sanctity of boyhood, disturbing what Homi K. Bhabha calls the “manifest destiny” of masculinity.

Representing Talent: Hollywood Agents and the Making of Movies by Violaine Roussel (review)

Reviewed by: Representing Talent: Hollywood Agents and the Making of Movies by Violaine Roussel Laurel Carlson Violaine Roussel, Representing Talent: Hollywood Agents and the Making of Movies. University of Chicago Press, 2017. 256 pages. Violaine Roussel’s Representing Talent: Hollywood Agents and the Making of Movies displays the unique role of talent agents in the media industry through a revealing and thorough ethnographic study. The Hollywood agent is a figure frequently shrouded in mystery, often only understood via shoddy film and television portrayals (e.g. Tootsie’s George Fields or Friends’ Estelle). These portrayals have led to the stereotyping of agents as greedy, ruthless, and parasitic. Even in academic circles, little attention has been paid to the role of the agent in the media industry as a whole. Roussel seeks to investigate this singular profession, a feat that she manages with sophistication by using 122 interviews, performed between 2010 and 2015, with agents of a wide variety of backgrounds and experience. Though the interviewees remain anonymous – and for good reason – Roussel’s fieldwork reveals the complicated and hierarchized relationships that exist between agents and their clients, between agents and other Hollywood production workers, and between agents themselves. In so doing, Roussel draws a complex yet accessible map of where agents stand in the context of Hollywood media production. By intervening into a gap in Production Studies scholarship, Roussel demonstrates the importance of understanding “agenting,” as it is referred to in the industry, in order to make sense of how films and television shows come to be produced in Hollywood. Roussel opens her book with a prologue that traces the development of [End Page 55] Jonathan Demme’s Silence of the Lambs (1991) from the sale of the rights to Thomas Harris’ source novel in the late 1980s up to the official start of the film’s production. Roussel argues that despite all the work that goes into a film’s development, it is only on the first day of production that a film becomes “real.” This case study demonstrates the tricky orchestration involved in a Hollywood agent’s work and maps out the winding road of negotiation that often takes place before a film goes into production. Following the prologue, each of Roussel’s seven chapters investigates a different aspect of the world of the Hollywood talent agent, including how agents work their way up in the industry, the importance of relationships in the profession, the complicated power structures between agents and their clients, the logic behind “pricing talent” and actors’ fees, and the changing structure of the profession due to the emerging importance of the indie film market and digital media. Among these chapters, the notion of “relationship work” emerges as a critical site for the development of the agent’s career. Roussel stresses that strong relationships with firm boundaries constitute the lifeblood of Hollywood agents and that the creation of a network of trust as well as a personal “agenting style” are key to “making it” as an agent in the industry. Roussel delineates the difference between “Big Hollywood” and “Little Hollywood” in the agency system as “two distinct systems of cultural production” (29). While Big Hollywood includes the major agencies that dominate the system, Little Hollywood includes a vast number of smaller and less lucrative agencies. Roussel’s book is effective because she pays attention to both sides of the agency system by including interviews with members of both arenas. Because movement between Big and Little Hollywood does occur, these systems are distinct yet interconnected. Roussel’s overall arguments about the agency system hold significantly more weight because she isn’t merely addressing the major agencies that represent Hollywood’s biggest stars; she demonstrates an understanding of the small and boutique agencies that are often ignored in Production Studies and Media Studies. Representing Talent includes an interesting investigation into the demographics of the agency system by noting that in accordance with stereotypes, Hollywood agents are predominantly white and male. Although women are finding more representation at the lower levels of the agent industry, men still make up the vast majority of high-level positions. While one could object that Roussel’s interview subjects are predominantly white and...

The Effect of Environment and Nutrients on Hydroponic Lettuce Yield, Quality, and Phytonutrients

A study was conducted with green and red-leaf lettuce cultivars grown in a deep-water culture production system. Plants were seeded in rockwool and germinated under greenhouse conditions at 25/20 °C (day/night) for 21 days before transplanting. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of cultivar and nutrient treatments that consisted of six replications. Treatments consisted of two lettuce genotypes, (1) green (Winter Density) and (2) red (Rhazes), and three nutrient treatments containing electroconductivity (EC) levels of (1) 1.0; (2) 2.0; and (3) 4.0 mS·cm−1. After 50 days, plants were harvested, processed, and analyzed to determine marketable yield, biomass, plant height, stem diameter, phenolics, and elemental nutrient concentrations. An interaction between growing season and lettuce cultivar was the predominant factor influencing yield, biomass, and quality. Nutrient solution EC treatment significantly affected biomass and water content. EC treatments significantly impacted concentrations of 3-O-glucoside and uptake of phosphorous, potassium, iron, boron, zinc, and molybdenum. Effects of growing season and cultivar on leafy lettuce yield and quality were more pronounced than the effect of nutrient solution EC treatment. Thus, greenhouse production of green and red-leaf lettuce cultivars in the south-eastern United States should be conducted in the spring and fall growing seasons with elevated nutrient solution EC of ≈4.0 mS·cm−1 to maximize yield and quality.

The impact of human capital management factors and conservation culture on the energy efficiency of industrial interprises

In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in implementation of business models based on the principles of sustainable development in order to provide harmonious joint development of human resources, organizational culture and technical production systems. In this paper we analyze the impact of human resource management practices, the energy saving culture and employee knowledge in the field of energy efficiency on the ability of Russian industrial enterprises to achieve energy management goals. The methods used include factor analysis and modeling of structural equations (SEM); the authors developed a questionnaire for measuring the influence of internal intellectual factors: human resources, culture, and knowledge on the energy efficiency of industrial production. For the first time in the literature, based on the SEM method, the impact of human resource management practices on energy performance has been assessed. The empirical base of the research includes the materials of a managers and technical specialists survey in 14 Russian industrial companies in the period from 2016 to the spring of 2017. The results of the analysis show that employee training, the development of energy efficiency competencies and the internal exchange of knowledge on energy conservation issues have a significant impact on the achievement of energy policy objectives by enterprises.

Mujer, roles de género y política de premios en el cine español (1940-1959)

En este artículo intentamos establecer, a través del análisis fílmico y sociológico de películas premiadas por la administración franquista, algunos de los roles adscritos a las mujeres en los años más difíciles de la dictadura. Premios, subvenciones y créditos formaron parte de un sistema de producción cultural que favorecía determinados discursos y que, en comparación con el estudio de los mecanismos de censura, creemos no han recibido la atención académica necesaria. Guiones, personajes y temáticas serían afectados directamente por estos incentivos y son particularmente visibles en las tipologías de género usadas en los relatos fílmicos. De esta manera pretendemos demostrar la efectividad y persistencia de modelos y actitudes que se pueden rastrear en la actualidad y que formaron parte de las estrategias de legitimación de un determinado orden social.

Materializing the Image, Imaging the Material: African Facemasks in Second Life

In his expanded sculpture practice, the artist Edwin Bodjawah interfaces accumulative practice, collaborative production and mechanical manufacture. The ensuing sculptural forms are serial facemasks which exist as both multiples and standalone objects. Guided by the axiom ‘the medium is the message and the message is the medium’, the artist images aspects of modern and past life of West Africa with the readymade materials he collects for his work, respectively, decommissioned litho-printing plates and derelict roofing sheets. The readymade images he appropriates (African facemasks) materialize African systems of cultural production which anticipate the expanded field of contemporary art, its democratization of media and its prospects for collective production of art. Masks also connote for the artist, the interdependency of artistic activity, objects and daily life, and the interstitial spaces within modern life in which artists enact their creative visions. The paper argues that the interface between repurposed material and appropriated image presents a congenial site through which the literal African experience in capitalist, colonial and post-colonial systems can be resurrected, re-presented and re-engaged.

Training for Cultural Production and Management in Brazil

ABSTRACTThis article aims to contribute to the field of arts management by identifying the need to make cultural production/management an established field of professional practice and training in Brazil, and the challenges of doing so. To accomplish this, we reviewed several publications and we present first a discourse on theoretical texts in relation to the idea of culture and systems of cultural production and then an analysis of arts management publications in Brazil with observations about this field of work. In this article, we address the current paucity of training opportunities of this kind, the extent to which these roles have yet to be professionalized, and indicate, in the conclusion, that this is a matter of increasing importance and concern for cultural policy in Brazil.

Соціальні комунікації у системі «автор—видавець—читач» засобами трендових медіа-інновацій

In the article, the impact of digitization on the participants of social communications in the ‘author—publisher—reader’ is justified, the use of trend media innovations in publishing: from crossmedia and visualization of content to user-generated UGC content is characterized.The expansion of media innovations, built on the basis of web 2.0, web 3.0 technologies, predetermines modern socio-cultural transformations and their convergence with traditional systems of cultural production. Trend media innovations have significantly changed the communicative environment of the publishing process. The book has ceased to be the only means of fixing and obtaining knowledge, a bearer of cultural values.In publishing, there is crossover content, as well as its cultural convergence with trendy media innovations. Modern publishing is transformed from the producer of the product (book) into the content provider, and the readers become not only the addressees in one-channel communication, but also begin to create their own content. From here — content management in the publishing industry, the main areas of which include: creating a content map for different sites; adaptation of existing content to the format of the blog, video hosting, social network; distribution of press releases, etc.In general, the cultural convergence of trend media innovations with publishing is a complex ambivalent process in which, on the one hand, the media side can compete and even crowd out traditional print media, thereby provoking crises in book publishing, and on the other hand, contributes to prosperous symbiosis due to access to a wider audience and sales growth. Another consequence of this convergence is the emergence of new genres and content presentation formats at the interface between electronic and printed media.

Adaptive and integrated culture production systems for the tropical sea cucumber Holothuria scabra

Unregulated harvesting and trade have resulted in the depletion of the sea cucumber resources worldwide. Culture-based production and resource management systems are being developed to restore depleted populations and increase the supply of premium-grade sized Holothuria scabra. An adaptive and integrated socio-ecological framework to optimize production potentials and enhance sustainability through production clusters is proposed. The viability of this was tested in northern Palawan and south central Mindanao in partnership with commercial marine fish culture companies and small-scale fishers. The culture production system adopted in each site depended on existing facilities, climate and access to suitable nursery and grow-out areas. Adoption of different ocean nursery and grow-out systems, coupled with spatio-temporal planning reduced environmental constraints and increased juvenile production. Community trials validated that ocean-based systems can be readily adopted by small-scale fishers. The availability of a range of cost-effective production methods for post-metamorphic juveniles provided opportunity for participation of diverse stakeholders including small-scale fishers. Understanding of the biophysical and economic considerations for different production systems, and the relative capacity of stakeholders to manage threats, reduces their vulnerability to economic loses. Multi-sectoral involvement and multiplication of sandfish production clusters confer resilience for production systems and enable economies of scale while facilitating responsible management of genetic stocks.

“He just smiled and gave me a Vegemite sandwich”

PurposeThrough a case study of J. Walter Thompson and Kraft’s efforts to market Vegemite in the USA in the late 1960s, this paper aims to explore transnational systems of cultural production and consumption, the US’s changing perception of Australia and the influence of culture on whether advertising fails or succeeds.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws from archival primary sources, including advertisements and newspapers, as well as secondary literatures from the fields of advertising history, food studies and transnational studies of popular culture.FindingsAlthough J. Walter Thompson’s advertising contributed to Vegemite’s icon status in Australia, it failed to capture the American market in the late 1960s. In the 1980s, however, Vegemite did capture American interest when it was central to a wave of Australian popular culture that included films, sport and music, particularly Men at Work’s hit song, “Down Under”, whose lyrics mentioned Vegemite. As such, Vegemite’s moment of success stateside occurred without a national advertising campaign. Even when popular, however, Americans failed to like Vegemite’s taste, confirming it as a uniquely culturally specific product.Originality/valueThis paper analyzes a little-studied advertising campaign. The case study’s interdisciplinary findings will be of interest to scholars of advertising history, twentieth century USA and Australian history and food studies.

Processes, costs and traits of plants produced in tissue culture must be considered to develop effective crop production systems

Plant tissue culture is used in horticultural production systems to provide many benefits including clean planting material, breeding support, rapid multiplication and introduction of new health-certified cultivars or for improved and uniform crop production. Much research is undertaken to develop and/or optimise tissue culture production systems of horticultural crops with a focus often on culture media, environment and processes to develop healthy plants in vitro. Sometimes tissue culture research considers the survival and growth of plants at deflasking and acclimatisation phase but there is less evaluation of the performance of tissue culture derived plants through the crop production cycle. While tissue culture provides benefits, the plants may have higher costs or negative attributes that reduce their usefulness or uptake in horticultural systems. Using examples of banana, ginger, pineapple and strawberry microplant production in Australia, various aspects of each tissue culture system and specific traits of plants produced from tissue culture that affect production will be discussed. The benefits and draw backs in plant performance must be identified and managed to develop systems to suit needs to each individual crop.

PRUNING TIME IN TWO PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN THE GUAVA TREE BACTERIAL BLIGHT CONTROL

ABSTRACT In this work, two cultural production systems were compared [conventional (CO) and organic (OR)], and its effects in the guava trees (Psidium guajava) bacterial blight (Erwinia psidii) control. The experimental design was in radomized blocks, in split-split-plot arrangement, where it was measured the bacterial disease and the fruits production on the 2005/06, 2006/07 and 2007/08 harvests. Four pruning seasons effects were evaluated on the harvests (September, December, March and June) in both production systems. Such systems were constituted of: OR – treatment with bioactive compound (BC), liquid BC and dead coverage, and; CO – chemical fertilization, fungicide and herbicide. In 2007/08, the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of all the treatments in the OR system was lower (~54-107) than the CO one(~233-298). In the 2007/08 harvest the number of fruits for each plant for all the OR treatments was higher (~146-204) than the CO ones (~57-103). In all the harvests, considering all the treatments within each system, there was a significantly lower AUDPC (~93-184) and higher fruits production (~158-188) in the OR one than the CO one (AUDPC: ~208-476; fruits ~18-104). The pruning induced a higher AUDPC and lower fruits production in both production sytems.

In-line monitoring of thermal degradation of PHA during melt-processing by Near-Infrared spectroscopy

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymer processing is often challenged by low thermal stability, meaning that the temperatures and time for which these polymers can be processed is restrictive. Considering the sensitivity of PHA to processing conditions, there is a demand for in-line monitoring of the material behaviour in the melt. This paper investigates the application of Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for monitoring the thermal degradation of PHAs during melt-processing. Two types of materials were tested: two mixed culture PHAs extracted from biomass produced in laboratory and pilot scale after an acidic pre-treatment, and two commercially available materials derived from pure culture production systems. Thermal degradation studies were carried out in a laboratory scale extruder with conical twin screws connected to a NIR spectrometer by a fibre optic to allow in situ monitoring. Multivariate data analysis methods were applied for assessing thermal degradation kinetics and predicted the degree of degradation as measured by (1)H NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy). The pre-treated mixed culture PHAs were found to be more thermally stable when compared with the commercial pure culture PHAs as demonstrated by NIR, (1)H NMR and GPC (gel permeation chromatography).

International festivals as experience production systems

Festivals, once local celebrations of culture and heritage, can become international events spreading to countries outside their region of origin. However, the processes by which such festivals have become international have largely been ignored in existing literature. The purpose of this paper is to present an illustration of the festival internationalization process based on a case study of Trinidad and Tobago (TT) style carnivals. Using a combination of archival and interview data, the paper first identifies the international origins and evolution of festival elements. It then examines the outward trajectory of development from an event on a small Caribbean island to a major feature of cities in North America and Europe. The findings are synthesized to create a framework describing festival internationalization that draws on research in cultural production systems. It proposes that the TT Carnival can be viewed as an experience production system that provides an infrastructure for the exploitation of indigenous intangible resources by entrepreneurs and cultural practitioners. This perspective suggests that policymakers and festival organizers expand their activities from managing individual celebrations to governance of shared resources.

A Revolution of Dignity and Poetry

The most famous slogan chanted in Tunisia in January, then in Egypt, Yemen, Libya, and Syria, is a reincarnation of opening lines of the poem “The Will of Life,” written in 1933 by the Tunisian poet Abou el-Kasem Chebbi (1909–1934), which now form the closing part of Tunisia’s national anthem and have been sung by some of the most influential Arab stars, written on protest banners, and shouted by students in the face of French and English occupiers and their own governments. The couplet even entered the folklore of global protest music and poetry, and was adopted by the International Solidarity Movement. On January 14, 2011, in front of the forbidding Ministry of the Interior in Tunis, crowds shouted their version of the poem–“The people want to bring down the regime”–and fate responded. One key feature of the system during Ben Ali’s rule was a duality or parallel existence of two opposing systems of values and cultural production. One was dominant, while the other was repressed but survived in various forms and in uneven ways. The present essay is, in part, the story of that survival and eventual victory. I draw on printed material, extensive fieldwork, and personal observation in Tunisia and Egypt, personal recordings, interviews, the media, and Internet sites in an attempt to provide a more complex story of culture during and before the wave of revolts, particularly in Tunisia.