Shrimp Culture Research Articles

The Role of Social Capital in the Development of Shrimp Cultivation Pond Business

Shrimp cultivation is a priority in the aquaculture sector, and the development of aquaculture in Indonesia to improve the national economy; something that cannot be ruled out is the element of social capital. This social capital is related to various forms of cooperation or collective action in society to achieve better life goals, which are supported by values, norms, trust, and networks. To overcome the various obstacles that arise in the implementation of the development and expansion of the shrimp pond business, group members or the community of Pedes District, Karawang Regency, cooperation and active participation from the community are needed. The component of social capital in the form of trust is the basis for forming social interaction. In addition to the trust that must exist between farmers, there is a desire to participate and form a network, both among fish farmers and with other parties such as investors and collectors or companies that accommodate their crops. So, social capital plays a role in developing shrimp farming in Karawang Regency. The data collection technique used is observation and in-depth interviews with a key informant who is an elder figure (star person) and three representatives of aquaculture farmers who have been cultivating for the last ten years so that primary data is obtained from informants regarding the role of social capital in developing aquaculture businesses. Shrimp Ponds in Pedes District, Karawang Regency.

Total ammonia nitrogen removal and microbial community dynamics in an outdoor HDPE-lined shrimp pond with no water discharge

This study assessed the characteristics of a zero-discharge outdoor high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-lined demonstration aquaculture pond (400 m2) in terms of water quality variables, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal and oxygen net primary production (NPP) indices, and photosynthetic microbiome over a 76-day crop cycle. The shrimp harvest yield was 4.1 t/ha/crop with an average daily gain (ADG) of 0.15 g/day and a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.49. During shrimp cultivation with a semi-intensive stocking density (40 shrimp/m2), there were low levels of TAN (<1.01 mg-N/L), nitrite (<0.21 mg-N/L), and nitrate (<2.79 mg-N/L). Ammonia removal was mainly mediated by photoautotrophic uptake, as evidenced by the consistent estimated TAN uptake rate of 0.05 ± 0.02 g-N/m3 h, which was calculated based on photosynthesis. The overall TAN removal rate of 0.10 ± 0.08 g-N/m3 h was maintained by suspended microorganisms in water, which exceeded that of microorganisms attached to the HDPE liner surface. A positive oxygen NPP of 0.24–1.16 g-O2/m3 h during light availability indicated prevailing autotrophic conditions. The bacterial community in the water was dominated by Phyla Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria; 16–32%), Bacteroidota (Bacteroidetes; 15–29%), Cyanobacteria (7–35%), and Actinomycetota (Actinobacteria; 3–39%). The chloroplast amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) indicated abundances of Bacillariophyta (27–97%) and Chlorophyta (0.4–67%). High centric diatom populations (Bacillariophyta) were detected throughout cultivation, while the proportion of green algae (Chlorophyta) was positively correlated with increased TAN availability when feeding was increased. The findings enabled estimations of TAN removal and oxygen NPP rates and provided an understanding of correlations between environmental variables and bacterial and phytoplankton populations in the outdoor lined shrimp pond.

Effects of Various Nitrogen Sources on the Growth and Biochemical Composition of &lt;I&gt;Chlorella&lt;/I&gt; sp.

Highlight Research Each species of microalga has a preferable nitrogen source for their optimal growth. The nitrogen sources in the grown media affected the growth rate and biochemical composition of Chlorella FNUB01. (NH2)2CO (urea) was found to be the best alternative nitrogen source for Chlorella FNUB01. For producing 1 g of Chlorella FNUB01, the use of urea reduced the cost of medium by 72.6%. Abstract Chlorella sp. is a potential microalgae species to be produced commercially for feed, growth accelerator, and immuno-modulator in fish and shrimp culture. This study aimed to evaluate the various nitrogen sources on the growth, biomass production, and biochemical composition of Chlorella sp. FNUB01. The nitrogen sources used in this study were urea (NH2)2CO, potassium nitrate (KNO3), and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) was used as a control as it is a part of the commercial medium BG-11. Generally, the sources of nitrogen in the media affected the growth and chemical composition of Chlorella sp. FNUB01. This green microalga grew better in the urea-containing medium which accounted for 1.5 times the concentration of that cultured in BG-11 (40 x106 cells. mL-1). Meanwhile, this microalgae species experienced the lowest growth when cultured in NH4NO3-containing medium. The biomass productivity of Chlorella sp. FNUB01 cultured in urea (0.93 g.L-1) was comparable to those grown with NaNO3 as the N source. A similar pattern was recorded for protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content as these biochemical contents were affected by N availability in the medium. Urea was an alternative low-cost N source for the culture of Chlorella sp. FNUB01. Replacement of NaNO3 with urea could reduce the cost of the medium by 72.6%.

Microalgae-mediated tandem culture of shrimp and bivalve: an environmental and health co-benefits solution for phosphorus recovery and emission reduction

Phosphorus (P) accumulation in aquaculture systems is damaging our environment beyond acceptable levels. Devising strategies to potentially recover P from aquaculture systems in a reusable bioresource form is paramount and aligns with circular economy policies. In this study, we constructed two culture models, monoculture (Mon) and tandem culture (Tan), using Exopalaemon carinicauda and Mercenaria mercenaria. By monitoring the performance of rearing organisms, P dynamic patterns, and pollutant emissions, we found that: i) Compared to the Mon system, the Tan system demonstrated no differences in the performance of E. carinicauda and M. mercenaria, suggesting that the Tan model was viable in terms of fishery yield; ii) P in the Tan system could be efficiently recovered and removed from water and sediment, as indicated by the lower phosphate concentration in water (0.01 mg L−1), and the decrease in labile P in surface sediment (from 0.04 to 0.02 mg L−1). A combination of assimilatory and dissimilatory processes, mediated by phototrophic (bait-microalgae) and heterotrophic organisms (bivalves), appeared to be the primary mechanism for P utilization and removal; iii) The Tan system reduced pollutant emissions four times lower than the Mon system due to its minimal tailwater discharge (10%, 230 L). The emissions of total P, phosphate, total organic carbon, ammonium, and chemical oxygen demand from the Tan systems were 19 mg m−2 d−1, 2 mg m−2 d−1, 2 g m−2 d−1, 38 mg m−2 d−1, and 11 g m−2 d−1, respectively, 1.3, 1.7, 1.4, 1.3, and 1.2 times lower than those from the Mon systems. The eco-friendly Tan culture model fully exploited the resources of pond culture, a solution with environmental and health co-benefits for P recovery and emission reduction.

Analysis of Pond Revitalization and Land Suitability for Vaname Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and Milk Fish Cultivation Tradisonally Policultural: A Case Study in Muara Kintap Village, Kintap District, Tanah Regency

Shrimp and milkfish are the main commodities of aquaculture in ponds, which have considerable development potential in almost all coastal areas in Indonesia. Based on the description above, to revitalize ponds in the village of Muara Kintap, Kintap District, the research aims to analyze the efforts to revitalize the aquaculture ponds of vannamei shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) and milkfish in a polyculture manner based on water quality analysis in the village of Muara Kintap, Kintap District, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Implementation is planned for June 2023, with the location of the research being in the community pond area of Muara Kintap Village, Resistant Laut District, South Kalimantan Province. Business revitalization of vannamei shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) and milkfish aquaculture ponds in polyculture based on water quality analysis in Muara Kintap Village, Kintap District, Tanah Laut Regency, Kalimantan, obtained an average R/C ratio for traditional vannamei shrimp farming business, which is worth 3.19, which means the aquaculture business Traditionally polyculture vannamei shrimp is efficient in the use of business costs, because every 1 unit of currency (Rp. 3.19) issued as the cost of the vannamei shrimp farming business will provide business revenue, and based on the land suitability analysis resulting from the interpolation of all parameters it can be concluded that at the research location it was stated that it was suitable to very suitable. The community of Muara Kintap village, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province.

A Review on Herb Utilization in Vannamei Shrimp Cultivation

Aquaculture activities play a crucial role in boosting fishery production. Among the various commodities, Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) stands out as a leading choice due to its competitive pricing and the ability to conduct mass production with high stocking densities. However, shrimp farming has encountered challenges, particularly the occurrence of diseases that often lead to reduced production levels. These diseases typically arise from the shrimp's weakened condition and suboptimal rearing conditions. To address this issue, incorporating several herbal plants, such as noni fruit, ginger, and garlic, into the feed has emerged as an alternative to enhance shrimp immunity. Through an extensive literature search, optimal doses for these herbal additives were identified. Noni fruit demonstrated the best performance at a 6% dose, resulting in a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.1 and a survival rate of 95%. Garlic performed well at a 5% dose, achieving an FCR of 1 and a survival rate of 98%. Similarly, ginger showed promising results at a 3% dose, with an FCR of 1.18 and a survival rate of 98%. The findings of this study emphasize that incorporating herbs into the feed can serve as a viable solution to enhance productivity in Vannamei shrimp farming.

Targeted metagenomics using bait-capture to detect antibiotic resistance genes in retail meat and seafood.

Metagenomics analysis of foods has the potential to provide comprehensive data on the presence and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in the microbiome of foods. However, AMR genes are generally present in low abundance compared to other bacterial genes in the food microbiome and consequently require multiple rounds of in-depth sequencing for detection. Here, a metagenomics approach, using bait-capture probes targeting antimicrobial resistance and plasmid genes, is used to characterize the resistome and plasmidome of retail beef, chicken, oyster, shrimp, and veal enrichment cultures (n = 15). Compared to total shotgun metagenomics, bait-capture required approximately 40-fold fewer sequence reads to detect twice the number of AMR gene classes, AMR gene families, and plasmid genes across all sample types. For the detection of critically important extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes the bait capture method had a higher overall positivity rate (44%) compared to shotgun metagenomics (26%), and a culture-based method (29%). Overall, the results support the use of bait-capture for the identification of low abundance genes such as AMR genes from food samples.

Effect of a Bacillus Probiotic Compound on Penaeus vannamei Survival, Water Quality, and Microbial Communities

Given the widespread use of commercial probiotics in aquaculture, it is important to evaluate the quality and environmental effects of these additives. Here, the effects of a Bacillus probiotic compound, BG4, on Penaeus vannamei survival rate, water quality factors, and microbial communities were assessed. An analysis of the BG4 powder confirmed the content of probiotic bacteria: 50.2% Bacillus licheniformis, 48.4% Bacillus subtilis, and 1.4% Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, consistent with the information on the product packaging. The effective bacterial quantity (1.1 × 109 CFU/g) was higher than that indicated on the product label (2 × 108 CFU/g). BG4 was added to a sterilized aquaculture water system, according to the indicated bacterial quantity; after 7 days, the maximum ammonia nitrogen, phosphate, and chemical oxygen demand degradation rates were 36.3%, 28.9%, and 15.2%, respectively. In the shrimp culture experiment, the survival rate of P. vannamei and water quality did not differ significantly between the BG4 and control groups. The bacterial quantity and high-throughput sequencing results indicated that Bacillus content in BG4 group decreased continuously from 3.5 × 104 CFU/mL to 6.9 × 102 CFU/mL. To ensure the desired effect of probiotics in commercial aquaculture applications, additional quality evaluations and scientific assessments are needed.

PENGARUH KEPADATAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN SINTASAN UDANG LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI PADA KOLAM BUNDAR MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM BIOFLOK

This study aims to determine the effects of stocking density on the growth, survival rate, and the business of feasibility of the white shrimp culture using BFT in cylinder pond. The research method used was an experimental method, with a non-factorial completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment (5000, 7500, and 10000 shrimp/pond) was repeated 3 (three) times. The observations showed that the growth of absolute weight and length of the 5000 shrimp/pondtreatment gave the best results, 8.82 g (0.13 g / day) and 8.81 cm (0.126 cm / day). However, the analysis of variance indicate that the stocking density of L.vannamei in the range of 5,000 to 10,000 has no significant effect on differences in growth, both weight or length. Stocking density of L.vannamei was detected to give a significant on survival rate. One-way analysis of variance and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test showed that the stocking density of 5,000 was significantly in their survival on the 7,500 and 10,000 shrimp/pond. Meanwhile, the 7,500 shrimp/pond was not significantly to the 10,000 shrimp/pond. Economically, the stocking difference is a direct consequence of costs and revenues. The results of the business feasibility analysis inform that the three treatments are included in the feasible category for development, and the stocking density of 5000 shrimp/pond provides the best profit

Correlation of Atmospheric Temperature with the Prevalence of White Spot Disease (WSD) and Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) in the Philippines

The growing crustacean aquaculture industry in the Philippines is a significant contributor to the seafood production sector. However, several problems hinder the growth and overall market production, the main factor being diseases. Previous studies observed that temperature changes affect shrimp’s physiological and immunological responses to different pathogens and parasites; hence, this meta-analysis examined the correlation of white spot disease (WSD) and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) with atmospheric temperature changes. The analysis was conducted using the available data from the Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease report of the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia Pacific, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration. Results indicated that temperatures ranging from 27–28 °C generally cause higher disease occurrences in the Philippines, as it facilitates optimum conditions for the infectivity of the causative agents of both diseases. Statistical analysis also has shown a positive correlation of temperature to the disease occurrence, indicating that temperature monitoring is crucial, especially in the culture of shrimps in a controlled environment. This information will serve as a guide to the fish health and aquaculture industry in mitigating possible disease outbreaks.

Effect from Combinations of Yucca schidigera extract with Bacillus Strains on the Growth of White Leg Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), Density of Vibrio sp., and on the Ammonia and Nitrite Content of Culture Water

The water quality including toxic gas parameters and Vibrio density is a serious problem in intensive shrimp culture. Yucca schidigera extract and Bacillus sp. are considered as a practical solution to improve the water quality. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of combination of Yucca schidigera extract and Bacillus spp. on total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite contents, Vibrio count, and the growth performance of white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Shrimp (PL12) were assigned to seven treatments (triplicates) including treatments with combination of yucca extract and single strain of Bacillus (AY, B2Y, B3Y), combination of yucca extract and Bacillus consortium (ABBY), yucca extract only (Y), Bacillus consortium (ABB), and control treatment (C). Vibrio count was carried out by the spread plate technique every 7 days. TAN and nitrite contents were determined by using sodium nitroprusside, and sulphanilic acid with N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine, respectively, at 24 hours and 168 hours after adding Bacillus strains and yucca extract. The shrimp growth parameters include the final biomass, final body weight (FBW, g), weight gain rate (WGR, %), survival rate (SR, %), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded after 5 weeks. The results showed that the water quality (0.073 – 0.179 ppm of TAN, 0.187 – 0.934 ppm of nitrite, and Vibrio count of 2.552 – 3.038 log CFU/ml) of tanks treated with combination of yucca extract and single strain of Bacillus (AY, B2Y, B3Y) or Bacillus consortium (ABBY), and Bacillus consortium (ABB) was significantly controlled compared to the control and yucca extract only treatments. The ABBY treatment most significantly improved the shrimp growth parameters (FBW, biomass, WGR, FCR, and SR – 0.424 ± 0.010 g, 40.202 ± 1.510 g, 14048.902 ± 328.756 %, 1.100 ± 0.040, and 94.667 ± 1.856 %, respectively) compared to the other treatments. Overall, our study concluded that the combination of yucca extract and Bacillus consortium could control water quality (0.036 – 0.105 ppm of TAN, 0.187 – 0.604 ppm of nitrite, and Vibrio count of 2.553 – 2.624 log CFU/ml), reduce 46.49% of FCR and significantly increase the growth performance (approximately 92.73% of FWB, 163.19% of biomass, 93.93% of WGR, 46.49% of FCR) of P. vannamei (PL12) with density of 100 individuals/100L.

Molecular docking approaches of biomolecules extracted from red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii against hemolysin protein of bioluminescence disease-causing bacteria Vibrio harveyi

Shrimp culture systems are being affected by bacterial diseases particularly Vibrios. Use of therapeutic agents in shrimp culture has lead to the resistance among aquatic bacteria. Accordingly, health management becomes of major importance in aquaculture. Under this situation, developing bio-inhibitors from natural marine resources which are most appropriate, which is considered as an unmatched reservoir of several biological products. Molecular docking is suited to a major approach in structural biology and computer-assisted drug design against the proteins of disease-causative agents. In the present study, marine macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii was used for developing inhibitors against bioluminescence disease-causing pathogenic bacteria Vibrio harveyi. K. alvarezii was collected from the Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India. Ethyl acetate based extract of K. alvarezii was tested against the growth and virulence factors of V. harveyi during Penaeus monodon larviculture. Further K. alvarezii extract was subjected to GC–MS analysis to identify the biomolecules. The homology modelling of the virulent protein, hemolysin of V. harveyi was designed during this study. Hence, it was aimed at molecular docking against the biomolecules identified from K. alvarezii extract. During shrimp larviculture, the extract of K. alvarezii (200 μg mL−1) exhibited a reduction on Cumulative Percentage of Mortality (29.70 %) in postlarvae against the challenge of V. harveyi infection. Among the compounds docked, an inhibitory effect was observed based on docking scores and were found the highest binding affinity/inhibiting activity in Cyclotetracosane with the least energy required with a docking score of binding energy −7.66 kcal/mol, inhibition constant 0.002 mM and intermolecular efficiency −0.32 kcal/mol. Using statistical analysis, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between the growth and virulence factors of V. harveyi during shrimp larviculture trials. While considering these findings, it was determined that K. alvarezii extract can be replaced as an alternative bio-agents protecting against infections caused by V. harveyi and possibly other aquatic pathogenic bacteria in shrimp farming systems.

Dynamic modelling of coastal aquaculture systems: A Review

Abstract Coastal aquaculture is an important economic activity in India dominated majorly by shrimp culture, which involves a range of interconnected processes that are challenging to analyse and optimise without a systematic approach. System dynamics modelling is a useful tool for understanding and predicting the behavior of complex coastal aquaculture systems. Here, we review the status of dynamic simulation modelling works undertaken in aquaculture, which can provide directives for various researchers working on developing simulation models for shrimp aquaculture. There is a need to assess the impact of dynamic forces on the animals during the culture period which could be addressed through these models. System dynamic models assist decision-makers to augment potential measures for aquaculture-related problems under different possible scenarios. System dynamic models developed in aquaculture were related to feeding, water quality parameters, nitrogen dynamics, growth, etc. The strengths and limitations of software packages used in developing the simulation models are discussed. Considering the economic potential of shrimp aquaculture, it is important to develop an integrated dynamic model for predicting all the sub-processes of shrimp aquaculture.

Bioencapsulation Artemia with Bacillus subtilis and Sodium Alginate on Total Hemocyte and Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei Infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Disease control in shrimp culture is mostly done by using probiotics such as B. subtilis. Immunostimulants are also widely used to improve the white shrimp immune system. One of the immunostimulants that can be used is sodium alginate. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of bioencapsulation of Artemia with the combination of B. subtilis and sodium alginate on total hemocytes and the survival of white shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Hemocyte total and survival were measured at H0, H7 after bioencapsulation, H9 one day post-infection, and H16 seven days post-infection. The results showed that the total hemocytes H7 and H9 in treatment P3 were significantly different (p&lt;0.05) against all treatments, while the survival of white shrimp in H9, P1 and P3 treatment was not significantly different (p&gt;0.05), to the treatment of K- and P2. The conclusion of this study was that the bioencapsulation of Artemia with the combination of B. subtilis and sodium alginate could increase total hemocytes and the survival of PL white shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus.

Implementation of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Using BATMAN Routing Protocol (Better Approach To Mobile Ad-hoc Network) for Salinity Monitoring in Vaname Shrimp Farms

Salinity is the key parameters in the shrimp culture environment. Conventional method is by visiting each pond plot. But,due to the large number and distance between the plots, this method is less effective. This ineffectiveness can lead to less than optimal yields. Manet is applied to increase the effectiveness of checking salinity using the BATMAN routing protocol. In this study, 2 units of laptops were used that act as Node 1 and Node 4, 2 units of Orange Pi Zero as Node 2, and 3. Each device is connected to a conductivity sensor to measure the salinity. The four devices are configured with an adhoc network using the BATMAN routing protocol. This research was conducted to provide an alternative for monitoring salinity to make it more effective. Based on the results of testing and analysis of network quality, the average delay value is 22.285 ms. The low delay value affects the percentage of packet loss in the four test scenarios with an average percentage of 0.999759613 %. Memory and CPU usage in testing 4 transition scenarios resulted in an average memory usage of 0.225% and CPU usage of 0.725%. The BATMAN routing protocol does not use a lot of memory and CPU usage because it only forwards data packets without the need to process data. From these data, it can be concluded that manet with batman routing protocol can be used as an alternative communication to provide communication network services in areas where there is no fixed network infrastructure.

SIMULTANEOUS PATHOGEN DETECTION OF SHRIMP VIRUSES ON CULTURED TIGER SHRIMPS (Penaeus monodon) IN INDONESIA

The multiple-pathogen infection causes severe economic impact to shrimp industry in Indonesia and worldwide due to mass mortality and multiple abnormalities of the survived infected shrimps. However, multiple-pathogen detection tools in shrimp diseases have not yet widely used. The purpose in this study was to develop and applied simultaneous detection system using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay from natural infections caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and monodon baculovirus (MBV) in Black tiger shrimp culture. To analyze multiple-pathogen infections in the shrimp, the study designed and used three pairs of specific primers targeting DNA virus from the shrimp diseases. All amplifications used a specific master mix for multiplex PCR assay and standardized extracted nucleic acid from the samples. This mPCR assay successfully amplified the DNA of three viruses in a single tube-run by multiplex PCR for each virus. Based on the results, the study confirms that multiple-pathogen infection contributes the highest mass mortality rather than from single infection by either WSSV, IHHNV or MBV. This study also confirms that the mPCR assay is a faster, cheaper, and efficient method to detect and subsequently prevent the spreading of multi-pathogen shrimp diseases.

Integrated application of transcriptomics and metabolomics provides insights into acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) has caused a huge economic loss to shrimp aquaculture. Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VpAHPND) is regarded as a major causative agent of AHPND in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. However, knowledge about how shrimp resist to AHPND is very limited. In order to learn the molecular mechanisms underlying AHPND resistance of shrimp, comparison between disease-resistant family and susceptible family of L. vannamei were performed at transcriptional and metabolic levels. Integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics on hepatopancreas of shrimp, the target tissue of VpAHPND, showed that significant differences existed between resistant family and susceptible family of shrimp. The susceptible family showed higher level of glycolysis, serine-glycine metabolism, purine and pyrimidine metabolism, but lower level of betaine-homocysteine metabolism in the hepatopancreas in comparison with the resistant family without VpAHPND infection. Curiously, VpAHPND infection induced up-regulation of glycolysis, serine-glycine metabolism, purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and pentose phosphate pathway, and down-regulation of betaine-homocysteine metabolism in resistant family. In addition, arachidonic acid metabolism and some immune pathways, like NF-κB and cAMP pathways, were up-regulated in the resistant family after VpAHPND infection. In contrast, amino acid catabolism boosted via PEPCK-mediated TCA cycle flux was activated in the susceptible family after VpAHPND infection. These differences in transcriptome and metabolome between resistant family and susceptible family might contribute to the resistance of shrimp to bacteria. IMPORTANCE Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VpAHPND) is a major aquatic pathogen causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and leads to a huge economic loss to shrimp aquaculture. Despite the recent development of controlling culture environment, disease resistant broodstock breeding is still a sustainable approach for aquatic disease control. Metabolic changes occurred during VpAHPND infection, but knowledge about the metabolism in resistance to AHPND is very limited. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome revealed the basal metabolic differences exhibited between disease-resistant and susceptible shrimp. Amino acid catabolism might contribute to the pathogenesis of VpAHPND and arachidonic acid metabolism might be responsible for the resistance phenotype. This study will help to enlighten the metabolic and molecular mechanisms underlying shrimp resistance to AHPND. Also, the key genes and metabolites of amino acid and arachidonic acid pathway identified in this study will be applied for disease resistance improvement in the shrimp culture industry.

Designing a Water Temperature control and Monitoring System for Vaname Shrimp cultivation based on the Internet of Things ( IoT )

Vannamei shrimp cultivation (Litopenaeus Vannamei) is one of the rapidly growing industries in fisheries. Optimal water quality, including the appropriate water temperature, is a crucial factor in maintaining the growth and health of vannamei shrimp. Therefore, this research aims to design and implement a monitoring and water temperature control system using a microcontroller in vannamei shrimp cultivation. The research method involves the development of a system prototype consisting of water temperature sensors, microcontrollers, and temperature control modules. The water temperature sensor is used to measure the water temperature in the vannamei shrimp cultivation pond, while the microcontrollers are responsible for acquiring temperature data from the sensor and controlling the temperature control modules based on predetermined parameters. The research results show that the monitoring and water temperature control system using microcontrollers can accurately measure the water temperature with high precision. The obtained temperature data can be displayed in real-time through the microcontroller's screen or accessed via computer-based applications. Moreover, the system is also capable of adjusting the temperature according to the setpoint, utilizing LEDs lights (red, green, yellow) US indicators for activating and deactivating the heating and cooling device. in field trials, this system was implemented in vannamei shrimp cultivation ponds of a specific size.

Use of Enzyme Mixtures in Diets Based on Animal and Plant Ingredients for Litopenaeus vannamei: Effect on Digestibility, Growth, and Enzyme Activity

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of adding a mixture of different exogenous enzymes at 0.005% (0.0025% for each enzyme; protease+xylanase [P/X], protease+cellulase [P/C], and xylanase+cellulase [X/C]) to diets, based on fishmeal (FM) or soybean paste (SP), on shrimp`s growth performance, survival, feed conversion, digestibility, and digestive capacity. Eight isoproteic experimental diets (FM, FM+P/X, FM+P/C, FM+X/C, SP, SP+P/X, SP+P/C, and SP+X/C) were evaluated with three replicates. Shrimps (1  0.2 g) were maintained in a recirculating system at 12 organisms/tank for 90 days. Significant differences (p ˂ 0.05) were found in all the productive parameters of L. vannamei. Compared with the control diets (FM and SP), shrimps fed with FM+P/C showed the highest final body weight (7.83 ± 0.34 g) and proteolytic activity (178.81 ± 24.49 U/mg protein), as well as the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.71 ± 0.01). In contrast, the SP+X/C group presented the highest lipolytic activity (0.0235 ± 0.0028 U/mg) and apparent digestibility (94.12 ± 0.09%). In accord with its omnivorous trophic habits, enzyme mixtures included in animal and plant based-diets improved different productive variables of L. vannamei, representing a nutritional alternative to optimize feed use in shrimp cultivation.

NURSERY OF WHITE SHRIMP (LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI) WITH BIOFLOC SYSTEM

White shrimp culture (Litopenaeus vannamei) has very good prospects to be developed so that the availability of quality juveniles with a sustainable quantity is very necessary for aquaculture activities. White shrimp nursery has several constraints because in the implementation process it uses high stocking density so the amount of feed needed is higher. The condition of using high feed can have an impact on the quality of aquaculture used. Waste products from metabolism and uneaten feed residues, especially nitrogen waste can be toxic to shrimp. To reduce the risk of toxic waste in shrimp there are several technologies that can be used, one of which is biofloc technology. This study aims to determine the growth and survival rate (SR) of white shrimp nursery using biofloc technology. The study was conducted using a permanent ponds container coated with a tarpaulin with a size of 3m x 5m x 1.2m as much as 2 pieces. Each pond filled with seawater with a salinity of 30 ppt as much as 12,000 liters is equipped with 24 aeration points and a microbubble. White shrimp juvenile used Post Larva size 10 with an average weight of 0.01 grams with a stocking density of 1,500 ind/m3(18,000 ind/pond). Maintenance time for 28 days. During maintenance, commercial feed is given at a dose of 100% -5% of the total weight of biomass per day. The results showed an average final length and weight are 5.15 cm and 2.32 gram/ind with a Survival rate (SR) of 89.7%.&#x0D; &#x0D;