Shrimp Culture Research Articles

Performance and land characteristics of brackishwater pond to support sustainability of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture intensive technology.

Intensive technology Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture has been applied in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi Province, but information on the performance of Pacific white shrimp culture and the land characteristics or environment of the pond has not yet been obtained. The research purposes are to find out the performance and the land characteristics or environment of Pacific white shrimp culture intensive technology to serve as a basis for determining the culture development. Five transects perpendicular to the shoreline and three transects parallel to the coastline, or 15 water sample stations, were identified in the field. Other data was obtained from the extraction of Sentinel-2 and SPOT (Satellite pour l'Observation de la Terre) satellite imagery 7. The size of intensive technology Pacific white shrimp culture ponds in Bulukumba Regency ranges from 1600 to 5000 m2 which is stocked with fry with a stocking density of 100-300 ind./m2 which can produce 12.0-50.0 tons/ha/cycle after rearing for 100-142daysof culture with a food conversion ratio of 1.2:1-2.0:1. The land characteristics of intensive technology Pacific white shrimp culture ponds in Bulukumba Regency are characterized by elevation from 10.0 to 20.0m above sea level, wavy topography, tidal range between 1.35 and 1.70m, dominated by Latosol or Cambisol and Alfisol or Mediterranean soil great groups, the quality of the source water can generally support Pacific white shrimp culture, and the annual rainfall is from 1341 to 1763mm and it is not built on former mangrove land. It is recommended that existing Pacific white shrimp culture ponds increase the capacity and capability of their wastewater treatment plant ponds and implement better water management and feed management so that the quality of wastewater from intensive technology Pacific white shrimp culture ponds can also be better so that productivity can be increased and sustainable.

The post-larval metabolism rate of vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in terms of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion at different salinities

The development of vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivation still faces many problems. One of them is the availability of seeds whose growth is slow and variable, as well as high mortality after being stocked in ponds. This study aimed to examine the post-larval metabolic rate of tiger prawns in terms of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion at different salinities. The research was carried out November - December 2023 in the Takalar Intensive Pond Unit, after which vannamei shrimp larvae with a density of 100 individuals/l were reared for acclimation for two weeks in tanks containing media water with a salinity of 10, 20 and 30 ppt. At the end of the acclimation period for the test shrimp, a respirometer was prepared to measure oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion. The results of the research showed that the average value of oxygen consumption after vannamei shrimp larvae occurred at a salinity of 10 ppt, then followed respectively at a salinity of 30 and 20 ppt. The results of the analysis of variance showed that salinity had a very significant effect (P0.01) on oxygen consumption after vannamei shrimp larvae, but in the LSD follow-up test it appeared that only the 10 ppt treatment was very significantly different (P0.01) and the same results occurred. on ammonia excretion, although the test of variance (LSD) had no significant effect. The survival rate and post-larval growth of vanamei shrimp reached the highest average value at a salinity of 20 ppt with very significantly different variance results. Based on the measurement results above, the optimum metabolic rate after vannamei shrimp larvae occurs at a salinity of 20 ppt (isotonic conditions occur between the shrimp's body fluids and the medium).Keywords: Ammonia Excretion; Metabolism Rate, Oxygen Consumption; Vanname Shrimp

Quantitative Genetics of Feed-Efficiency-Related Traits for the Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp Penaeus vannamei in a Plant-Based Diet Environment

Selecting shrimp strains that perform well on a plant-based diet holds promise for solving the fishmeal (FM) shortage issue, with genetic improvement of feed efficiency (FE) being a key focus. This study compared a plant-based (fishmeal-free) diet with a 25% FM diet for the Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) to determine whether the FE-related traits, including residual feed intake (RFI), average daily weight gain (ADG), and daily feed intake (DFI), exhibit diet-specific genetic variations and genotype-by-diet (genotype × diet) interactions. Results showed that RFI was significantly higher under the plant-based diet treatment compared to the FM-based diet treatment (0.0049 g/d vs. –0.0045 g/d, p < 0.001), while ADG was notably lower (0.043 g/d vs. 0.110 g/d, p < 0.001), indicating that a plant-based diet may lead to reduced yields and impact the profitability of shrimp culture. In the case of being unable to estimate common environmental effects, the heritability estimates of RFI under the plant-based and FM-based diets were 0.743 ± 0.157 and 0.440 ± 0.125, respectively, and those of ADG and DFI ranged from 0.314 ± 0.121 to 0.947 ± 0.158. Genetic correlations between diets for RFI and DFI were 0.646 ± 0.162 and 0.549 ± 0.163, respectively, suggesting a degree of genotype × diet interactions. In contrast, the genetic correlation between diets for ADG was only 0.296 ± 0.259, indicating a strong genotype × diet interaction. These findings highlight the importance of considering selective breeding for improved feed efficiency in a plant-based diet environment.

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SALINITY ON GROWTH RATE AND SURVIVAL RATE OF POST-LARVA (PL-9) VANNAME SHRIMP ( Litopenaeus vannamei )

Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannaemi) is one of the largest fisheries commodities in Indonesia. The first step in the success of vannamei shrimp cultivation is seeding. The success of the hatchery will support efforts to provide quality shrimp seed . The research method used is experimentation with descriptive quantitative data analysis. Calculation using a completely randomized design test with the help of SPSS. The results of water quality measurements showed an average temperature of 26.26oC - 28.8oC. The pH ranges between 7.32-7.68. For DO it ranges from 5.2 mg/l -6.6 mg/l. For Ammonia it ranges from 0.2 ml/lt - 0.54 ml/lt. Water quality measurements were carried out for 14 days in the morning and evening. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the growth rate, survival rate, and biomass increase value, the salinity value in treatment 1 (26 ppt) shows the highest compared to the salinity values in the other treatments. Meanwhile, the value of water quality measurements based on SNI 8678-4:2021 shows that the temperature is still below standard, the pH scale is still atstandard, the DO value is still at standard value, and the value for ammonia exceeds standard limits .

The Production of Fairy Shrimp as Live Food for Aquatic Animals and Transfer to Farmers

Fairy shrimps are zooplankton, a small crustacean with high nutritional value and carotenoids. Fairy shrimps are aquatic animals that feed on both living and non-living food by filtering. In Thailand, there are 3 species of fairy shrimps, namely Streptocephalus sirindhornae, Branchinella thailandensis, and Streptocephalus siamenesis. The three species of fairy shrimps exhibit distinct characteristics in terms of size, color, and egg morphology. There are 3 types of fairy shrimp culture in Thailand, namely, cement ponds, clay ponds, and hapas, which are adult fairy shrimp cultures. Both living and non-living forms of fairy shrimps are used by freezing. The usage of fairy shrimps come in both living and non-living, frozen forms. Fairy shrimps are fed as food for beautiful aquatic animals such as goldfish, cichlids, etc. They are also used as food pellets to feed aquatic animals such as giant freshwater prawns, Rad tilapia fish, etc. Therefore, it can be concluded that fairy shrimps have a significant potential as a valuable food source for both larval and adult aquatic organisms. Consequently, the widespread dissemination of knowledge about fairy shrimp aquaculture and utilization can greatly enhance their adoption in the aquaculture industry, thereby promoting sustainability.

Rhodobacteraceae are Prevalent and Ecologically Crucial Bacterial Members in Marine Biofloc Aquaculture.

Bioflocs are microbial aggregates primarily composed of heterotrophic bacteria that play essential ecological roles in maintaining animal health, gut microbiota, and water quality in biofloc aquaculture systems. Despite the global adoption of biofloc aquaculture for shrimp and fish cultivation, our understanding of biofloc microbiota-particularly the dominant bacterial members and their ecological functions-remains limited. In this study, we employed integrated metataxonomic and metagenomic approaches to demonstrate that the family Rhodobacteraceae of Alphaproteobacteria consistently dominates the biofloc microbiota and plays essential ecological roles. We first analyzed a comprehensive metataxonomic dataset consisting of 200 16S rRNA gene amplicons collected across three Asian countries: South Korea, China, and Vietnam. Taxonomic investigation identified Rhodobacteraceae as the dominant and consistent bacterial members across the datasets. The predominance of this taxon was further validated through metagenomics approaches, including read taxonomy and read recruitment analyses. To explore the ecological roles of Rhodobacteraceae, we applied genome-centric metagenomics, reconstructing 45 metagenome-assembled genomes. Functional annotation of these genomes revealed that dominant Rhodobacteraceae genera, such as Marivita, Ruegeria, Dinoroseobacter, and Aliiroseovarius, are involved in vital ecological processes, including complex carbohydrate degradation, aerobic denitrification, assimilatory nitrate reduction, ammonium assimilation, and sulfur oxidation. Overall, our study reveals that the common practice of carbohydrate addition in biofloc aquaculture systems fosters the growth of specific heterotrophic bacterial communities, particularly Rhodobacteraceae. These bacteria contribute to maintaining water quality by removing toxic nitrogen and sulfur compounds and enhance animal health by colonizing gut microbiota and exerting probiotic effects.

Assessing the Origin and Mapping the Extension of Salinity Around Shrimp Culture Ponds in Rio Grande Do Norte (Brazil)

The increasing installation of shrimp farms in vulnerable coastal areas around the world generates an environmental impact and makes it urgent to develop methodologies and studies for assessing and scaling the potential risks and sustainability of these activities. One of the main hazards of these activities is that the prolonged inundation of excavated ponds for shrimp farming allows the percolation of saltwater in the surroundings, resulting in increasing groundwater salinity. Saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers, accompanied by salinization of soils, causes a decrease in available freshwater resources, a decline in crop productivity and the deterioration of the natural ecosystem. The coastal aquifer of Rio Grande do Norte State (Brazil) where, for years, several shrimp farm factories have been operating, reported some issues related to aquifer and soil salinization. The present study aims to assess the origin of and delineate groundwater salinization in a sector of this coastal aquifer using a low-budget procedure. The integration of hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characterization by drilling shallow piezometers, measuring the hydrostatic level and analyzing the major ion concentrations of the groundwater has made it possible to establish that the origin of groundwater pollution in the studied area is caused by saltwater percolation from shrimp farms. The joint use of both characterization techniques has been shown to have an efficient cost–benefit ratio and less-intrusive methodology, which can be applied in other areas with similar environmental concerns.

Integrating short- and full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing to elucidate microbiome profiles in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) ponds.

Despite their immense economic value as a key aquaculture species, the production of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) faces significant challenges from intensive farming practices and disease outbreaks. Routine microbial profiling for disease surveillance could be a promising approach to anticipate and control disease outbreaks. To achieve this, accuracy in microbial profiling in shrimp ponds is crucial for enabling targeted action and prevention. Extensive documentation emphasizes that, beyond biological factors (related to the host, diet, or health status during the rearing period), technical elements, including sequencing techniques significantly influence bacterial community profiling. This study investigated the influence of short- and long-read sequencing of 16S rRNA genes on the microbial profiles in shrimp intestines, water, and sediments. The origin of the samples (intestine or environmental) in shrimp culture ponds primarily drove the observed differences in core microbial species. The ecological niches accounted for 56% of bacterial community variations in culture ponds. Both sequencing approaches showed consistent results in identifying higher-rank taxa and assessing alpha and beta diversity. However, at the species level, full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences provided better resolution than V3-V4 sequences. For routine microbial profiling in shrimp culture ponds, our study suggests that short-read sequences were sufficient for determining overall bacterial community.IMPORTANCEThis interdisciplinary study investigated the influence of sequencing techniques on bacterial communities profiling within Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) ponds. By integrating aquaculture, microbiology, and environmental science, we revealed the role of ecological niches and factors like salinity and pH on microbiota diversity and composition in shrimp intestines, pond water, and sediment. Additionally, we compared the taxonomic resolution using partial versus full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences, highlighting the value of longer amplicons for precise identification of key taxa. These findings provide novel insights into microbial dynamics underlying environmental effects in shrimp aquaculture. Comprehensive characterization of the pond microbiome could lead to management strategies that promote shrimp health and productivity. Furthermore, the potential of a multi-omics approach for integrating complementary data streams to elucidate environment-microbiome-host interactions was highlighted.

Ammonia removal and nitrogen preferences evaluation of indigenous Malaysian microalga Halamphora sp. on white shrimp Penaeus vannamei wastewater

Ammonia is ubiquitous in aquaculture systems and its removal is important for maintaining water quality and the health of the cultured animals. Microalgae are effective at removing ammonia from water, but the effectiveness of different microalgae species may vary. In this study, indigenous Malaysian microalgae isolated from shrimp ponds were screened for their ability in removing ammonia from synthetic culture media. The most efficient microalga’s nitrogen preferences and its growth and nitrogen removal in the early and late stages of shrimp culture wastewater were explored. It was found that four microalgae species namely Halamphora sp. BpSpD2, Chaetoceros sp. BpSpD3, Chlorella sp. BpSpG3 and Desertifilum sp. BpSpC1 were able to eradicate ammonia after 14 days of cultivation. Further investigation showed that Halamphora sp. BpSpD2 was able to remove 100 % ammonia within 5 days of culture. The nitrogen preferences of Halamphora sp. BpSpD2 indicated a preference for ammonia over nitrate as evidenced by the higher growth and removal efficiency of the treatments. Nitrogen removal efficiency of over 70 % was observed in treating 4 to 12 mg L-1 of TAN and nitrate. When tested in shrimp-cultured wastewater, Halamphora sp. showed a higher growth and 100% ammonia removal efficiency in the late stage of shrimp-culture wastewater. It also effectively removed 59% to 80% of nitrogen throughout both the early and late stages of shrimp culture wastewater. The results suggested that the microalga Halamphora sp. BpSpD2 has a significant potential to treat the effluent of an aquaculture system containing high concentrations of ammonia and nitrate.

Pendampingan Teknis Teknologi Tepat Guna Budidaya Udang Vaname Skala Kecil di Desa Pengambengan, Jembrana, Bali

Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) is one of Indonesia's fishery commodities with high economic value in the domestic and foreign markets. They are applying appropriate technology through small-scale shrimp farming aimed to transfer technology in partner villages from traditional to intensive systems. This program was an effort to improve the welfare of the fishery community in Desa Pengambengan, Jembrana, Bali. This program was carried out in May‒July 2022, and it involved the Mina Jaya Fish Cultivator Group as the target community. The activity program was carried out through several stages, including audience activity, counseling, technical assistance, and monitoring and evaluation. The activity succeeded in increasing the knowledge and skills of the target community regarding vaname shrimp cultivation in detail. Technical assistance for cultivation activities has increased community understanding of small-scale intensive shrimp cultivation, minimizing errors and increasing program success. Monitoring and evaluation are carried out to determine the sustainability of activities in the target community. This community service activity has succeeded in increasing the productivity of Pacific white shrimp cultivation and technology transfer from the traditional system to a small-scale intensive system.

Study of water quality in relation to the development of Vanamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivation on the Siddo Coast, Barru Regency, Indonesia

Objective: The research aims to determine the quality of water on the Siddo coast of Barru Regency, Indonesia, in relation to the development of vanamei shrimp cultivation. Material and method: The research was carried out in 3 locations, namely location 1 is located around Siddo Beach Bay and there is a mangrove forest around it, location 2 is a location close to the pier where fishermen moor their boats, and location 3 is a location in Toe Hamlet close to residential areas and community ponds. The water quality parameters measured are temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and salinity. The data obtained is then collected, processed, made into images, and analyzed using descriptive analysis. Results: The research results showed that the water temperature was in the range of 29.73 to 30.33 oC; Dissolved oxygen is in the range of 3.72 to 6.22 ppm, with the lowest oxygen at location 3. Water pH is in the range of 6.67 to 7.33. Sea water salinity is in the range of 36.33-36.67 ppt. Conclusion: The water quality of the research location is generally suitable for cultivating vanamei shrimp, except that the pH value of the water is still low or acidic and the salinity is still relatively high.

Effects of Nitrite Stress on the Antioxidant, Immunity, Energy Metabolism, and Microbial Community Status in the Intestine of Litopenaeus vannamei.

Nitrite is the main environmental pollutant that endangers shrimp culture. Intestinal health is essential for the disease resistance of shrimp. In this study, Litopenaeus vannamei shrimps were separately exposed to 1 and 5 mg/L of nitrite stress for 48 h, and then the variations in intestinal health were investigated from the aspects of histology, antioxidant, immunity, energy metabolism, and microbial community status. The results showed that nitrite stress damaged intestinal mucosa, and 5 mg/L of nitrite induced more obvious physiological changes than 1 mg/L. Specifically, the relative expression levels of antioxidant (ROMO1, Nrf2, SOD, GPx, and HSP70), ER stress (Bip and XBP1), immunity (proPO, Crus, ALF, and Lys), inflammation (JNK and TNF-α), and apoptosis (Casp-3 and Casp-9) genes were increased. Additionally, intestinal energy metabolism was activated by inducing glucose metabolism (HK, PK, PDH, and LDH), lipid metabolism (AMPK and FAS), tricarboxylic acid cycle (MDH, CS, IDH, SDH, and FH), and electron transfer chain (NDH, CytC, COI, CCO, and AtpH) gene transcription. Further, the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota composition was also disturbed, especially the abundance of some beneficial genera (Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Faecalibacterium, Romboutsia, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010). These results reveal that nitrite stress could damage the intestinal health of L. vannamei by destroying mucosal integrity, inducing oxidation and ER stress, interfering with physiological homeostasis and energy metabolism, and disrupting the microbial community.

Comparison of Business Feasibility, Profits, and Production of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Boone Aquaculture Industry, 1931 in Indonesia Ponds

Shrimp is a fishery commodity that has high economic value and is an upstream-to-downstream industry. The current problem is the hesitation of farmers and shrimp farming entrepreneurs to develop shrimp farming in ponds. The purpose of this study was to compare the production and financial aspects of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivation in the intensive pond system industry in Indonesia. The data collection method is a field survey. The data analysis method is descriptive and quantitative. Data processing tools used Microsoft Excel and SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions). The research locations are the shrimp farming industry AM Bangka, SUN Bengkalis, AN Probolinggo, MCS Yogjakarta, and UK Pandeglang. The results showed that the productivity of 18,540-38,498 kg. Ha-1 per cycle, survival rate (SR) 68 -99%, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) 1.05-1.98. Financial analysis R/C ratio 1.04-1.78, and payback period 1 year 28 days - 2 years 9 months. The cost of goods sold per kg of shrimp was US $0.87 to US $3.82. The prospect of intensive Vaname shrimp farming industry in Indonesia has a good prospect by doing efficiency and effectiveness of production costs.

Enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal from mariculture water using immobilized bacteria and macroalgae

With the vigorous development of the mariculture industry, the untreated wastewater from mariculture has exerted significant pressure on the water environment. The untreated N and P in the wastewater from mariculture can deteriorate the quality of the mariculture. In this study, a composite in situ treatment system involving macroalgae (Caulerpa lentillifera/Caulerpa sertularoides f. Longipes) and immobilized degrading bacteria was established to handle wastewater from shrimp culture. The changes in nutrients in aquaculture wastewater were studied by chemical analysis, and the microbial community structure was analyzed using molecular biology technology and high-throughput sequencing technology. The removal efficacy of nutrients in aquaculture wastewater and the composition of microorganisms in the wastewater were examined, and the primary causes for the alteration of the microbial community were analyzed. The results demonstrated that when the macroalgae in the system were Caulerpa lentillifera (CL), the removal efficiencies of TN, PO43--P, and COD from shrimp culture were 59.04%, 34.26%, and 68.61% respectively. When the macroalgae was Caulerpa sertularoides f. Longipes (CSF), the removal efficiencies of TN, PO43--P, and COD generated by experimental shrimp culture were 51.50%, 33.69%, and 50.88% respectively. The biomass (wet weight) of both macroalgae species also increased, facilitating the removal of nutrients from the wastewater. Additionally, both Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacteria in the three samples, and the addition of the composite in-situ treatment system had no impact on the dominant bacteria in the water. The results of FAPROTAX analysis indicated that compared with the untreated samples, the abundances of methyl-functional bacteria and amino acid-functional bacteria in the samples increased due to organic matter such as COD produced during shrimp culture and the addition of feed, suggesting that shrimp culture can influence the abundances of functional bacteria in the water. In conclusion, the combined in situ treatment system can effectively eliminate nutrients from aquaculture wastewater, and the combined effect of macroalgae and immobilized degrading bacteria plays a vital role in this process.

Portable DNA extraction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for the on-site detection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

White spot disease (WSD) has been the most severe and lethal threat to the global shrimp industry for the past three decades. WSD caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) can result in severe economic losses in shrimp culture. The disease can cause rapid and mass mortality of 90–100 % within 3–10 days. Currently, there are no effective treatment measures available for the control of WSD. Strict biosecurity, possible elimination, and early diagnosis can prevent the spread of the pathogen. Several advanced diagnostic methods have been standardised for the early and rapid detection of WSD. However, the field deployable diagnostic methods are limited. LAMP is a cost-effective, alternative nucleic acid amplification method that operates under isothermal conditions. In this study, a novel field-portable LAMP was developed for the diagnosis of WSSV. The WSSV amplification was optimized at an isothermal condition of 65 °C and a reaction time of 55 min. In this closed-tube amplification, the end results were easily visualized with the naked eye by observing the simple color change. This assay is highly sensitive and can detect up to 6 copies of WSSV plasmid DNA and 0.1 fg of WSSV genomic DNA. Additionally, this diagnostic method is highly specific and did not cross-react with other shrimp pathogens such as IHHNV, IMNV, EHP and Vibrio parahaemolyticus or host DNA of Penaeus vannamei, P. monodon, and P. indicus. Furthermore, a field-deployable DNA (FDD) extraction method has been standardised with a simple rotor and dry bath. This visual LAMP-coupled FDD extraction did not require any sophisticated equipment or technical expertise. Thus this robust LAMP assay can potentially be used for routine surveillance, point-of-care testing, early detection, and timely intervention of WSD.

Solar and Wind Energy Feasibility for a Water Treatment and Recirculation System Intended for Carniculture: Comparative Study Between the Cities Of Monteiro and Sousa – Paraíba – Brazil

Objective: This article presents a comparative study of renewable solar and wind energy production capacity between Monteiro and Sousa cities, located in the semi-arid region of Paraíba state, Brazil, to analyze the feasibility of using solar panels and/or wind turbines for energy supply in a water recirculation and treatment model applied to carciniculture. Method: A hypothetical-deductive method was employed and a bibliographic character was adopted in the research, taking as basis technical-scientific work information. Additionally, the research also presents quantitative theory, since it makes use of quantifiable results presented from measurable data that need to be properly expressed. A composite system was proposed, initially consisting of six identical units exposed in Figure 1, disposed under a roof, over which photovoltaic plates are placed for the supply of electrical energy to the hydraulic pumps contained in the system. The modeling study was based on wind speed and solar irradiance data in the cities of Monteiro and Sousa, with coordinates latitude -37.1214299 and longitude -7.8983769, and latitude -38.2285597 and longitude -6.7671611. These information were extracted from the Terraclimate database, using scripts written in Java and Python languages for extraction and processing. To predict wind power energy, the average wind speed in meters per second was used for each month, from January 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2020. For modeling of photovoltaic power prediction, the average short-wave irradiance (W/m²) per month was considered, during the same period. To establish the monthly mean temperature, the average temperatures in Celsius were considered for the period from January 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2020. For verification of the sufficiency of wind and photovoltaic systems for energy production maintenance, the energy demand of the System of Carciniculture was compared with the energy production by each of the sources considered, and based on the analysis made, it was defined which is the best energy production systemto be used and the best city where the defined system will be installed. Results and conclusions: The results show that the use of solar energy is economical, reduces social impacts generating employment and elevates environmental awareness, and has low environmental impact. The study found that solar energy generation capacity is sufficient and most suitable to keep the shrimp farming system running throughout the year, with observed variations between 226.8 kWh/month and 299.7 kWh/month in Souza city, and between 232.2 kWh/month and 369.0 kWh/month in Monteiro city, quantities more than enough for energy supply of the shrimp culture system, which presents a demand of 207.4 kWh/month. Implications of the research: The study points out that renewable energy can be an alternative more economical than other methods of energy generation, which could be a positive response to environmental and economic problems affecting the northeastern region, especially along the São Francisco River transposition, where Monteiro and Souza cities are among the last to receive it. Originality/Value: The use of solar energy is a viable solution for providing energy to shrimp culture. Additionally, the study also points out that this method may be more economical than other methods of energy generation.

An Overview of the Biological Functions and Mechanisms of Action of Medicinal Plants and Seaweeds in the Shrimp Culture.

Diseases are major constraints to developing large-scale aquaculture practices in many countries. For decades, synthetic chemotherapeutic agents have been widely applied both as prophylactics and therapeutics to inhibit and control aquatic disease outbreaks. However, their use has become more restricted due to the negative impacts they have on the environment, the host and humans, as well as their limitations in preventing the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Therefore, there is a growing interest in the use of medicinal plants and seaweeds as potential alternatives to antibiotics and other synthetic chemotherapeutics. Medicinal plants and seaweeds can enhance the immune systems of animals, thereby providing protection against numerous diseases while minimizing the adverse effects associated with synthetic chemotherapeutics. Furthermore, the advantages of medicinal plants and seaweeds, such as their effectiveness, easy availability and ability to be applied on a large scale, make them appealing for use in the aquaculture industry. The main goal of this study was to review the existing knowledge of the effects of medicinal plants and seaweeds, as well as their extracts, on shrimp growth, immune response and disease resistance against bacterial and viral agents. Moreover, this paper discusses the application of seaweeds in shrimp culture. We also conducted a literature review to identify gaps in the research and provide recommendations for further advancement in this field of study. Further studies should focus on evaluating other physiological aspects, such as feed and mineral utilization, enzyme activities and histological examination.

Effect of ozone on Vibrio removal in a simulated earthen shrimp pond

ABSTRACT This study investigated the efficacy of ozone treatment on Vibrio pathogen removal within a simulated earthen shrimp pond, conducted in three phases. First, physical and chemical properties of the soil, alongside the Vibrio pathogen, were assessed. Results indicated neutral pH levels, high organic matter, and organic carbon content, with a Vibrio pathogen load of 1.0 ± 0.0 × 103 CFU/mg. Second, ozone treatment was applied, comparing its effectiveness in Vibrio pathogen control between treated and untreated soil sets. The treated set exhibited a significantly lower Vibrio pathogen load (6.00 ± 1.41 × 103 CFU/mg) compared to the untreated control (2.00 ± 2.12 × 105 CFU/mg), resulting in a 97.23% eradication efficiency. Concurrently, ammonia rates decreased with ozone, indicating potential benefits for shrimp aquaculture. Finally, ozone application in a simulated earthen pond over 45 days effectively controlled Vibrio pathogens. In the untreated soil set, Vibrio pathogen levels rose to 9.48 ± 1.73 × 105 CFU/mg, while in the ozone-treated, they ranged from 6.5 ± 2.12 × 103 to 1.25 ± 0.29 × 105 CFU/mg. Shrimp growth parameters, including average daily gain, survival rates, and feed conversion ratio, were compared between groups, suggesting ozone treatment's feasibility without adverse effects on shrimp growth. Water quality parameters remained within suitable ranges for shrimp cultivation. These findings highlight ozone's potential as an effective method for Vibrio pathogen control in shrimp aquaculture, with implications for industry sustainability and productivity.

The Effects of Pond Type and Water Quality Dynamics on Vannamei Shrimp Growth: A Dummy Regression Analysis

Vannamei shrimp is one of Indonesia's leading aquaculture sector commodities due to its high survival rate, short cultivation time, and disease resistance. Vannamei shrimp cultivation in Indonesia adopts an intensive system favoured for high productivity. In intensive cultivation systems, shrimp ponds typically utilize concrete or high-density polyethylene (HDPE) ponds. Each type has its own positive and negative side that affects the growth and production of Vannamei shrimp. Apart from the type of pond, water quality also played an important role in the growth of Vannamei shrimp. Water quality is one of the important factors in intensive shrimp cultivation. Pond type is categorical data and has a nominal measurement scale, while water quality is numerical data with a ratio measurement scale; ordinary regression analysis is unsuitable for analyzing the effect of pond type and water quality on the growth of Vannamei shrimp. Therefore, a dummy regression model accommodates these measurement scale differences. This research aims to determine the effect of different types of ponds and water quality dynamics on the growth of Vannamei shrimp and to select the best type of pond for intensive cultivation of Vannamei shrimp. Additionally, it aims to identify the water quality parameters that most influence the growth of Vannamei shrimp so that it can serve as a reference for Vannamei shrimp farmers to achieve high productivity efficiently. The study was conducted from November 2022 to January 2023 in Banyuwangi Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. There are three concrete ponds and 10 HDPE ponds. The research method employed in this study is a survey method utilizing simple random sampling. The parameters in this research are the quality of cultivation water, including pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO). The water samples taken are then measured for water quality in the laboratory. The results of this study indicate that the average values for water quality are still within the optimal range. The average ABW in HDPE and concrete ponds ranges from 2.30 to 9.39 grams per shrimp and 2.22-9.73 grams per shrimp. Based on the study's results, it can be concluded that different pond types and water quality dynamics, specifically pH and temperature, affect shrimp growth based on ABW. However, when considering SGR values, the type of pond does not have a significant impact. The water quality parameters that affect SGR are pH and temperature.

Effect of Fine-Pore Aeration Tube Layout on Dissolved Oxygen Distribution and Aeration Performance in Large-Scale Pond

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a crucial water quality characteristic in the cultivation of vannamei shrimp. Increasing the DO concentration in shrimp ponds can be carried out using the aeration method with a tool called an aerator. In this study, types of fine-pore aeration tubes are chosen. This aerator offers multiple benefits, such as superior aeration efficiency, effortless installation, and minimal clogging. In practice, fine-pore aeration tubes can be arranged according to needs, so the layout used can influence the resulting aeration performance. This research uses the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method to analyze DO distribution, water circulation, and aeration performance (KLa20, SOTR, and SOTE) produced in various aerator layouts, namely straight-type, ring-type, and square-type, in a vannamei shrimp pond. The results show that the straight-type layout has the best DO distribution because it is spread throughout the pond area. The square-type layout has the best water circulation because it has the largest area with water velocities of less than 5 cm/s. The optimal aeration performance was achieved with the straight-type layout, which demonstrated a KLa20 value of 3.16 h−1, SOTR value of 19.20 kg/h, and SOTE of 29.30%.