Cultural Intolerance Research Articles

Exploring the occurrence of microaggressions in the genetic counseling student-supervisor relationship: A mixed-methods study.

While research has shown that genetic counseling students with minoritized racial or ethnic identities face microaggressions throughout graduate training, quantitative data regarding the frequency of these experiences have not been reported. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to investigate the frequency and types of microaggressions experienced by graduates of accredited genetic counseling programs in the United States during fieldwork rotations. A quantitative survey was administered to assess how frequently 14 different types of microaggressions occurred in interactions with supervisors. Survey responses were analyzed using situation-based coding (the number of different types of microaggressions experienced) and frequency-based coding (the sum of participants' weighted Likert answers). Select survey respondents with minoritized identities were interviewed to better contextualize and categorize microaggression experiences. Analysis of 87 survey responses revealed that participants with minoritized racial and ethnic identities experience significantly more types of microaggressions (t(61) = 2.77; p = 0.007) at a significantly higher frequency (t(55) = 2.67; p = 0.010) than their white counterparts. Participants who identified as part of the disability community were also found to experience significantly more types of microaggressions (t(10) = 3.25; p = 0.009) at a significantly higher frequency (t(9) = 2.32; p = 0.045) than those who did not. Qualitative analysis of 11 interviews revealed that microaggressions from supervisors included offensive and inappropriate comments, unequal treatment, cultural intolerance, and disparaging feedback. Overall, our data present evidence that students with minoritized racial and ethnic identities and students with disabilities are subjected to a variety of inequitable, exclusionary, and harmful interactions. As a result, we recommend that all supervisors receive training about recognizing and preventing microaggressions to ensure that students are provided with an equitable and inclusive training experience, regardless of identity.

Cultural Intolerance, in Practice: Social Variation in Food and Drink Avoidances in Italy, 2003–2016

Sociological literature on cultural practices seeking to understand the social differentiation of taste pays limited attention to what people avoid consuming, despite its potential as a strategic indicator of taste. Avoidance has special relevance for the understanding of eating and drinking practices which are often characterized by exclusion of items for health, hedonic, reputational, or spiritual reasons. Making use of rich data on twenty-three items commonly consumed by Italian adults, this paper investigates how avoidances—i.e. what people claim never to eat or drink—are clustered, socially patterned and have evolved over time. Methodologically, we propose the novel use and integration of two machine learning techniques—Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) and Boosted Regression Trees (BRT)— to identify nine highly homogeneous avoidance clusters and examine the power of social variables in predicting the probability of individuals’ belonging to various clusters and to further characterize them. We conclude by discussing possible rationales behind avoidance.

Forms of domestic violence, mechanisms of protection and legal regulation of its manifestations

The article examines the forms and types of occurrence of domestic violence in Ukraine. As well as legal regulation of manifestations of domestic violence.
 Violence is a consequence of inequality between women and men in society. This is supported by a culture of intolerance and denial. Unequal power relations between the sexes make it difficult for women to avoid violence. Discrimination and attitudes towards women make it difficult for them to avoid violent situations. Experienced violence is not always taken seriously by the community and authorities, which increases women's vulnerability to further violence and even murder.
 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than one third of women in the world have experienced physical or sexual violence, which was carried out by a partner or a stranger. In many countries, the lack of effective measures to prevent and respond to domestic violence, as well as insufficient attention to this problem in society, lead to the fact that many people are left without help and support.
 Therefore, the study of the problem of protection against domestic violence is important and will help to understand the mechanisms of this problem, ways to prevent it and fight against it. In addition, the development of effective strategies to protect against domestic violence can ensure the safety and well-being of people affected by this problem. Therefore, it can be argued that the topic "protection from domestic violence" is very relevant and needs further research. The problem of domestic violence is intensifying in connection with the recent events that Ukraine is experiencing. The COVID-19 pandemic, which has worried the state and its population in recent years. Due to the strict quarantine and remote work at home, the home has become the most dangerous place for many women. Many women were forced to spend more time with their abusers. This put women's lives and safety at risk.
 Currently, in wartime conditions, domestic violence has not receded. At the beginning of a new period in the history of our country, many people lost their jobs, even working at home became impossible. If during the quarantine, you people were somehow distracted, then in the conditions of war you are left alone with your family. Due to constant stress, many people literally lost their minds and began to behave very badly. It is because of this that domestic violence takes place.
 The problem of domestic violence is relevant all over the world. Domestic violence is a gross violation of human rights. Every day it encroaches on the most valuable goods of a person - life and health, honor and dignity. Such a dangerous phenomenon is also known to modern Ukrainian society, which is confirmed by the data of sociological surveys of the population of Ukraine, according to which almost half of the population has experienced its various forms.

The Rise of Far-right Politics in Europe: Examples from Italy, Hungary and France

Over the years, far-right politics has plateaued in terms of support in different parts of the world. The increasing acceptance of right-wing political agendas, such as in the US, Brazil, and New Zealand, has opened a conduit for the growth of far-right politics, especially in the European scene. The transformation of these politics to fighting an unfair system has gained resonance among the electorate, thus increasing its popularity. This essay studied the rise of far-right politics in Europe, exploring the recent wins of far-right parties in Italy, the case of Hungary’s decade-long right-wing political agenda and France’s recent election. The study relied on news articles, online data, and relevant literature to explain the topic. The findings suggested that economic inequity, the decline of democracy, immigration, multiculturalism, and opposition to the European Union were the primary factors leading to the rise of far-right politics in Europe. It was also evident that a far-right future would lead to the disintegration of liberal democracy, isolation due to nationalist policies, and cultural intolerance. Based on the findings, it was concluded that economic inequity was the driving factor, and far-right political parties were gaining momentum by proposing radical solutions to address this problem.

How does war affect cultural tolerance? Evidence from concert programs, 1900–60

How does war affect states’ tolerance toward foreign culture? It is well documented by historians that democratic countries, despite their heralded values of liberty and diversity, acquiesce and even promote the practice of cultural intolerance in wartime. The available evidence, however, remains either anecdotal or limited to a specific context, and the extent to which war-induced cultural intolerance persists has so far rarely been examined. In order to investigate the short- and long-term effects of war on the degree of foreign cultural acceptance, this article focuses on patterns of classical music performances before, during, and after the two World Wars, based on a novel dataset assembled from concert program notes of ten renowned symphony orchestras from five countries (Austria, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) between 1900 and 1960, covering 29,135 concerts and 125,530 pieces. Quantitative analysis suggests that the rate of performing pieces originating from belligerent countries in wartime declines markedly for music written in relatively modern times and that the defeat in wars led to a swift recovery of the exclusionary tendency against former enemy music. These findings demonstrate that states’ security concerns and relative power, rather than political regime types, dictate international transaction patterns, including cultural flows across sovereign state borders.

English Language Cultural Dynamics in ELT at Secondary School Level in Kenya

The debate on cultural issues of English language has recently taken centre stage in educational research in Kenya. Language educators have voiced their concern due to lack of recognition of the important role of culture in English language curriculum at secondary school level in Kenya. In addition, Kenya being an ethnically diverse country has realized problems of cultural intolerance in the recent past. Yet, culture of a language plays a major role in language development and acquisition of intercultural competence of learners in any society in the world. However, the contribution of English language culture has rarely been studied in the Kenyan context. This study sought to determine English language cultural related issues in English language pedagogy at secondary school level in Kenya. This was one of the objectives in a PhD Thesis research. The study adopted qualitative design, multiple case study method. The raw data was generated through the use of interview schedule, focused group discussions, document analysis and lesson observations. The research was carried out in Uasin Gishu County in six secondary schools based on categories girls, boys and mixed. The sample comprised of 60 participants: twelve teachers of English language and forty-eight form three students who were purposively sampled. The data was analyzed basing on emerging themes. The findings included etiquette, pronunciation of sounds, stress and intonation, grammar rules, English language cultural beliefs and indigenous languages. The study is useful to language educators, teachers of English language and curriculum designers. The study concludes that English language native culture could be enhanced more in the curriculum to help second language learners to learn English language with ease. Keywords: English language culture, teaching, curriculum, indigenous language culture DOI: 10.7176/JEP/14-2-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2023

Socio-cultural definition of intercultural dialogue in the concept of Mary Douglas

The research is aimed at uncovering the distinctiveness of the culture types (or communities) identified by Mary Douglas, and at determining the extent of inner willingness for intercultural communication of the representatives of those culture types. The authors are motivated by the inadequacy of the prevailing in modern intellectual discourse division of societies into "open" and “closed" ones. In particular, they emphasize that the global tendency of societies towards openness should have led to an emergence of Kant's citizen of the world, but instead it led to an increase of cultural intolerance and an exacerbation of intercultural conflicts. In view of this, the typology of societies conceptualized in Karl Popper's works needs significant reexamination, expansion, and clarification; the intellectual work of Mary Douglas accomplishes this goal in its own way. Mary Douglas's scientific work, in particular her concept of “grid/group" can become a theoretical foundation for the study of problems and contradictions of intercultural communication. The "cultural map”, proposed by the researcher, makes it possible to determine the level of openness of the representatives of a certain cultural environment to intercultural communication, and to predict its effectiveness and its consequences. In addition, the concept of “grid/group”, developed by the researcher, can become a useful theoretical basis for the study of "cultural intelligence”. Evaluation of social structuring and categorization from the standpoint of Durkheim's approach enabled Mary Douglas to demonstrate the particulars of formation and maintenance of cultural boundaries by means of ritual and to form an original "cultural map", identifying four extreme types of social communities with a clear internal structure. The latter organizes the social and cultural experience of each member of the community, determining the characteristics of his or her behavior, including the willingness for intercultural interaction. In the works of Mary Douglas, it manifests itself not only and not so much as an individual’s personal mood, but as a specific and predetermined social program of interaction with representatives of other cultural environments, that is, a kind of mental directive. It determines the characteristics of individual behavior of each person; meaning, it becomes a schematic marker of a person's cultural affiliation, thus facilitating the understanding of cultural differences and motivation of a person in a group.

Membudayakan Moderasi Melalui Program Penguatan Moderasi Beragama

The rise of religious and cultural intolerance, conflict between and among religious adherents, and even the nation's disintegration have given rise to a national program to strengthen religious moderation. Aims to examine and describe the culture of moderation in planning to strengthen religious moderation, describe the approach to the culture of moderation in program implementation, and analyze the monitoring and evaluation of program implementation carried out by the Hindu Community Guidance Sector work unit of West Nusa Tenggara Province. To answer these three objectives, 3 (three) theories are used: contingency approach, systems theory, and Anthony Giddens' structuration theory. This study uses a qualitative phenomenological paradigm. Technique for determining informants purposively with criteria, as participants, committee, planner, and person in charge. It can be concluded: 1) cultivating moderation in the planning of the program to strengthen religious moderation in the work unit of the Hindu Guidance Division of West Nusa Tenggara Province, targeting the strengthening of the Pancasila ideology in the nation and state and strengthening Hindu values that are inspired by religious moderation; 2) the implementation approach cultivates moderation, not yet innovative. The participants involved were still homogeneous. The program's target is still limited to understanding tolerance and not yet formulating a model of tolerance for a multicultural society; 3) monitoring and evaluating the cultivation of moderation in the Hindu Guidance Sector of the Regional Office of the Ministry of Religion of NTB Province using the Formative Summative Evaluation Model. It can be recommended: 1) the proposed program is expected to be more innovative, 2) religious moderation agencies (subjects) should involve a lot of leadership elements at the spearhead (close to the community), and be heterogeneous.

Sexual Practice and Perception of HIV/AIDS And Health Seeking Behaviour Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Hyderabad

Introduction: The Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) are a vulnerable population and need special attention in fight against the HIV/AIDS. The HIV trend has been an increasing trend among MSM. Study was done to determine the factors influencing sexual practice, perception of HIV/AIDS and Health seeking behavior among MSM in Hyderabad. Methodology: This was a facility based cross sectional study undertaken in the Targeted Intervention sites in Hyderabad, Telangana. A total of 300 Men who have Sex with Men who are above 18 years of age and registered were included. All the MSM visiting the TI centres during the study period were interviewed personally in their local language by using a pre-designed, pre-tested, semi structured and pre-coded proforma. Results: Mean age was 27.68 years. Majority of participants 119(39.66%) had their first sexual encounter at the age of 15-17 years. 130 (43.33%) visited the Target Intervention centres 1-2 times during the last month. About half of the participants i.e, 141(47.00%) belongs to Kothi Group and most of the MSM i.e, 198(66.00%) used condom during the sex with male last time. Conclusions: Stigma and cultural intolerance of same-sex relations are often largely to blame for rising epidemics, and until these issues are addressed it will be difficult to make headway in reducing HIV infection levels among MSM - which, in turn, will hinder the wider global efforts to manage HIV and AIDS.

Killing me softly: Creative and cognitive aspects of implicitness in abusive language online

AbstractAbusive language is becoming a problematic issue for our society. The spread of messages that reinforce social and cultural intolerance could have dangerous effects in victims’ life. State-of-the-art technologies are often effective on detecting explicit forms of abuse, leaving unidentified the utterances with very weak offensive language but a strong hurtful effect. Scholars have advanced theoretical and qualitative observations on specific indirect forms of abusive language that make it hard to be recognized automatically. In this work, we propose a battery of statistical and computational analyses able to support these considerations, with a focus on creative and cognitive aspects of the implicitness, in texts coming from different sources such as social media and news. We experiment with transformers, multi-task learning technique, and a set of linguistic features to reveal the elements involved in the implicit and explicit manifestations of abuses, providing a solid basis for computational applications.

Violence against homeless gay and transgender youth in Pakistan – a short report

ABSTRACT Violence against youth with diverse sexual and gender identities is an understudied area in Pakistan. This article explores how homeless gay and transgener youth (HGTY) experience multiple forms of violence and how social structural conditions produce contexts for violence against them. This study is based on qualitative interviews with fourteen HGTY, aged 16–25 years old. The interviews suggest that participants experienced multiple forms of violence simultaneously. Social structures like religion, ethnicity, and politics shaped broader cultural intolerance for sexual and/or gender diversity. Not being able to conform to social norms of gender and sexuality not only contributed to violence against participants but shaped their trajectories into homelessness and sex work. The ‘new’ identities of being homeless and being sex workers intersected with their gay and, trans identities, exacerbating their vulnerability. The findings indicate that there is an urgent need for law supportive of sexuality and gender diverse youth to mitigate experiences of violence.

Farmers that engage in entrepreneurship for the “wrong” reason and the moderating role of cultural intolerance

In the agricultural sector, the Law of Jante—a Scandinavian form of cultural intolerance towards standing out, being different and overachieving (akin to the Tall Poppy Syndrome and The nail that sticks out gets hammered down culture found in other countries)—may play an important role by influencing when entrepreneurship is an acceptable strategic choice to adversity. Based on a three group, between-subjects experiment of 122 Swedish university students studying agricultural and rural management, we tested whether the advice our participants gave to a fictitious farmer to pursue entrepreneurial activity depended on information regarding the farmer's motivation to pursue entrepreneurship (experimental treatments included motivation scenarios based on necessity vs. opportunity driven vs. control). Moreover, we test whether entrepreneurial advice is moderated by the participants own “Jante-ness”. Unexpectedly, we found that our participants did not adapt the entrepreneurship advice they give to the situational context, nor does Jante play a moderating role; instead we found that Jante had a significant and negative main effect on the entrepreneurial advice given. This finding suggests that Jante is still very much alive and may play an important role in explaining relatively low rates of innovation and entrepreneurship in (Swedish) agriculture.

UNUSUAL NAZISM: UKRAINIAN NATIONAL-SOCIALIST WORKERS’: PARTY IN THE POST-WAR DONBAS

The purpose of the article is to research an extremely interesting phenomenon of post-war Ukrainian society – an attempt to create an underground Ukrainian National Socialist Workers' Party (UNSWP) in the Donbass and Sloboda Ukraine. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, multifactority, concreteness, science and comprehensiveness. The following general historical methods were used: historical-comparative, retrospective, problematic, microhistorical analysis. The Scientific Novelty. Having introduced a series of new archival materials from the collections of the Sectoral State Archive of the Security Services of Ukraine to the scientific circulation, we covered a whole new episode on the history of the anti-Soviet resistance movement in the East of Ukraine in the first years after World War II – the activity of the UNSWP that was not connected to the Ukrainian nationalist underground and did not obey its leadership. The article reconstructs the main episodes, related to the emergence of the underground party, its structure, activities, ideology, tasks. The Conclusions. The analysed documents of the bodies of the state security and constituent materials of the USNWP confirm that the main initiator of the creation of an illegal party was a native of Luhansk region Bronislav Boglachov-Stogneyev, who, during his service in the Red Army, was stationed in the Rivne area and got captured by the Ukrainian independence ideas, which he tried to adopt to the needs of his native working environment of the eastern regions of Ukraine. The illegal party he created was not characterized by nationalism or racism, national or cultural intolerance, and more closely resembled leftist populists in its rhetoric and vision of the future social order. The struggle for independence for B. Boglachov-Stogneyev and his few followers was rather a means of solving the pressing social problems of the population of East, South and Center of Ukraine (collective farms liquidation, private ownership of land, private trade, improvement of social security of workers, etc.) and not its prime mission. The party declared armed methods to fight the stalinist regime, but never used weapons or attempted to launch an uprising. All underground activity was limited to the production of program documents, the formation of structures and the attempt to seize the financial resources necessary for further clandestine work.

A Comparative Study of Corruption in the Extractive Industries of Nigeria and Botswana: Lessons that can Be Learnt by the Young African Country of Eritrea

This article examines the nature of corruption in the extractive industries of two Sub-Saharan countries, namely Nigeria and Botswana. It explained the root causes of the high levels of corruption present in the case of oil and gas-rich Nigeria and the reasons that account for the minimal levels of corruption prevailing in diamond-rich Botswana. This article identified corrupt political leadership; the legacy of the divide and rule policies introduced by the former British colonial masters; lack of transparent and accountable public institutions, political patronage networks; poverty-driven desire to meet the basic necessities of life; massive inflows of petrodollars producing the “resource curse”; chronic political disruptions characterized by several military coups; the supremacy of familial, ethnic and religious loyalties over national interest and poor public sector pay as the main drivers of pervasive corruption in Nigeria. On the other hand the primary factors that contributed to the remarkable achievement of Botswana in the fight against corruption include ethical political leadership; sound pre-independence traditional institutions; relatively homogenous population; respect for rule of law and property rights; high degree of transparency; cultural intolerance to graft, establishment of democratic institutions at independence; good economic management; ability to manage ethnic diversity; and a competent, a meritorious bureaucracy. This article also identified the key elements of anticorruption strategy that would help prevent and combat corruption as well enhance integrity in the Eritrean public sector based on the experiences of Nigeria and Botswana. They include sound ethical political leadership; transparency and accountability in government; merit-based and adequately paid civil service; independent, empowered and well-resourced anticorruption commission; and prudent natural resource management.

Making the Case for Love in Leadership

The presence of incivility, bullying, cultural intolerance, and violence in our healthcare organizations continues to be on the rise. Strategies to decrease and eradicate these issues are evident in those efforts to adopt zero tolerance policies and the importance of creating joy and meaning at work. Modeling loving behaviors, though not widely accepted, may just be the framework for exceptional leadership.

Terrorism in the Website

Without any doubt, terrorism causes higher levels of anxiety and very well enhances our fears as never before. The post 9/11 context witnesses the multiplication of xenophobic expressions, such as Islamophobia or tourist-phobia, only to name a few. These expressions result from a culture of intolerance, which not only was enrooted in the ideological core of western capitalism but was accelerated just after 9/11. Some voices emphasize the needs of employing technology to make this world a safer place. This chapter goes in a contradictory direction. The authors focus on the ethical limitations of technologies when they are subordinated to the ideals of zero-risk society. Echoing Sunstein and Altheide, the authors hold the thesis that the precautionary principle has invariably created a paradoxical condition where “the invented fears” transformed in the basic grounds of a new stage of capitalism.

Deradikalisasi dan Pembangunan Budaya Inklusif di Jawa Barat, Indonesia

RADICALIZATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INCLUSIVE CULTURE IN WEST JAVA, INDONESIA. The aim of the Community Engagement (PPM) research is to explain efforts to deal with radicalization so that the country is not centric in the form of inclusive cultural development. The description seeks to trace the interpretation of Jatinangor District, Sumedang Regency, West Java Province. This was motivated by the tendency to strengthen radical understanding which was observed in West Java after the Reformation era in Indonesia. Strengthening radicalization can trigger the development of a culture of intolerance, verbal and physical violence, and exclusivism that is not impossible to bring the potential for national disintegration or threat to security in Indonesia. The study attachments in this PPM are Problem-Based Learning and Community-Based Research (CBR). Especially, in constructing ideas that are relevant to efforts so that problems in the community can be faced optimally. The formation of an inclusive culture is thought to enable the openness (inclusiveness) of society, tolerance, pluralism, collaboration and cooperation to control the diversity of identities in society. PPM is a follow-up from previous research which found that efforts to deal with radicalization were still state-centric. Based on the results of the PPM, it was concluded the need for awareness-raising and societal empowerment activities on an ongoing basis to deal with radicalization.

Corporate distress prediction in China: a machine learning approach

AbstractRapid growth and transformation of the Chinese economy and financial markets coupled with escalating default rates, rising corporate debt and poor regulatory oversight motivates the need for more accurate distress prediction modelling in China. Given China's historical, social and cultural intolerance towards corporate failure, this study examines the Special Treatment system introduced by Chinese regulators in 1998. Regulators can assign Special Treatment status to listed Chinese companies for poor financial performance, financial abnormality and other events. Using an advanced machine learning model known as TreeNet® we model more than 90 predictor variables, including financial ratios, market returns, macro‐economic indicators, valuation multiples, audit quality factors, shareholder ownership/control, executive compensation variables, corporate social responsibility metrics and other variables. Based on out‐of‐sample tests, our TreeNet® model is 93.74 percent accurate in predicting distress (a Type I error rate of 6.26 percent) and 94.81 percent accurate in predicting active/healthy companies (a Type II error rate of 5.19 percent). Variables with the strongest predictive value in the TreeNet® model includes market capitalization and annual market returns, macro‐economic variables such as gross domestic product growth, financial ratios such as retained earnings to total assets and return on assets; and certain non‐traditional variables such as executive compensation.

Moving Beyond Diagnostic Accuracy With Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses.

Moving Beyond Diagnostic Accuracy With Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses.

Track recommendation bias: Gender, migration background and SES bias over a 20‐year period in the Dutch context

Bias in track recommendations is an important mechanism, which causes education inequity in a tracked educational system (streaming). If teacher biases in track recommendations change over time, inequity in society and in the education system may also change. We investigated changes in track recommendation bias over time for gender, immigration status and socioeconomic status (SES), based on a longitudinal empirical study of nine cohorts of Dutch students in their final year (grade 6) of primary education in the period 1995–2014. An overview of educational and societal trends was provided, alongside the empirical analysis, to explain the findings in variation over time in track recommendation bias. Results indicate that the level of track recommendations provided to the students gradually increased over time. For a similar performance, a higher track recommendation was awarded in 2014 compared to 1995. This development coincided with an increase in parental education level, the valuing of education and the introduction of lower‐status pre‐vocational education tracks. Track recommendation bias favouring students with a migrant background and female students decreased, which coincided with growing cultural intolerance and attention to the ‘boy problem’. Bias in track recommendations related to SES appeared stable, with only small deviations from year to year. The results of this study indicate that track recommendation bias and teacher considerations are dependent on time and context.