Culture In Poland Research Articles

Prolegomena do badań kultury ratownictwa

The paper presents an outline of the rescue culture in Poland. It was achieved by the specification of the research object, building and characterizing the ideal model of the rescue culture, as well as description of the general culture determinants. The hypothesis was acknowledged with the use of theoretical research methods. The author found out that the ideal model can be built on the base of the Cieślarczyk‘s security culture model, taking into consideration all areas of the rescue operations. Whereas relevant determinants have their main source in rescue entities specification. The determinants are expressed by commonly accepted values, established standards, expressed patterns and behaviors as well as conducted operations (including emergency cooperation).

The Unetice Culture Group in palaeosociological perspective

Based on the current state of knowledge in research on the Unetice culture in Poland, the article discusses several key issues for the reconstruction of palaeosocial prehistoric societies. Departing from the classical definition of archaeological culture, and basing on the results of e.g. bioarchaeological analyzes, the authors discuss the problems of individual and collective identity in the Early Bronze Age (the so-called opera model), and related issues of territoriality, linguistic community and customs. The article presents, among others, the Unietyce funeral rites as well as the typology and evolution of mounds (the so-called prince burials).

Sport masowy na Ziemi Gdańskiej w latach 1945–1989

After the Second World War, physical culture in Poland undoubtedly became an instrument for strengthening the position of communist authorities in public. However, despite the unfavourable political aspects, participation in mass sport has definitely contributed to the integration of local community, followed by collective social initiatives. The rebuilding of structures of physical culture in Pomerania proceeded differently in comparison to other areas of our country. Several factors contributed to this, including economic, social and demographic changes that took place after the end of warfares, which were closely related to the process of settling and developing the Regained Territories. The Society of Physical Culture Propagation had the most important role in the dissemination of physical culture. It was followed by: Provincial Sports, Tourism and Leisure Center named Balt-Tourist, with its counterparts at the lower organizational level, The Municipal Sport, Tourism and Recreation Centers of Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot, which often organized Saturday and Sunday leisure time as well as The Polish Tourist – Sightseeing Society, while among youth organizations the Polish Scouting Association. The term “mass sport” was a product of the PRL period, to a large extent its existence was a fiction, along with the progressing ideologisation of physical culture, based on the Soviet model. At the same time, the proposed activities were a form of spending free time and the possibility of joint family activities, integration of the local community.

An evaluation of the technical efficiency of cultural institutions in Poland: a case study of the regional system of public libraries

The political transformation of 1989, as well as Poland’s accession to the European Union in 2004, had a significant impact on the cultural sector and the forms of its organisation and funding. These events also contributed to setting new directions for Polish cultural policy. This is a part of a wider public policy, understood as an intentional and deliberate process of achieving objectives in particular areas of public life. Currently, the library policy is an integral component of Polish cultural policy. It aims to achieve specific objectives and implement tasks in the field of the social circulation of library books and the preservation of the linguistic, cultural and civilisational heritage for future generations. Since 2001, public spending on culture in Poland has remained below 1% of the total expenditures of the state budget. The limited financial resources earmarked for culture in the national and provincial budgets are the main reasons for performing a comparative study of the technical efficiency of cultural institutions in Poland using the example of libraries. The Polish system of public libraries consists of national, educational, school, medical, agricultural, prison and military libraries. The operations of these institutions require adequate funding to guarantee meeting society’s reading and informational needs. The main aim of this paper is to gauge the efficiency of the regional system of libraries in Poland. The research focuses on analysing the public libraries operating in Polish provinces, using data from Polish Statistical Office resources (The Local Database), and one of the nonparametric methods, i.e. the results-oriented CCR model of data envelopment analysis (DEA). It was found that the major reason for the lack of efficiency in most Polish libraries is the insufficient amount of local government’s financial support combined with the lack of self-financing opportunities for such cultural institutions

Economic aspects of fruit production: a case study in Poland

The article discusses the economics of fruit growing in Poland. Poland currently holds leading positions in the cultivation of apples, cherries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, blueberries, strawberries and mountain ash. In 2017, the area of fruit growing in Poland amounted to 390 570 thousand ha. In this regard, the problem of efficiency arises. The authors analyze the cost structure of apple production as the most important horticultural culture in Poland.

An Overview of the Commercial Publication of Japanese Boys Love (BL) Manga in Poland

An Overview of the Commercial Publication of Japanese Boys Love (BL) Manga in Poland Agata Włodarczyk (bio) When discussing the history of manga publishing in Poland, it is important to note that after World War II the country was governed by the communist party (PZPR)1 and until 1989 remained under the influence of the USSR; both conditions heavily affected the publishing market in general. During that time comic books were not regarded as a legitimate medium, and access to foreign comic books was highly restricted.2 The situation changed with the dramatic political shift in 1989, paving the way for manga to appear in mainstream book markets beginning in the second half of the 1990s, with the establishment of Japonica Polonica Fantastica (JPF) in 1996, soon followed by Waneko in 1999. Manga and anime culture in Poland grew not from an already established comics culture, but from a culture based around gamers as well as young teenagers watching anime on TV. It was apparent to these publishers that, rather than classic titles, these potential manga consumers would want to read currently popular works, manga usually known through anime broadcast on local TV, or those that fans accessed online. While JPF and Waneko began to respond to the perceived interest of this nascent fandom, they did not publish boys love (BL) manga, either by conscious choice or ignorance, creating a situation in which fans knew of the genre by accessing it online, often on scanlation sites or by purchasing foreign language editions, but were unable to buy a Polish language copy. As a result, for a long time CLAMP's X, first published in Poland in 2000,3 was regarded by fans as BL (or, more correctly, as "yaoi," an older Japanese label that still is a dominant umbrella term used among Polish fans). This was not because X was actually BL, but because the manga, by a collective association with works that sometimes include same-sex couples, was as close as fans could get to it in a commercially published work in Polish. Although an exact date is impossible to pinpoint, BL fandom itself started forming in Poland around 1998, when many female fans began discussing a possible romantic relationship between two of Sailor Moon's antagonists, [End Page 167] Zoisite and Kunzite—who are presented in the Polish version of the anime as brothers—during offline meetings, on online forums, Yahoo mailing lists, and on mIRC (chat client) channels. In 2001, a specifically BL-related webpage was created by a Japanese language student,4 with its author often organizing BL-themed meetings in Warsaw. In 2003 and 2004 the group organized Aicon, Poland's first yaoi-themed convention, involving around 350 participants each time. One of the more interesting aspects of BL fandom in Poland from its coalescence at the end of the 1990s is the fact that many of its members have enjoyed the reading and writing of slash fanfiction. Nowadays "slash" and "yaoi" are generally used synonymously by fans about male-male love relationships in any media and any form.5 The slowly growing visibility and activity of Polish BL fans since the late 1990s evidences a demand for this kind of work. In response, the tiny shortlived publisher Saisha was established and in 2003 published the first volume of Higuri You's BL manga Cutlass (Katorasu) as its first title, followed that same year by Rieko Yoshihara's light novel At no kusabi (The space between).6 Both gave fans hope that they would be able to see more of their favorite BL works translated into Polish. Saisha managed to publish one more manga, this time including explicit sex scenes, Takashima Kazusa's Wild Rock in 2005.7 However, the poor quality of the translation and editing of Ai no kusabi, combined with the complicated and restrictive purchase process, whereby fans were required to provide proof that they were of legal age to read a comic with sexual content when ordering either of the publisher's two manga by mail, seems to have brought about Saisha's downfall. While the existing manga publisher Studio JG revived the commercial publication of BL in Poland several...

Zespołowe gry sportowe kobiet w działalności Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w Polsce w latach 1945–1989

The emergence of women’s team sports in University Sports Association (Akademicki Związek Sportowy – AZS) in Poland took place in the second decade of the 20th century. In the 1930s female student teams competed in Polish championships in Czech handball, basketball and volleyball. After the Second World War, team games continued to be popularized in the academic community. Women participated in university, inter-university and international competitions in basketball, handball and volleyball. A competition had the greatest popularity in of the Academic Polish Championship and the Polish Championship of Higher Education Institutions. In addition, sports teams representing AZS participated in professional sports in basketball, football, field hockey, handball and volleyball. In the professional sport most successes had teams AZS Warsaw, AZS Wrocław, AZS Katowice and AZS Poznań. The development of team sports games in the academic community was related to, among others with the decisions of institutions managing physical culture in Poland in 1945–1989. These guidelines had an impact on organizational changes in the structures of AZS and on shaping the academic model of sports competition.

Jews of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1918–1939

In no other country were Jews, proportionally, such a huge minority as in Poland. Religiously, economically, and politically Jews varied a great deal. They were an urban and closed group which kept only economic contacts with the rest of the population. In the Polish state they had to struggle for equal rights. Anti-Semitism propagated by nationalists was very powerful. In the second half of the 1930s the Polish government (sanacja) adopted the nationalists’ slogans and tried to restrict the Jews’ economic activity. An expression for the modernization of the Jews was the emergence, in the end of the nineteenth century, of a Jewish intelligentsia. Political parties were established and represented both the Polish state and Jewish national movements. Polish Jews created a rich trilingual culture in Yiddish, Hebrew, and Polish. The second Polish Republic can be considered a golden era for Jewish culture in Poland.

Plants of the Funnel Beaker culture in Poland

Plants of the Funnel Beaker culture in Poland

Neither Lenin nor Lennon

The article is a review of Andrea F. Bohlman’s monograph Musical Solidarities: Political Action and Music in Late Twentieth-Century Poland. The author discusses Bohlman’s book, reframing its subject within the concept of the long 1980s, and contextualizes the question of solidarity and “Solidarity” against the background of popular and youth cultures. An emphasis has been put on such issues as anti-communism, anti-Semitism, and normativity both inside the “Solidarity” movement and the dominant culture in Poland in the 1970s and 1980s.

La Tène culture in Silesia. Remarks on the state of research and new cognitive perspectives

The article presents the latest state of research on the issues of La Tène culture settlement in the area of modern-day Silesia. The text discusses the specific of field research and their interpretation in the light of all the discoveries that are known from the analysed region. Until recently, studies on the La Tène culture in Poland were considerably hampered by a particular state of research. The vast majority of finds which can be dated to the Early La Tène period have sepulchral nature, while the settlement sites represented the Middle La Tène period. The author also discusses the model of periodization used for the territory of Central Europe, the settlement potential of the local populations, their interregional connections and contacts with indigenous societies.

Inauguracja prac Ośrodka Badań nad Kulturą Ormiańską w Polsce przy Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie

Inauguration of the Research Centre for Armenian Culture in Poland as a part of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences in Krakow
 The inauguration of the Research Centre for Armenian Culture took place on January 21, 2019 at the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow.The Centre was founded on the basis of old and contemporary achievements of Kraków armenologists and armenists. They were accompanied by the constant interest of Polish Armenians – from Kraków, Warsaw, Gdańsk, Lower and Upper Silesia. Such support was invaluable in the efforts to create the Centre, because it demonstrated not only the scientific but also the social need for research in this field. In this atmosphere, in recent years, important initiatives for Polish armenology were born – the magazine Lehahayer, devoted to the history of Polish Armenians, financially supported by the Lanckoroński Foundation, the Jagiellonian University and the Gumiński Foundation (this year, the 6th edition will be released), and a series of archival sources, Historical Monuments of Polish Armenians, implemented under the care of the Foundation for Culture and Heritage of Polish Armenians thanks to a grant from the National Humanities Development Program. In organizational terms, however, these activities were semi-private or, so to speak, partisan. They were institutionalized when the Centre was founded.

The Polish-Jewish Lethal Polka Dance

Aim. This paper analyses the inherent paradoxes of Jewish-Polish relations. It portrays the main beliefs that construct the contradicting narratives of the Holocaust, trying to weigh which of them is closer to the historic truth. It seeks for an answer to the question whether the Polish people were brothers-in-fate, victimized like the Jews by the Nazis, or if they were rather a hostile ethnic group.
 Concept. First, the notion of Poland as a haven for Jews throughout history is conveyed. This historical review shows that the Polish people as a nation have always been most tolerant towards the Jews and that anti-Semitism has existed only on the margins of society. Next, the opposite account is brought, relying on literature that shows that one thousand years of Jewish residence in Poland were also a thousand years of constant friction, with continuous hatred towards the Jews. Consequently, different accounts of World War II are presented – one shows how the Polish people were the victims, and the others deal with Poles as by-standers and as perpetrators.
 Results and conclusion. Inconsistency remains the strongest consistency of the relations between Jews and Poles. With the unresolved puzzle of whether the Polish people were victims, bystanders or perpetrators, this paper concludes with some comments on Israeli domestic political and educational attitudes towards Poland, that eventually influence collective concepts.
 Cognitive value. The fact that the issue of the Israeli-Polish relationship has not been deeply inquired, seems to attest to the reluctance of both sides to deal with what seems to form an open wound. At the same time, the revival of Jewish culture in Poland shows that, today more than ever, the Polish people are reaching out to Israelis, and are willing to deal with history at an unprecedented level. As Israelis who wish to promote universal values, a significant encounter with the Polish people may constitute a door to acceptance and understanding of others. Such acceptance can only stem from mutual discourse and physical proximity between the two peoples.

THE ROLE OF SHARED HISTORICAL MEMORY IN ISRAELI AND POLISH EDUCATION SYSTEMS. ISSUES AND TRENDS

In light of the suffering of the Polish nation and the fate of Jews and non-Jews in Polish territory as a result of the Nazi occupation, it would seem that these nations would identify with each other and find common ground based on their painful past. Moreover, considering the large numbers of Israelis who visit Poland, it would be only natural for Poles and Israelis to form positive attitudes towards each other. Moreover, Jewish culture in Poland is enjoying a revival, with young Polish people in Cracow, Warsaw, Lublin, and Gdansk learning Yiddish, dancing the hora, eating chopped liver, and listening to Hassidic music (Horowitz, 2011). However, the Polish-Jewish relationship has always been based on deep inconsistencies. This paper traces the history of the relationship between Poland and the Jewish people in order to explore important questions, including: Is Poland to be considered an ally, a second homeland where Jews prospered for hundreds of years, or was it the hostile scene of generations of pogroms? Was Poland the paradise where Jewish life, religious as well as cultural, national particularistic as well as assimilationist, thrived, or was it a historical setup where a Jewish civilization would eventually be trapped to death? Were the Polish people brothers-in-fate, victimized like the Jews by the German conqueror, or were they a hostile ethnic group relieved by the Nazis who cleaned Poland of its Jews for them?

Euro 2012, the ‘civilizational leap’ and the ‘supporters United’ programme: a football mega-event and the evolution of fan culture in Poland

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to evaluate the social and cultural significance of the ‘Supporters United’ programme, an unprecedented initiative combining fan culture, institutional actors and local authorities. The idea of this initiative was born during the preparation for Euro 2012 – first Mega Sport Event which Poland had organized since the system transformation in 1989. The organization of the European Championship was a milestone in the implementation of fan projects in Poland. The article discusses various activities undertaken by supporter centers, which provide evidence of the ‘civilizing’ evolution of fan culture. Importantly, such terms as ‘civilizational leap’ dominated Polish public discourse in the context of Euro 2012. Although the event generated infrastructural rather than social changes in Poland, the implementation of ‘Supporters United’ is its important legacy. This article also considers future possibilities for the development of fan initiatives in Poland.

Tatra Highlander Folk Culture in Poland and America: Collected Essays from “The Tatra Eagle”

Tatra Highlander Folk Culture in Poland and America: Collected Essays from “The Tatra Eagle”

Research on the Jewish Community in Polish Social Sciences: Achievements, Perspectives and Scientific Challenges over the Last Two Decades

In my paper, I would like to focus on the achievements of researchers studying the Jewish community and culture in Poland. In recent decades, there have been numerous publications in this area. It must be admitted that most of them are historical works. However, I would like to draw attention to slightly dispersed studies in the field of social sciences (sociology, psychology, pedagogy). Who are the researchers who deal with Jewish themes? What are the common and individual elements of their scientific approaches? Are all of these elements part of the discourse of research on the ‘renaissance of the Jewish community and identity’? I would like to look at the explorations of both researchers connected with the Jewish environment and ‘outsiders’ (including young foreign researchers interested in Polish Jews). The scope of their research is therefore quite diverse and includes issues such as: building Jewish identity and institutional structures; religious life and the activities of religious and secular associations; relations with dominant culture; informal education, Jewish education and family upbringing.

Bl. Ladislaus of Gielniów: An Observant Franciscan Shaper of Religious and Literary Culture In Poland (with select translations of his poetry)

Bl. Ladislaus of Gielniów:An Observant Franciscan Shaper of Religious and Literary Culture In Poland (with select translations of his poetry) Paul J. Radzilowski (bio) Bl. Ladislaus of Gielniów (Władysław z Gielniowa, c.1440-1505) is commonly regarded as the first major literary figure in Poland to write in Polish, as well as Latin. He is also the most important writer among the friars of the early Franciscan observant reform movement in Poland, which grew vigorously there after the visit of St. Giovanni of Capestrano in 1453. There, they took on the name of "Bernardines" to distinguish them from the Conventual Franciscans, after the cult of St. Bernardino of Siena, which Capestrano promoted so strongly on all his travels.1 The Bernardine contribution to the development of the Polish literary language was significant, and the Bernardine contribution to the development of popular Polish religious culture was arguably even more fundamental.2 Ladislaus of Gielniów, twice vicar of the Polish province, and an important producer of easily accessible Polish religious song texts, may be said to exemplify both these Bernardine accomplishments in Poland.3 Despite the fact Polish language scholarship on him and his works has seen a modest revival in recent decades, not much has been published on him in English.4 This article will thus endeavor to give a general [End Page 53] introduction to the findings of Polish-language scholarship about him, along with translations of a few of his most characteristic works. By one count, only a good half-dozen or so surviving Polish vernacular religious verses and hymns can be dated to before the fifteenth century, while a few more can be dated to the fifteenth century prior to the arrival of Capestrano to Poland, while in countries like England and Italy, many hundreds had been circulating before the fifteenth century, many linked to the earlier waves of Franciscan influence on vernacular religious culture.5 The Czech language also saw a much greater abundance of medieval religious texts, even before the coming of the Hussite and Utraquist movements of the fifteenth century, with their strong emphasis on congregational singing. Indeed, a number of the earliest anonymous Polish vernacular verses are clearly translations from the Czech, and the question of Czech influence, as we shall see, is an important one, even in case of Ladislaus of Gielniów. The model of an already established Slavic literary language in a neighboring land was one that apparently exerted a strong attraction on the still immature Polish literary language.6 With the flourishing of the Bernardine 'school' of poetry later in the century, however, the importance of Czech models decreased, and Polish literature began to mature as an independent tradition, although naturally enough for a land within the realm of Western Christendom, influences from the Latin tradition continued to make their influence felt.7 Thus Teresa Michałowska has spoken of a "Bernardine Revolution" in Polish literature in the life time of Ladislaus of Gielniów, and [End Page 54] during the next generation or two of Bernardine poets influenced by him.8 The character of the Franciscan Observance in Poland was shaped both by the general properties of the movement itself, the circumstances of its birth, and the local conditions in the Kingdom of Poland, and the lands tied to it. Receiving support from both King Casimir Jagiellon and Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki of Cracow, and driven by the famed preaching of Giovanni of Capestrano, many students from the Cracow University joined the Franciscan Observants, as did many others in the following years. The majority of these came from the urban middle classes, also from smaller towns like Gielniów, the birthplace of Ladislaus.9 The foremost reason for Capestrano's visit to Poland had been not just the establishment of the Franciscan Observance in that region, but to help build up a Catholic political coalition against the Hussites of Bohemia, in the form of cementing a marriage alliance between the Catholic monarchs Casimir IV of Poland and Ladislaus Posthumous of Bohemia, in the process of which the former married the sister of the latter. Thus, Capestrano did not turn down the request of...

Вплив Римського права на правову культуру в Польщі

Вплив Римського права на правову культуру в Польщі

Zależność między wybranymi wskaźnikami makroekonomicznymi a wydatkami gospodarstw domowych na kulturę w Polsce w latach 2000–2017

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ocena zależności pomiędzy wybranymi wskaźnikami makroekonomicznymi a wydatkami gospodarstw domowych na kulturę w Polsce. Badaniem objęto okres 2000–2017. Przeanalizowano dane Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego z wykorzystaniem wskaźników struktury, dynamiki i współczynników korelacji. Odnotowano wzrost analizowanych typów wydatków gospodarstw domowych na cele kulturalne zarówno w ujęciu nominalnym, jak i realnym, przy jednoczesnych zmianach struktury tych wydatków wynikającej m.in. z transformacji cyfrowej. Analizowane wydatki wzrastały wraz ze wzrostem PKB per capita i spadkiem stopy bezrobocia. Jednakże udział badanych typów wydatków na kulturę w budżetach domowych zmalał w badanym okresie.