Culture Fair Research Articles

Revealing Cultural Dynamics in WAIS-IV Performance: a Comparative Analysis of Age Cohorts in Taiwanese and U.S. Populations.

This study examined the relationship between culture and cognitive abilities by comparing WAIS-IV subtests, index scores, and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) scores across various age groups in the Taiwanese and U.S. populations. The Taiwanese and U.S. versions of WAIS-IV are comprehensively compared, examining subtest items, psychometrics, and sample characteristics. Scaled scores are compared by extracting raw scores with a scaled score of 10 from each subtest scale in the Taiwanese version and applying U.S. age norms to acquire U.S. scaled scores. Despite the mean FSIQ score closely aligning with the U.S. sample, notable discrepancies are evident in the Taiwanese Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) score, potentially influenced by cultural fairness of the tests. Significant variations are observed among age cohorts in the Taiwanese sample, with younger individuals excelling in Processing Speed Index, Working Memory Index, Perceptual Reasoning Index, and FSIQ, while maintaining comparable VCI scores to their U.S. counterparts. Conversely, older cohorts demonstrate lower performance across various domains, except for visuospatial reasoning and organizational skills, compared to their U.S. counterparts. These subtest variations robustly correlate with educational disparities between the Taiwanese and U.S. samples. Despite the similarity in factor structures between the Taiwanese and U.S. versions of WAIS-IV, this study reveals cultural bias in both verbal and non-verbal subtests. The study highlights the intricate interplay among cognitive processing styles, cultural influences, and educational factors contributing to performance disparities.

Book Festivals in Siberia and the Far East: Preserving Traditions and Role in Promoting Books and Reading

The paper characterizes the development of the book festival movement in recent decades in the eastern regions of Russia. The application of formal-logical and comparative-historical methods allowed us to expand the previously studied aspects of the functioning of book fairs. The main directions of the modern regional book festival movement were revealed: library book festivals; projects organized on private and public initiative in collaboration with governmental authorities; federal book festival projects. Long-term (“Book Salon” — Ulan-Ude, since 1996; “Pechatny Dvor” — Vladivostok, since 1997; “Published in Altai” — Barnaul, since 2006; Krasnoyarsk Book Culture Fair (2007—2021), etc.) and recently appeared (“BookMart” — Irkutsk, since 2019; “Book Square” — Kemerovo, since 2021, etc.) regional projects are analyzed. The federal initiatives of 2023 are characterized: “Red Square. Far East” (Vladivostok), “Reading August” of the All-Russian interregional network library-publishing festival movement “Book Beacons of Russia”. The increasing sustainability of the projects due to co-financing by federal and regional authorities, public organizations, sponsors, grant and subsidy support was established. The main trends of the regional book and festival movement were identified. Unresolved problems that can become points of growth are revealed. The relevance and significance of the study of the conditions of development and the current state of the book festival movement in the Siberian Federal District and the Far Eastern Federal District are determined by their growing communicative potential and its influence on the formation of the regional cultural field.

Psychological Assessment: Identification, Detection of Potential and Problems of Children with Special Needs at UPTD LDPI, Padang City

So far, the learning strategy implemented in schools is still widespread, providing all students with the same educational treatment and services. These students have different levels of skills, intelligence, interests, and talents. Therefore, early identification is needed to detect children's learning potential and problems. The results of the identification can later be used by teachers in implementing learning processes that suit the characteristics of students. The method used in identification is an intelligence test using the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and Culture Fair Intelligence Scale instruments. In contrast, the method used in conveying examination results is lectures and discussions with parents and teachers regarding the characteristics of children with special needs and appropriate services and education. The identification results found that one student (1.56%) was in the immobile category, seven students (10.94%) were in the debilitated category, 13 students (20.31%) were in the borderline category, 15 students (23.44%) were in the low average category, 22 students (34.38%) were in the average category, and six students (9.38%) were in the high average category. This activity had been carried out well. Through discussions and counseling, parents and teachers gained an understanding of treatment and educational services that suit the characteristics of each child. In the future, follow-up activities will likely be related to evaluating learning strategies and student abilities.

Long-Term Outcome of Infantile Onset Pompe Disease Patients Treated with Enzyme Replacement Therapy - Data from a German-Austrian Cohort.

Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human alglucosidase alfa (rhGAA) was approved in Europe in 2006. Nevertheless, data on the long-term outcome of infantile onset Pompe disease (IOPD) patients at school age is still limited. We analyzed in detail cardiac, respiratory, motor, and cognitive function of 15 German-speaking patients aged 7 and older who started ERT at a median age of 5 months. Starting dose was 20 mg/kg biweekly in 12 patients, 20 mg/kg weekly in 2, and 40 mg/kg weekly in one patient. CRIM-status was positive in 13 patients (86.7%) and negative or unknown in one patient each (6.7%). Three patients (20%) received immunomodulation. Median age at last assessment was 9.1 (7.0-19.5) years. At last follow-up 1 patient (6.7%) had mild cardiac hypertrophy, 6 (42.9%) had cardiac arrhythmias, and 7 (46.7%) required assisted ventilation. Seven patients (46.7%) achieved the ability to walk independently and 5 (33.3%) were still ambulatory at last follow-up. Six patients (40%) were able to sit without support, while the remaining 4 (26.7%) were tetraplegic. Eleven patients underwent cognitive testing (Culture Fair Intelligence Test), while 4 were unable to meet the requirements for cognitive testing. Intelligence quotients (IQs) ranged from normal (IQ 117, 102, 96, 94) in 4 patients (36.4%) to mild developmental delay (IQ 81) in one patient (9.1%) to intellectual disability (IQ 69, 63, 61, 3x <55) in 6 patients (54.5%). White matter abnormalities were present in 10 out of 12 cerebral MRIs from 7 patients. Substantial motor, cardiac, respiratory, and cognitive deficits are frequent in IOPD long-term survivors who started ERT before 2016. The findings of this study can be valuable as comparative data when evaluating the impact of newer treatment strategies including higher enzyme dosage, immunomodulation, modified enzymes, or early start of treatment following newborn screening.

An analysis of intelligence in a 32-lingual man

The presented case study is a description of the specifics of functioning of a 69-year-old man who learned 31 foreign languages over a period of nine years. Previous research focused on personality traits, temperament and the level of development of executive functions in the context of learning multiple foreign languages. The purpose of the analysis was to determine the man’s level of cognitive functioning. The following three research tools were used in this project: Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFT-20-R), the Word Comprehension Test in the Advanced Version (Test rozumienia słów, wersja dla zaawansowanych, TRS-Z), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (MoCA). The results obtained indicate a very high level of fluid and crystallised intelligence; however, the MoCA scores fell within the lower limit of normal, suggesting deficits in delayed verbal and auditory memory. Based on the data collected, it can be concluded that the man’s level of intelligence (fluid and crystallised) was the base for the development of his outstanding linguistic abilities. The issues related to the learning of verbal and non-verbal material remain unclear.

पोखराको बिस्केट जात्राः विगत र वर्तमान {Bisket Jatra of Pokhara: Past and Present}

The present article is based on the title "Biscuit Jatra of Pokhara: Past and Present". The Newar community, established in Kathmandu Valley as the original settlement, has been making its Karmabhoomi (land of action) in various places outside Kathmandu. Some Newar communities have come and settled in Pokhara Valley. During this migration, the Newar community brought various cultural fairs and festivals with them. The Bisket Jatra (festival) at Pokhara is one of them. What are the changes that have occurred in the past and present of Bisket Jatra in Pokhara? How do you celebrate Biscuit Jatra in Pokhara? The major focus of this research rests on these two questions.in this article. The main purpose of this article is to investigate these two main questions. To fulfill the objective, the researcher has used qualitative research method. The analysis of this research has shown that while celebrating Bisket Jatran here at Pokhara, people stay at home to celebrate the Bhoj associated with the festival, but, besides that, there is no significant participation in the Jatra in comparison to the past.

How Speededness of a Reasoning Test and the Complexity of Mental Speed Tasks Influence the Relation between Mental Speed and Reasoning Ability

Although previous research has consistently reported a positive association between mental speed and reasoning ability, it remains unclear whether the magnitude of this association depends on whether the reasoning test is administered with or without a time limit. In addition, it is unknown how mental speed task complexity affects the mental speed-reasoning association when the effects of time limitations in the reasoning test (labeled "speededness") are controlled for. The present study examined these questions in a sample of 200 participants who completed the time-limited Culture Fair Test (CFT) and a Hick task with three levels of complexity to measure mental speed. Results showed that the latent correlation between mental speed and reasoning was slightly lower when the effect of speededness in reasoning was statistically controlled for. However, for both controlled and uncontrolled reasoning, the correlation with mental speed was of medium size and statistically significant. When reasoning was controlled for the effects of speededness, only complexity-related mental speed aspects were correlated with reasoning, whereas basic mental speed aspects were correlated with the speededness factor and unrelated to reasoning. These findings demonstrate that time limitations in reasoning tests and complexity in mental speed tasks affect the magnitude of the mental speed-reasoning association.

Psychometric Characteristics of the Culture Fair Intelligence Test Scale 2

This study aims to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the CFIT-scale-2, including investigation of difficulty level, discrimination, distractor effectiveness, DIF (Differential item functioning), IRT (Item Response Theory) 2PL model, validity, and reliability. Respondents were 507 students with 245 (48%) females and 262 (52%) males, with ages ranged from 8-13 years (M= 10.88; SD = 1.35). The classical test theory (CTT) analysis showed that the item difficulty level on the CFIT-scale-2 had varying item difficulty levels, from easy to difficult. However, the test arrangement was not structured according to the suggested difficulty level from easy to medium to difficult. The discrimination of items was poor because 28 items were not included in the very good category (p &gt; .40). In addition, 47 (25%) of the 184 distractors are ineffective. CFIT-scale-2 did not contain DIF (Adj.p &gt; .05), and IRT analysis showed that the CFIT-scale-2 was not structured according to the difficulty pattern from easy, medium, and difficult. The CFIT-scale-2 based on IRT analysis contained 44 items or 96% with good discrimination. The results of a construct validity test using the CFA technique showed a good fit model (p &lt; .001; RMSEA &lt; .08; SRMR &lt; .08), which was acceptable and supported the fit between the theoretical and empirical model. The reliability coefficient value of Cronbach's alpha was 0.88 (α &gt; .70), indicating that the CFIT-scale-2 had good reliability, but the construct reliability was below an acceptable value (CR &lt; .69). According to this study, the psychometric characteristics of the CFIT-scale-2 should be revised and reevaluated.

A study of social science achievement of secondary school students in relation to their intelligence

In this dynamic and evolving world, filled with astounding scientific discoveries and inventions on one hand and crumbling ethics, decaying morals and impaired democratic values on the other, teaching and learning of social science is inevitable at secondary level education. It develops the sense of responsibility, positive attitude, moral, social and democratic values in adolescents who are future of mankind in the world. To estimate the successful fulfilment of the objectives of teaching social science, investigating of the trends in the achievement of the students in the subject is much needed. Intelligence plays a key role in shaping the personality of students and their performance in academics. It is one of the proved factors contributing in the academic achievement of students. This study aimed to explore the achievement of male and female students of government schools in social science and its relationship with their intelligence. A sample of 337 students of IX class studying government schools of Gaya district (urban), Bihar was selected through random sampling methods. The data was collected using Culture Fair Intelligence Test (scale 2, form A) prepared by Cattell and Cattell and Social Science Achievement Test prepared and standardised by the researcher. Finding of the study include that there exists a positive and significant relationship between social science achievement and intelligence of government school students irrespective of their gender. A significant difference between male and female students was detected with regard to their intelligence and social science achievement.

Effect of Working Memory Training on Fluid Intelligence

This true experimental research anchored on the Cattell-Horn-Caroll (CHC) theory utilized Randomized Two-Groups Design to examine the effect of working memory training on the fluid intelligence of high school students. Thirty-five students from a selected public high school in Negros Occidental were randomly selected and assigned using multi-stage sampling. In measuring the fluid intelligence, the Culture Fair Intelligence Test was administered as pretest instrument in establishing baseline data. Once baseline data have been established, the experimental group commenced with a working memory training called n-back task for four weeks with three sessions per week. After the intervention, both groups were retested using the same test, the CFIT. Data collected were collated and analyzed. A paired t-test on the experimental group revealed a significant gain between pretest and posttest results of the participants. Meanwhile, a paired t-test on the control group comparing their scores in the pretest and posttest do not yield a significant difference indicating a gain in fluid intelligence among the participants in the experimental group is brought about by the working memory training. In addition, considering the posttest results of the experimental and control group using an independent sample t-test a statistically significant difference in the scores can be found. Moreover, a relatively high effect size suggests an overall high effect of the intervention on the fluid intelligence of the participants. Finally, profile variables such as sex, academic performance and household monthly income are not considered to be predictors of gains in working memory training.

Influence of current physical exercise on the relationship between aging and episodic memory and fluid intelligence

The present study examined the effects of current physical exercise and age on episodic memory and fluid intelligence, assessed with a free-recall task and the Culture Fair Intelligence Test (Cattell, 1963) respectively, while statistically controlling for other cognitive reserve factors (educational level, leisure activities, and vocabulary level). Two hundred and eight participants aged 20 to 85 participated in the study. Physical exercise level was indexed by weekly frequency over the last 12 months using self-reported measurement (from none to 4 times a week). Overall, results show a beneficial effect of physical exercise especially from a weekly practice of 2 times, and significant interaction between physical exercise and age on episodic memory and fluid intelligence capacities indicating a reduced effect of age in more physically active participants. These results reinforce the view that physical exercise is a strong and specific reserve factor that reduces decline in some cognitive functions during aging.

Психолого-педагогическое исследование особенностей сформированности критического мышления у девиантных подростков (на примере школьников России и Индонезии)

The article presents a comparative analysis of the study of the critical thinking skills among the deviant adolescents from Russia and Indonesia. The authors offer the analysis of ideas on the concept of «critical thinking», its features, compare the academic points of view on its origin and aspects in domestic and foreign psychology.&#x0D; The study involved 80 teenagers, 40 from each country. According to the expert assessment made by teachers, the samples were categorized as an asocial type of deviant behavior group according to E.V. Zmanovskaya. The following methods were used: Test of Everyday Reasoning (TER), the Dembo-Rubinstein self-assessment test, Kettell Culture Fair Intelligence test. The found differences between the groups have been analyzed in the context of cultural and historical factors, features of the construction of educational programs, psychological aspects of the personality of children.&#x0D; The study showed that there is a significant relationship between the degree of self-esteem of Russian and Indonesian students and indicators of critical thinking and IQ. In our opinion, the leading factor in the development of critical thinking is a properly structured task taxonomy, created in the learning process, as well as a specially organized learning process, mainly including interactive forms of work.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY: A NEW AWARENESS ABOUT ENERGY

The experience of student awareness developed in the discipline of chemistry is reportedas of the sixth Science, Sport and Culture Fair of E.E.E.P Ícaro de Sousa Moreira, locatedin the city of Fortaleza-CE. The objective was to produce attitude changes to minimizethe waste of electric energy, being these attitudes extended to the households. In addition,the work allowed the development of a more autonomous socio-educational posture,broadening the basic knowledge of electrochemistry and contributing to sustainableenvironmental actions through recycling.

A prospective investigation into the association between the gut microbiome composition and cognitive performance among healthy young adults

BackgroundThere is emerging evidence that the gut microbiome composition is associated with several human health outcomes, which include cognitive performance. However, only a few prospective epidemiological studies exist and none among young adults. Here we address the gap in the literature by investigating whether the gut microbiome composition is prospectively linked to fluid intelligence among healthy young adults.MethodsForty individuals (65% females, 26 years) from the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study provided a fecal sample for gut microbiome composition and subsequently (average of 166 days) completed a cognitive functioning test using the Cattell’s Culture Fair Intelligence Test, revised German version (CFT 20-R). The assessment of the gut microbiome at the genera level was by 16S rRNA V3-V4 Illumina sequencing. The relative abundance of 158 genera was summarized into bacterial communities using a novel data-driven dimension reduction, amalgamation. The fluid intelligence score was regressed on the relative abundance of the bacterial communities and adjusted for selected covariates.ResultsThe 158 genera were amalgamated into 12 amalgams (bacterial communities), which were composed of 18, 6, 10, 14, 8, 10, 16, 13, 12, 12, 3, and 11 genera. Only the 14-genera bacterial community, named the “Ruminococcaceae- and Coriobacteriaceae-dominant community” was positively associated with fluid intelligence score (β = 7.8; 95% CI: 0.62, 15.65, P = 0.04).ConclusionAmong healthy young adults, the abundance of a gut bacterial community was associated with fluid intelligence score. This study suggests that cognitive performance may potentially benefit from gut microbiome-based intervention.

Evaluation of an Online Version of the CFT 20-R in Third and Fourth Grade Children.

There is growing demand for digital intelligence testing. In the current study, we evaluated the validity of an online version of the revised German Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFT 20-R). A total of 4100 children from the third and fourth grades completed the online version using a smartphone or tablet. Subsequently, 220 of these children also completed the paper-pencil (PP) version. The internal consistency and construct validity of the online version appeared to be acceptable. The correlation between the raw scores and school grades in German and mathematics was slightly lower than expected. On average, the raw scores for the PP version were revealed to be higher, which was probably due to a learning effect. At the item level, the results show small differences for the subtests Series and Matrices, possibly caused by small differences in the presentation of the items. The correspondence between the versions did not depend on children’s levels of impulsivity or intelligence. Altogether, the results support the hypothesis that the online version of the CFT 20-R is a valid measure of general fluid intelligence and highlight the need for separate norms.

Gender Differences in Self-Estimated Intelligence: Exploring the Male Hubris, Female Humility Problem.

Despite evidence from cognitive psychology that men and women are equal in measured intelligence, gender differences in self-estimated intelligence (SEI) are widely reported with males providing systematically higher estimates than females. This has been termed the male hubris, female humility effect. The present study explored personality factors that might explain this. Participants (N = 228; 103 male, 125 female) provided self-estimates of their general IQ and for Gardner’s multiple intelligences, before completing the Cattell Culture Fair IQ test as an objective measure of intelligence. They also completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) as a measure of sex-role identification, and measures of general and academic self-esteem. Both gender and sex-role differences were observed for SEI, with males and participants of both genders who scored high in masculinity offering higher self-estimates. By comparing estimated and observed IQ, we were able to rule out gender differences in overall accuracy but observed a pattern of systematic underestimation in females. An hierarchical multiple regression showed significant independent effects of gender, masculinity, and self-esteem. Mixed evidence was observed for gender differences in the estimation of multiple intelligences, though moderately sized sex-role differences were observed. The results offer a far more nuanced explanation for the male hubris, female humility effect that includes the contribution of sex role identification to individual and group differences.

Психологическая технология повышения стрессоустойчивости у представителей экстремальных профессий

Employees of an extreme profile are influenced by various negative professional factors. Such factors deform the individual’s stress coping mechanisms, which causes psychological phenomena which are peculiar to specific extreme influences. Psychological technologies make it possible to increase stress resistance among representatives of extreme professions through developing the necessary skills, stabilizing the emotional state, and preventing the formation of undesirable stress-related consequences. This study is focused on developing psychological technologies aimed at increasing stress resistance having regard to the specifics of extreme work. The test subjects included the representatives of the highest-ranking military officers of the Armed Forces of Russia. The study included the ascertaining, forming and control stages of experiment. The ascertaining stage involved a psychological examination of participants who were either related or not related to the extreme profile. The following methods were used: PSM-25 Psychological Stress Measure by L. Lemur, R. Tessier and L. Fillion; Strategic Approach to Coping Scale (SACS) by S. E. Hobfoll; Questionnaire “Prognosis-2” by V. Yu. Rybnikov; Self-Assessment Scale by C. D. Spielberger, as adapted by Yu. L. Khanin; Diagnostics of Socio-Psychological Adaptation by K. R. Rogers and R. E. Diamond; The Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT) by R. Cattell; and the questionnaires “Symptoms of Stress” and “Ways to Relieve Stress” by S. M. Shingaev. During the formative stage, a program of psychological assistance to specialists of extreme professions was created and implemented, including training elements and psychological counselling. The control stage involved a repeated psychological examination of all participants. The study involved 570 people. It was revealed and proven that intelligence, emotional stability, social adaptability and effective ways of coping with stress are potential resources that allow increasing stress resistance of extreme specialists. The psychological program based on these results has shown its effectiveness in terms of all parameters except intellectual characteristics.

An Initial Study of the Emotional and Behavioral Characteristics of Black Students School Identified as Emotionally Disturbed

For years, the research and policy focus on Black students with emotional disturbance (ED) has been on racial disproportionality. The disproportionality issue has sparked professional debate and raised major questions about racial bias, cultural fairness, appropriateness of assessment instruments, the adequacy of special education programs, poverty, exposure to risk factors, and research approaches. Unfortunately, minimal progress has been made on understanding the overrepresentation of Black students in ED programs. The purpose of the present study was to initiate research on the emotional and behavioral functioning of Black students with ED, by comparing the teacher-completed ratings from the Scales for Assessing Emotional Disturbance for Black students with ED ( n = 139), Black students without ED ( n = 421), White students with ED ( n = 271), and White students without ED ( n = 1,218). The results demonstrated that (a) Black students with ED were judged to demonstrate significantly higher levels of emotional and behavioral problems than their Black and White peers without ED, and (b) Black students with ED differed minimally from White students with ED. Research limitations, directions for future research, and implications for assessment and service delivery are discussed.

Deep Learning on EEG Study Concentration in Pendemic

Brainwaves are one of the biometric properties that can be used to identify individuals based on their physical and behavioural characteristics. An electroencephalogram (EEG) can be used to measure and capture brain wave activity. The activities required are in the form of giving complex tasks to get thinking and concentration processes called Cognitive Tests, in the form of a Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT) stimulus and Competency Test (UK). This study aims to obtain a pattern of the relationship between concentration and learning outcomes for late adolescent students during the pandemic. The object of research involved in this research is the 10th grade students of TKJ SMK. Data acquisition was carried out twice on the Beta signal by doing cognitive test questions which were done twice at school and at home. Then the data obtained from the test results will be extracted using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Furthermore, after the data extraction results are obtained, the classification process will be carried out using the CNN algorithm. The results of the FFT obtained the average value of the signal peak. The results of the CNN classification show that the pandemic does not affect student concentration. The average signal concentration in schools when testing using CFIT is 0.2445 and at the time of testing using UK Mathematics is 0.1330 with an average CFIT score of 77.05 and for UK average is 53.33 with an accuracy value of 83.33 %. While the average signal concentration at home when testing using CFIT is 0.2252 and at the time of testing using UK Mathematics is 0.1301 with an average CFIT score of 77.13 and for UK average is 57.50 with an accuracy value of 83, 33%.

Auditory event-related potentials, neurocognition, and global functioning in drug naïve first-episode schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Deficits in event-related potential (ERP) including duration mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a have been demonstrated widely in chronic schizophrenia (SZ) but inconsistent findings were reported in first-episode patients. Psychotropic medications and diagnosis might contribute to different findings on MMN/P3a ERP in first-episode patients. The present study examined MMN and P3a in first episode drug naïve SZ and bipolar disorder (BPD) patients and explored the relationships among ERPs, neurocognition and global functioning. Twenty SZ, 24 BPD and 49 age and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Data of clinical symptoms [Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), Young Manic Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD)], neurocognition [Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CCFT), Delay Matching to Sample (DMS), Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP)], and functioning [Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST)] were collected. P3a and MMN were elicited using a passive auditory oddball paradigm. Significant MMN and P3a deficits and impaired neurocognition were found in both SZ and BPD patients. In SZ, MMN was significantly correlated with FAST (r = 0.48) and CCFT (r = -0.31). In BPD, MMN was significantly correlated with DMS (r = -0.54). For P3a, RVP and FAST scores were significant predictors in SZ, whereas RVP, WAIS and FAST were significant predictors in BPD. The present study found deficits in MMN, P3a, neurocognition in drug naïve SZ and BPD patients. These deficits appeared to link with levels of higher-order cognition and functioning.