Cultural Tourism Destination Research Articles

Influence of Social Networks on the Choice of Cultural Tourism Destination. Case study of Novi Sad and Rijeka as European Capitals of Culture

Influence of Social Networks on the Choice of Cultural Tourism Destination. Case study of Novi Sad and Rijeka as European Capitals of Culture

Exploring the Role of Folklore in Sustaining Cultural Tourism in Meghalaya

Meghalaya, known for its colourful customs, extensive oral history, and breathtaking scenery, has emerged as a major destination for cultural tourism in Northeastern India. The region's identity is fundamentally shaped by the rich history of customs, rituals, and folklore upheld by its indigenous groups, which are predominantly the Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia tribes. In Meghalaya, cultural tourism has grown to be a substantial industry, drawing tourists from both home and abroad who are interested in learning more about the distinctive traditions, celebrations, artwork, folklore storytellers, and way of life of the local tribes. This study explores the function of cultural tourism in Meghalaya, emphasizing how it advances sustainable tourism, cultural heritage preservation, and socioeconomic development. The state’s cultural tourism revolves around festivals, traditions, and folklore, these celebrations provide guests with the excitement of Meghalaya's dynamic culture as ancient myths, stories, songs, enchanting festivals, and traditional ceremonies, which play a vital role in supporting and advancing cultural tourism and provides an unforgettable adventure into the core of indigenous heritage. Furthermore, the study looks at how folklore tourism gives local people the chance to become more economically empowered through guided storytelling and ensuring the preservation of tourism centred around the folklore stories of Meghalaya which is crucial for sustaining the strong cultural legacy of its native communities, providing tourists with a more profound link to the ancient traditions and intriguing legends of the region.

Investigation of E-Complaints of Hotel Guests Towards 4 and 5-Star Kayseri City Hotels

In recent decades Kayseri has emerged as a prominent destination for winter, nature, and cultural tourism, attracting visitors to its natural and cultural resources, and gastronomic offerings. The increase in tourist numbers has also led to a corresponding expansion in the accommodation sector, accompanied by a significant rise in hotel room numbers and available bed capacity. Despite this increase, academic studies examining the quality of accommodation services in the province or addressing customer perceptions of these services are relatively limited. This exploratory study aims to analyze e-complaints regarding 4 and 5-star city hotels in Kayseri, identify the most prevalent issues articulated by guests in these complaints, and categorize and assess them. For this purpose, the researchers first identified 497 negative reviews for seven different city hotels in Kayseri on the TripAdvisor website between August and December 2023. Then these reviews were subjected to content analysis. The content analysis findings revealed that guests were mostly unhappy with "rooms and housekeeping department services", “staff attitudes and performance", "food and beverage department services" and “physical characteristics and atmosphere” of hotels.

Factors Affecting the Intention to Choose Cultural Travel Destinations Associated with Experience of Domestic Tourists: Research at the Lotus Silk Village Phung Xa, Ha Noi

Culture-based travel associated with experiential activities is becoming increasingly popular and favored by domestic tourists in Vietnam. In that context, understanding the factors influencing tourists’ intentions of choosing destinations is paramount. The lotus silk village Phung Xa, Ha Noi, with cultural values and unique experiences, is a typical example of such cultural travel destinations. This study utilizes the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), factors incorporated into the model include Travel Motivation (TM), Destination Information (DI), Attitude (AT), Subjective Norm (SN), and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), which impact the dependent variable “Intention of choosing cultural tourism destinations involved with experiential activities at the Phung Xa lotus silk village Hanoi” (IC). The results show that Attitude (AT) has the strongest influence on the intention to choose Phung Xa lotus silk village as an experiential cultural tourism destination, with an impact level of 0.332; Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) has an impact level of 0.207; and Travel Motivation (TM) has an impact level of 0.195. The factors Destination Information (DI) and Subjective Norm (SN) are not statistically significant to conclude their influence on the dependent variable ‘Intention to choose Phung Xa lotus silk village as an experiential cultural tourism destination' (IC).

The role of media in attracting tourist interest in Pampang village

This study explores the role of media in promoting tourism, particularly in Pampang Village, a rural area in East Kalimantan known for its rich Dayak culture. The village is a prominent cultural tourism destination, where media, especially social media, plays a vital role in attracting tourists by highlighting its cultural and natural beauty. A qualitative descriptive method was employed to understand how media influences tourists' interests. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with tourists, direct observation of media content used for promotion, and content analysis of various media platforms. The Diffusion of Innovation theory served as the theoretical framework to analyze the spread of information about Pampang Village through social media. The study found that social media significantly enhances the visibility and appeal of Pampang Village by showcasing its unique cultural heritage. Tourists are attracted to the village through engaging content, including photos, videos, and stories that emphasize the Dayak community's traditions. Social media also facilitates direct communication between potential tourists and the village, fostering a stronger connection and personalized experience. However, challenges such as content sustainability and competition with other tourist destinations were identified. Media, particularly digital platforms, plays a crucial role in promoting Pampang Village as a cultural tourism destination. It helps build a positive image, facilitates interaction between tourists and the village, and increases tourist engagement. The findings suggest that with effective use of media, Pampang Village can enhance its tourism appeal and contribute to the local economy.

Revitalization of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) as an Effort to Develop Tourist Destinations

Background : Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII), located in East Jakarta, is a key cultural tourism destination in Indonesia, displaying the nation’s diverse cultural heritage, architecture, and natural landscapes from across the archipelago. With aging facilities, TMII has initiated revitalization efforts to improve infrastructure, modernize attractions, and enhance visitor engagement. This study aims to evaluate the impact of TMII’s revitalization on its quality as a tourist destination. This research contributes to existing studies on tourism revitalization, focusing on destination development and infrastructure improvements to attract and maintain tourism interest. Methods: This study employs a qualitative approach, analyzing secondary data from books, journals, and websites. Data collection emphasizes literature on tourism revitalization, while descriptive analysis techniques are applied to interpret the data and assess TMII’s revitalization initiatives in relation to sustainable cultural tourism. Findings: Findings reveal that TMII’s revitalization has had a positive impact on infrastructure quality and visitor satisfaction, highlighting the integration of modern technology and environmentally sustainable practices. Upgraded facilities and the implementation of eco-friendly tourism solutions have enhanced TMII’s appeal, supporting its objective to remain a culturally rich and sustainable destination. Conclusion: TMII’s revitalization has successfully reinforced its standing as a high-quality tourist destination, advancing both visitor experience and sustainable practices. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study uniquely examines TMII’s revitalization from the perspective of sustainable cultural tourism, underscoring the role of modern infrastructure and eco-friendly initiatives in maintaining a culturally significant destination.

The Development of Natural and Cultural Tourism in Buku Limau Island Based on Social Networking

The local authorities are promoting Buku Limau Island as an emerging tourist site. The island's distinguishing features include stunning coral reefs, picturesque white sandy beaches, and its role as a hub for the production of salted and fresh seafood. The objective of this study is to identify and describe the natural and cultural attractions on Buku Limau Island, particularly in the Manggar Subdistrict of East Belitung Regency. Additionally, the study seeks to examine social networks in order to facilitate the development and expansion of natural and cultural tourism destinations in the area. This research employs a mixed-method approach, utilizing data gathering approaches such as observation, focus group discussions (FGD), and surveys administered through questionnaires. UCINET program was used to conduct descriptive qualitative analysis and social network analysis to identify and reveal tourist characteristics. This is followed by the breakdown and study of social networks among stakeholders and interest groups. The findings of this study indicate that Buku Limau Island exhibits attributes of both natural and cultural tourism, with the predominant population of fishermen being of Bugis ethnicity. The identification and study of social networks demonstrate that stakeholders have formed networks to actively support and cultivate tourism attractions, encompassing both natural and cultural aspects. Nevertheless, there are still certain stakeholders who have not been engaged in the network throughout the process of developing and improving the tourism destination. The research limits are deliberately established to enhance the study's focus and depth. The information and data acquired are directly relevant to the fundamental issue of this investigation. The scope of this study is limited to the creation of natural and cultural tourism centered around social networks on Buku Limau Island. Theoretical implications shed light on the ideas of local government assistance, social networks, and tourist attractions. Meanwhile, the practical consequences surely affect the government, tourism stakeholders, and the community in their efforts to promote the growth of natural and cultural tourism through social networks on Buku Limau Island.

Exploring the Tourist Experience of the Majorelle Garden Using VADER-Based Sentiment Analysis and the Latent Dirichlet Allocation Algorithm: The Case of TripAdvisor Reviews

The allure of urban green spaces has captured the attention of researchers, especially in regions abundant in botanical wonders worldwide. Surprisingly, the case of Morocco, a country with a strong botanical tradition, has received little attention from researchers. Here, we explore the unique case of the emblematic “Majorelle Garden” in Marrakech, southern Morocco, through the reviews of its many visitors posted on the TripAdvisor platform. This article looks at the question “to what extent can a garden—such as the Majorelle—be a major attraction in a cultural tourist destination?”. Methodologically, we adopted a quantitative approach, examining visitors’ sentiments using the VADER tool from 2006 to 2023, and classifying them into three categories: negative, neutral, and positive. Furthermore, by utilizing LDA (latent dirichlet allocation), we uncover key topics running through visitors’ experiences. Our findings show that positive sentiments prevail, given the culturo-historical and symbolic quality of the garden as a crucible and vector of creativity, with the emergence of sub-corpuses that highlight certain divergences and convergences around the “Majorelle” case. This insight supports sustainability efforts by empowering the managers of the garden studied and industry professionals to develop and implement relevant strategies for managing and marketing the garden tourism attraction experience. In addition, this case study shows how a private urban garden reveals its key role in preserving cultural and botanical heritage, essential for future generations. It shows the garden’s positive impact on sustainable tourism through its ability to attract cultural visitors who appreciate and respect the local environment.

Women’s Participation in Cultural Tourism Based Community Empowerment

Kampung Batik is one of the cultural tourism destinations and has been the largest Batik producer in Semarang city since the 18th century. Most of the population consists of women who are actively involved in Batik cultural activities. The research aims to describe the stages, the forms, and the impact of women’s participation in community empowerment. The study was designed with a descriptive qualitative approach involving three female members, including the Tourism Assistance Community of Kampoeng Djadhoel chairman, the Neighborhood Head of Kampung Batik, and the Kampung Batik community. Data were collected through participatory observation, interviews, and documentation. Data validity testing was carried out using triangulation of sources and techniques. The stages of data analysis were data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the stages of women’s participation included decision-making, activity implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and utilization of development results. The positive impact of women’s participation is increased employment, income, and skills; the negative effect is the problem arising from Batik waste management. This research can be a reference for the government, society, and women to improve women’s welfare through empowerment.

Comprehending Determinants and Outcomes of Cultural Tourism to India

This study explores relevant cultural motives amongst foreign tourists visiting India for cultural tourism and explains their role in the formation of destination satisfaction using the S-O-R theory. The conceptual model is empirically tested through a survey using 378 samples using Exploratory Factor Analysis followed by Structural Equation Modelling. Our research found that motives, namely learning local culture, seeking spiritual experiences, experiencing novelty, engaging in social consumption, and experiencing relaxation, are the five principal drivers determining cultural tourist destination selection. This study identifies that tourism motives influence destination satisfaction and positively contribute to WOM intentions. Our research suggests that administrators must create thematic recreation/entertainment options that underscore the local flavour to improve destination satisfaction amongst foreign cultural tourists.

Role of Traditional Settlement Identity as a Part of Creative Tourism Planning: Case of Wana Village, Lampung

Architecture is one of the results of civilization, which expresses a way of life, is passed down from one generation to another, acts as a tradition, and holds cultural values. The cosmological elements possessed by architectural works turn into aesthetic values and form an image of life. Indonesian architecture applies this type of architecture, especially in Wana Village. Wana Village is one of the heritage villages of the Melinting Kingdom, which still keeps its existence as a place for the residents to live. It reflects the local social wisdom of the community and is a vernacular building of tourism value. This study aims to analyze the traditional settlement of Wana Village at the tourism level and develop it as an architectural design innovation. In addition, this study analyzes social, economic, and residential patterns, events/history, and resources that influence the attractiveness of Wana Village as a cultural tourism destination. The sustainability of Wana Village results from a harmonious emotional bond between residents, even though they have differences. It makes Wana Village more valuable for tourists.

Mahalaxmi Jatra: An Amazing Festival Tourism Product of Lubhu, Nepal

Lubhu is one of the historical and cultural tourist destinations located on Mahalaxmi municipality 8, Lalitpur district of Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. There can observe and have a wonderful experience of tangible and intangible cultural tourism properties within core of Lubhu. The people of Lubhu annually celebrate different colourful festivals and Jatras such as Mahalaxmi Jatra, Nepal Sambat, Buddha Jayanti, Dashain, Tihar, Yomahri Punhi, Gobrateswor Mahadev jatra, Gaijatra, Krishna Janmasthami, Naag Panchami, Gathemangal, Ram Nawami, Chaite Dashain, Holi, Shivaratri, Shree Panchami, Pishach Chaturdashi, Byaja Chaturdashi on the special auspicious occasions. Among them, Mahalaxmi Jatra is an amazing cultural heritage and festival tourism product of Lubhu. It celebrates in the month of Baishakha especially from Baishakha Sukla Tritiya till to Ekadasi which takes more than a week for its completion. It is considered a hallmark of indigenous cultural identity and a popular cultural tourism product of the destination. But, through the tourist and tourism perspectives this Jatra is still not adequately exposed. Hence it is necessary to recognize Mahalaxmi Jatra as a prominent tourism product of Lubhu. How it is celebrated? what its celebrating processes, processions, rites and rituals, customs and customary laws? how far it is considered as an important source for alluring tourists and what are the major problems and challenges that hindering over the promotion to it as a tourism product? are the major questions and research gaps which have been answered and addressed through this paper. Likewise, to explore the different aspects embedded with Mahalaxmi Jatra of Lubhu and to examine Mahalaxmi Jatra of Lubhu as an amazing cultural tourism product are the key objectives of the paper. In this paper both primary and secondary data and qualitative approach have been used and it is based on analytical and descriptive research design.

Memorable tourism experience of heritage-local food on tourist behavior: Mediating role of destination image and satisfaction

The primary purpose of this research is to find out how memorable tourism experiences influence revisit intention and recommendation intention of tourists who have visited to enjoy historical tourism and taste Rajamangsa local cuisine in Kebondalem Kidul Cultural Tourism Village, with destination image and satisfaction as mediating factors. This research uses a quantitative and descriptive-analytical approach, using a 5-point Likert scale for measurement. Non-probability sampling, specifically judgment sampling, was used to collect primary data. The sample consisted of 245 tourist respondents who had visited to enjoy historical tourism and taste Rajamangsa local cuisine in Kebondalem Kidul Cultural Tourism Village. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS 3.2.9 was used as the analysis tool. The findings of this study indicate that memorable tourism experiences directly influence destination image, travel satisfaction, local food tasting, and revisit intention when visiting Kebondalem Kidul Cultural Tourism Village. In addition, destination image travel satisfaction and local food tasting partially mediate between memorable tourism experiences and revisit intention and fully mediate between memorable tourism experiences and recommendation intention of tourists in cultural tourism destinations. This research highlights the positive impact of memorable tourism experiences on revisit intentions, destination perceptions, and traveller satisfaction. The practical implications are significant for tourism management in increasing satisfaction and building a positive destination image. However, this study has limitations regarding location coverage and online data collection methods. Future research must consider geographic variation, data collection methods, and other factors influencing tourism experiences.

Determinants of cultural heritage tourism demands: Learning in cultural heritage tourism destination

This research aims to elucidate the determinants of cultural heritage tourism demand by using visit frequency as a dependent variable. Combining use of the truncated Poisson model and order logit model, we analyze the demand structure of cultural heritage tourism relative to frequency of visits to the Forbidden City. Although the results based on the two models differed, we show major determinants to be authenticity selection attributes and sociodemographic and tripographic characteristic variables. These variables are expected to be helpful in learning in cultural heritage tourism destination and suggesting better cultural education programs for cultural sustainability in cultural heritage tourism.

Environmental Communication Challenges in The Development Process of the Ciletuh Palabuhanratu Geopark Area, Sukabumi Regency

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to Explaining the process of environmental communication dynamics in the Ciletuh Palabuhanratu Geopark area, explaining the dynamics of environmental communication in the Ciletuh Palabuhanratu Geopark area, formulating follow-up actions to environmental communication dynamics in the Ciletuh Palabuhanratu Geopark area, Sukabumi Regency. Method: The research methodology this study used qualitative research methods. Research with a qualitative paradigm is flexible and open by emphasizing inductive analysis (empirico inductive) (Suprayogo and Tabroni 2001: 161). Based on the research objectives to be achieved, this type of research is a case study type of research. This research is based on the type of case study, including the type of exploratory case study research. An exploratory approach seeks to find general information about a topic/problem that is not yet fully understood by researchers. In this research, the data collected consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data sources are objects observed directly in the field and data obtained through interviewed informants. In this research, informants came from four sub-districts which are representatives of the Ciletuh Palabuhanratu Geopark, including the PAPSI and Palapah community groups, community leaders from four sub-districts, local government, academics, and figures who initiated the Ciletuh Palabuhanratu Geopark. This data is also accompanied by photo, image and map data to complement the primary data. Secondary data sources are in the form of documents or written sources in general, such as village monographs, population statistics, building inventories, natural conditions, and also about the history of the formation and development of the Ciletuh Geopark area. Secondary data is obtained from research results, journals, the internet and matters related to data needs. This secondary data is useful for researchers to understand more deeply the problem that is the object of research. In general, the techniques that can be used to collect data for this research are interviews, observation and documentation studies. An interview is a process of direct interaction or communication between the interviewer and the respondent. Results and conclusion: Based on the literature review and analysis the Ciletuh Geopark area is an area that has unique geological, biological and cultural potential that can be developed as a complete natural and cultural tourism destination that has comparative and competitive advantages. The dynamics of environmental communication that occur are aimed at ensuring that conservation aspects can run in balance and in line with aspects of community empowerment. Research implications: The findings of this research have implications for environmental communication which has an important role in efforts to empower and develop the community's economy so that it is more environmentally friendly and of course can be more targeted. Environmental communication provides opportunities for good interaction between various parties in community empowerment activities by equalizing perceptions of various environmental problems, so that the expected goals can be achieved with the active participation of the community in overcoming environmental problems in the Geopark area. Originality/value: This research contributes to existing literature by focusing on the intersection between environmental communication dynamics and regional development in the Indonesian context. By identifying obstacles and providing recommendations, this research offers insight into community empowerment activities by equalizing perceptions of various environmental problems in the Geopark area.

Cultural Tourism in the Kashmir Valley: A Comprehensive Analysis of Economic Impact and Strategic Development

This research paper explores the rise of cultural tourism in the Kashmir Valley, focusing on its economic impact, strategic implications, and global significance. Cultural tourism, which fosters cross-cultural understanding, plays a vital role in economic development. The Kashmir Valley, with its diverse cultural offerings, has become a thriving cultural tourism destination, contributing significantly to the region's GDP and prompting conservation efforts. The study addresses gaps in existing literature, offering insights for policymakers and local businesses. Through a literature review, it emphasizes the global significance of cultural tourism and its specific economic implications in Kashmir. The objective is to evaluate various aspects of cultural tourism in the region, employing a descriptive methodology with both secondary and primary data. The results highlight the popularity of natural attractions, emphasizing the need for improved transportation. Economic development is identified as a significant benefit, with private sector involvement crucial. Respondents believe cultural tourism can preserve the region's heritage. Among domestic tourists, historical site visits are popular, indicating a keen interest in exploring the valley's historical heritage.

Spatial Bee Optimized Network Theory (Sbont) Based Algorithm to Design of Dance Activity Venues in Elevating Tourism

Cultural tourism is a dynamic and enriching experience that involves exploring the unique heritage, traditions, arts, and customs of different societies. It goes beyond merely visiting landmarks; it delves into the heart and soul of a place, fostering understanding and appreciation for its cultural identity. Cultural tourism with a dance activity provides a vibrant and immersive way to experience the richness of a destination's cultural heritage. Participating in dance activities allows travelers to connect with local communities on a deeper level, learning about their traditions firsthand and forging meaningful connections. This paper proposes a novel approach for the spatial optimization of dance activity venues in cultural tourism destinations, integrating complex network theory with Spatial Bee Optimized Network Theory (SBONT). Cultural tourism thrives on offering diverse and immersive experiences, and dance activities play a pivotal role in enriching these experiences. However, optimizing the spatial layout of dance venues to enhance accessibility, cultural authenticity, and visitor satisfaction poses a complex problem. With integrating spatial considerations with network optimization principles, the proposed framework aims to maximize accessibility, connectivity, and cultural immersion for tourists while promoting sustainable development and resource utilization. Simulation results demonstrated that venues with a cultural significance score exceeding 0.8 experienced a 15% increase in visitor footfall compared to less significant counterparts. Moreover, the accessibility score for each venue improved by an average of 0.12, indicative of enhanced ease of access for tourists and local communities. These tangible outcomes underscore the algorithm’s effectiveness in orchestrating layouts that foster sustainable cultural tourism development while celebrating and preserving cultural heritage through dynamic dance activities.

Implementasi Pengelolaan Berkelanjutan di Desa Wisata Budaya Lingga Kabupaten Karo

Amidst the rapid development of tourism in Indonesia, cultural village tourism has become increasingly prominent. These villages not only serve as attractive tourist destinations but also as centers for sustainable economic and cultural activities. This study investigates the implementation of sustainable management in Lingga Cultural Tourism Village, Karo Regency, North Sumatra, using the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) framework. The village holds significant potential as a cultural tourism destination, especially with its traditional house "Siwaluh Jabu." However, challenges such as inadequate governance, limited human resources, and funding constraints hinder the sustainable management efforts in the village. Employing a qualitative method, primary data was gathered through interviews with local tourism managers, while secondary data was collected from relevant literature and sources. The study recommends strategic measures to enhance sustainable management implementation, including strengthening organizational structures, improving human resources, and increasing funding. It is hoped that the findings of this research will provide better insights into the implementation of sustainable management in Lingga Cultural Tourism Village and serve as a guide for stakeholders in decision-making and executing sustainable programs in the future.

LEGAL PROTECTION FROM AN INTERGENERATIONAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE: A CONCEPT FOR LEASING FREEHOLD LAND IN THE TOURISM AREA IN BALI

In accordance with developments over time and the development of tourism as a business field in Bali, the need for land as a supporting factor for tourist destinations is increasing. For instance, in Bali, several destinations never stop being developed, either in coastal areas, in cities or in the mountains, which have become tourism objects and are balanced with local wisdom as instruments of cultural tourism destinations hence sometimes the need for land to support the tourism activities is obtained by lease often does not take into account for next generations who will obtain the same rights due to a very long lease period. This research mainly discussed the process of leasing freehold land in several areas in Bali and how the rental period for freehold land in Bali shall be regulated to reflect fairness between generations in the future. This is empirical research that focuses on the empirical symptoms that can be observed in real life. The analysis was carried out qualitatively and presented as an analytical description. The research indicated that the process of the right to lease a freehold land in Bali still happens, especially for the tourism business, agreements are made before a Notary as authentic deed, and there shall be a concept in terms of lease period that mentions specific time if the freehold land is being developed for tourism destinations, hence it can be perceived by next generations.

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF LISTINGS ON AIRBNB AND BOOKING.COM AS SHARING ECONOMY PLATFORMS IN THE TOURISM DESTINATION OF MARAMURES LAND ROMANIA

The innovations brought by the sharing economy model through digital booking platforms have produced changes in the dynamic of the accommodation supply in many tourism destinations. The fastness with which changes occur has left this market segment either largely unaccounted for statistically, or poorly regulated, and Maramureș Land, a known cultural and rural tourism destination with inherent regional and local particularities, is no exception. The study raises the issue of evidence regarding the level of adoption and the true scale of the accommodation supply in the area by focusing on listings from two of the most popular digital booking platforms – Booking.com and Airbnb, an aspect that can support policy-making adapted to its specific characteristics. These objectives were pursued through an empirical methodological approach to map the spatiotemporal distribution of listings from the area of Maramureș Land between 2010 and 2023. The methodology assumed the creation of an M.Excel database with all listings from the area, the extraction of descriptive variables and coordinates, the conversion of coordinates into vector point data, and the subsequent analysis using vector and attribute data processing instruments in QGIS.