Cultural Schemas Research Articles

Penerjemahan Novel Dracula Karya Bram Stoker dari Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia: Kasus Pengalihan Skema Budaya Divergen

<p>Divergent cultural schema (DCS) is a collection of cultural knowledge required to interpret a text, which is assumed to be present in source readers (SR) but absent in target readers (TR). DCS typically takes the form of a highly concise source text without any sufficient information, so the translator applied various strategies. Bram Stoker’s Dracula, consisting of its English source text (ST) and Indonesian target text (TT), was chosen as data source due to its strong Victorian-European setting which contains many potential DCS. Data analysis generated several categories of results. The first is units of analysis (n = 758) which are classified into various schemata (n = 21) and subschemata (n = 84) based on certain similarity in schematic characteristics. The second is various types of ST divergence (n = 13). The third is the reasons for applying domesticating (n = 16) or foreignizing (n = 12) strategies, as well as their weaknesses (n = 20). The fourth is domestication as the dominant translation ideology. The fifth is a number of interesting phenomena (n = 25) related to the transfer of DCS such as ideological level, different levels of divergence among TR, and “foreignization” and “domestication” by ST writer. This research demonstrates the complexity of strategy applications and ideological positions which are dependent on many factors such as narrative context, linguistic constraints, ST divergence, or TR schemata.</p>

Understanding risk communication for prevention and control of vector-borne diseases: A mixed-method study in Curaçao.

BackgroundRisk communication (RC) is an essential tool for the prevention and control of diseases as it impacts risk perception, increases awareness and might change behaviour. It is the interactive exchange of information about risks among experts and people. Effective RC can minimize the impact that diseases such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika have on populations. This study aimed to understand RC regarding vector-borne diseases in its social context and from the viewpoint of the audience to strengthen RC strategies in Curaçao.MethodsIn 2015, a cross-sectional mixed-method study applying focus group discussions (n = 7), in-depth interviews (n = 20) and a structured survey questionnaire (n = 339) was done in Curaçao. The study was designed based on the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Planned Behaviour. In addition, the Social Amplification of Risk Framework and the theory of cultural schemas were applied to understand RC in the social context.ResultsTelevision, radio and newspapers were the most important channels of information regarding dengue and chikungunya. Moreover, individuals also reported receiving information via social media, the internet and family/friends. Interestingly, the use of internet to obtain information diminished with age, while females were more likely to use internet compared to men. These key findings were statistically significant. An important outcome was that the risk perception towards chikungunya at the beginning of the outbreak was attenuated. This might be due to the (perceived) lack of RC before the epidemic. This same risk perception was amplified later during the outbreak by the increased exposure to information. Lastly, we show how cultural schemas influence people’s perception regarding preventive measures and treatment of chikungunya and dengue.ConclusionsData obtained emphasise the importance of understanding the user of media platforms and sharing information in a timely fashion through a transparent process with the content that convinces people of the seriousness of the matter.

Created by god and wired to porn: Redemptive Masculinity and Gender Beliefs in Narratives of Religious Men’s Pornography Addiction Recovery

The literature on hybrid masculinity suggests that some men manage subordinate or contradictory forms of masculinity while still maintaining and benefiting from gender inequality. Drawing from 35 in-depth qualitative interviews with religious participants in pornography addiction recovery programs, we expand this literature by illustrating how hybrid masculinity operates through shared cultural knowledge about sex, gender, and sexuality. We find that participants use distinct cultural schemas related to religion and science to explain how men are created by God to be biologically “hard-wired” for pornography addiction. We use the phrase redemptive masculinity to describe a type of hybrid masculinity that upholds the cultural association between hegemonic masculinity and pornography consumption, but allows religious men to describe their avoidance of pornography as a masculine feat. Redemptive masculinity depends upon particular beliefs about gender that give advantage to the religious men who work to overcome pornography addiction. We show how their stories reinforce essentialist differences between male and female bodies that protect the interests and sexual expressions of religious men. In turn, we show how hybrid masculinities may involve gender-flexible practices for men but also how these may ultimately reinforce strict and inflexible beliefs about so-called “opposite” sexes.

Social Class and Habitus at the End of College: Cultural Similarity and Difference among Graduating Seniors

ABSTRACTExisting research offers a range of perspectives on the impact of the college experience on culture. While some scholars claim that higher education leads to cultural convergence or homogenization among students, others emphasize the durability of class-based cultural differences during college. This article seeks to understand the degree to which students from across class backgrounds leave college with a similar habitus. Drawing from interviews with 62 graduating seniors from three distinct class backgrounds, I examine cultural similarities and differences at two layers of habitus as students look toward life after college. Findings demonstrate that while students’ specific aspirations for graduate study and careers are similar, their general cultural schemas—evidenced by students’ perceptions of what constitutes success and failure after graduation—and sense of self diverge along class lines. In other words, these interviews provide evidence that college seniors across class backgrounds are comparable in their secondary habitus but differ at the level of their primary habitus. These findings have implications for the way we conceive of social mobility through higher education as well as our understanding of multiple layers of habitus.

The Viewing Mind and Live-Action Japanese Television Series: A Cognitive Perspective on Gender Constructions in Seirei no Moribito (Guardian of the Spirit)

The recent (2016–2018) live-action Japanese television series, Seirei no Moribito (Guardian of the Spirit), was produced by NHK in the vein of the taiga (big river) historical drama, but challenges this and other Japanese generic conventions through its production as a fantasy series, and through its female heroine rather than the usual male samurai hero. This paper takes a cognitive narratological perspective in the exploration of how story-telling devices conjure and challenge some of the most dominant patriarchal scripts found across much of Asia (and elsewhere). It examines how narrative techniques prompt viewer mental processing with regard to cultural schemas and scripts of, for instance, male/female roles in family relationships, women’s participation in the employment sector, and marriage and childbearing. The examination thereby delves into important issues in the context of recent social discourse on gender roles in Japan. A close examination of the filmic strategies and devices which encourage audience engagement with the main female protagonist, Balsa, and her relationships casts light on the state of some of Japan’s changing attitudes on gender, workforce and family roles.

The separation of economy and sentiment: a comparison of how individuals perceive hostile worlds

ABSTRACT Analyses of the relationship between economy and sentiment tend to focus on connection rather than separation. Scholars recognize that individuals sometimes identify moral conflicts between economy and sentiment, but primarily focus their research on the boundary or relational work performed to mitigate or disappear the conflict. Instead, I analyze how individuals talk about the relationship between economy and sentiment as separate or hostile, comparing two theoretically distinct groups: non-religious individuals and practicing evangelicals. The comparison allows me to analyze patterns of discourse and boundary-making based on access to institutionalized culture. I find that both groups articulate perceptions of hostile worlds by: (1) maintaining the taboo against talking about money, (2) recommending neutral separation, and (3) demarcating areas of life as too sacred for money. Through comparison, I find that non-religious respondents describe a less permeable vertical boundary line, whereby economy and sentiment are separated into separate spheres, as if side-by-side, while evangelicals describe a more permeable horizontal boundary line, where separation is maintained through the use of consistent hierarchical discourses that assert the moral importance of sentiment over economy. My findings underscore how unequal access to cultural schema differentially shape how individuals connect economy and sentiment, if at all.

Concept Class Analysis: A Method for Identifying Cultural Schemas in Texts

Recent methodological work at the intersection of culture, cognition, and computational methods has drawn attention to how cultural schemas can be 'recovered' from social survey data. Defining cultural schemas as slowly learned, implicit, and unevenly distributed relational memory structures, researchers show how schemas—or rather, the downstream consequences of people drawing upon them—can be operationalized and measured from domain-specific survey modules. Respondents can then be sorted into 'classes' on the basis of the schema to which their survey response patterns best align. In this article, we extend this 'schematic class analysis' method to text data. We introduce concept class analysis (CoCA): a hybrid model that combines word embeddings and correlational class analysis to group documents across a corpus by the similarity of schemas recovered from them. We introduce the CoCA model, illustrate its validity and utility using simulations, and conclude with considerations for future research and applications.

Investigating the Role of Cultural Schemata in Understanding Others' Spoken Discourse

This paper aims to answer the question which is said, To what extend cultural gap lets most people not to understand each other's spoken discourse critically?. It is an attempt to show the importance of cultural schemata in understanding each other's spoken discourse. The researchers have adopted the qualitative method. A questionnaire and interview were used as tools for collecting data relevant to the study. The sample of this study comprised of (60) + (10) people who did not share the same cultural background and they were descended from different cultural background identities. The marks obtained from the questionnaire and interviews were compared. The results have revealed that the cultural schemata play a great role in understanding each other's spoken discourse critically. Also, the results have shown that that there are highly differences among those people who descended from different cultural background identities. Therefore, more space should be given to those people to bridge the gap among themselves and others in terms of exchanging the discursive messages.

The Effect of Cultural Schemata on EFL Learners’ Reading Comprehension Ability

The Effect of Cultural Schemata on EFL Learners’ Reading Comprehension Ability

Interrelation between biography and ethnography: cultural analysis as an experimental system

The interrelationship between ethnography and biographic studies has recently become a popular form of qualitative research. The current discourse on this field of investigation refers exclusively to “evocative autoethnography” that draws upon postmodern sensibilities, whose advocates distance themselves from realist and analytic ethnographic traditions. The dominance of evocative autoethnography and biographic has obscured recognition of the compatibility of autoethnographic investigation with more traditional ethnographic practices. Similarly, the modes of cultural analysis also have been systematically revised over a period, changing its variables that took on new cultural projection. The revision of the 1980’s included new approaches, using ethnography to investigate the changing nature of cultural and social forms. At the end of the twentieth century, inquiries drawn towards multidisciplinary tools that could be employed in making cultural analysis more trenchant and revealing. The most widely applied approach by anthropologists in development projects is the ethnographic approach, which investigates the changing nature of culture and applies qualitative/narrative analysis. The challenge for culture change, according to the anthropologist, is to understand the “everyday” form of thinking, expression, verbalization and comprehension. This paper tries to substantiate that performance of expressions are drawn from “cultural schemas”, and such community expression serves to explain more recent community ethnographic transformations. The paper also justifies the voices and expression of community performance as a ritual which has been empirically validated with the appreciation of community-level transformation/adaptation which can perceive to enhance universal ethnographic. The paper justifies the argument through a case study on a tribal-community in India, their voices of expression and the sacred/clandestine sexuality performance which has been incorporated within the public ethnography in order to prove their identity as a “tribe”, compromising their sacred value privacy.

Fatalism – Georgian Cultural Model

Fatalism—belief that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable—have been studied by researchers from different disciplines as it is a significant notion to explain various aspects of individual and social life (health behavior, economic capital, political activity, social participation, etc.). However, the weakness of using only etic methods to understand this complex phenomenon is strongly emphasized. We fully share this viewpoint and think that it is far more appropriate to study fatalism with an interdisciplinary approach such as Contemporary Psychological Anthropology. The aim of the present study was to emphasize the theoretical and methodological opportunities of studying fatalism within this field (specifically, within cultural models school) and presenting the results of the empirical study on the Georgian cultural model of fatalism in the light of the opportunities discussed.
 The theoretical apparatus of the cultural models' school allowed us to think of culturally shaped fatalism, not only as an element of objective culture beyond the mind but also as a part of the mind, namely, as a cognitive schema formed on the basis of shared experiences. To reveal components of this schema we used the in-depth interview as a data collection method and cultural analysis of discourse (specifically, metaphor analysis) as the data analysis method. Personal control, Deity, Destiny, Luck, and Helplessness emerged as the components of Georgian cultural schema according to this analysis.
 Key words: Fatalism, Cultural Model, Emic Approach, Mutually Inclusive.

The Cognitive Use of Prior Knowledge in Design Cognition: The Role of Types and Precedents in Architectural Design

This paper examines the cognitive use of prior knowledge in the design and evaluates the role of types and precedents in architectural design and education from a cognitive perspective. The previous research on design cognition shows that the amount of prior knowledge possessed by the designer plays a fundamental role in the production and quality of the creative outcome. This paper examines this correlation between the cognitive concept of cultural schemas with the architectural concept of types and investigates the cognitive role of types and precedents within architectural design and education in the light of the cognitive literature. With such an attempt, the research conducts an interdisciplinary theoretical inquiry that respectively studies the role of prior knowledge in design cognition, the concept of cognitive-cultural schemas, the concept of type and its relationship with cultural schemas, and the cognitive role of types and precedents in architectural design and education. In conclusion, this study proposes that types function identically as cultural schemas at the cognitive level and types and precedents have a generative value for architectural design, by virtue of the fact that they exist as the initial cognitive schemas that are employed at the beginning of the design process.

The mental map of national hierarchy in Europe

We theorize that people’s perceptions of national hierarchy are aligned not only with longstanding cultural schemas of development but also with schemas of cultural wealth. We use data from the Nation Brands Index surveys to examine how European publics’ evaluate their own country and other European countries across many attributes. We find that European publics rank northwest European countries highest on developmental attributes and southwestern European nations highest on cultural attributes, while they rank eastern European countries lowest in both categorizations. Moreover, we show that publics’ rankings of countries load to two related yet distinct factors, the contents of which closely reflect schemas of development and cultural wealth. This evidence suggests that these two distinct schemas are simultaneously present in Europeans’ perceptions of national hierarchy.

Culture and cognition: Understanding public perceptions of risk and (in)action

Much is known about the effects of risk on behavior and communication, yet little research has considered how these risks influence modes of cultural and cognitive processing dynamics that underlie public perceptions, communications, and social (in)action. This article presents a psychological model of risk communications that demonstrates how cognitive structure, cultural schema, and environment awareness could be combined to improve risk communication. We illustrate the explanatory value of the model's usefulness on two qualitative case studies: one on decision-makers facing extreme heat, and another on homeowners facing flood events. Consistent with the model predictions, we find that cognitive structure, cultural schema, and environment awareness dynamics are not only necessary determinants to strengthen risk communications, but also important for understanding perceptions of risk and people's (in)action to engage in mitigation and adoption efforts. This suggests that decision-makers hoping to reduce disaster risk or improve disaster resilience may wish to consider how these three dynamics exist and interact.

OLDER ADULTS’ PERSPECTIVES OF COGNITIVE HEALTH PROMOTION AND ACTIVITIES TO AMELIORATE COGNITIVE DECLINE

There is a paucity of research on cognitive health promotion from the perspective of older adults, especially within a rural context. However, dementia and cognitive impairment are more prevalent among rural older adults than urban older adults. This presentation has two objectives: to examine cognitive health promotion from the perspective of rural older adults; and 2) to identify key activities associated with ameliorating cognitive decline in rural communities. Drawing on a community-based participatory research approach, data was collected through two waves of semi-structured interviews with the same group of 42 older adults in rural Saskatchewan, Canada. Guided by lay theory and cultural schema theory, data was coded using thematic analysis. In describing cognitive health promotion, four key areas emerged including emotional health, intellectual health, social health, and functional health. In discussing activities to support cognitive health promotion, participants emphasized the importance of thinking positively, keeping your brain active, mingling with others, and managing your daily affairs. Focusing on older adults’ perceptions of cognitive health promotion provides valuable information to advance knowledge of key strategies and activities to support cognitive health. In developing effective strategies to promote cognitive health, it is essential to engage in collaborative research and partnerships with older adults.

Cross-Cultural Learning in Gameplay: BAFÁ BAFÁ, Persuasive Technology, and the Exploration of Intercultural Sensitivity

Background. Serious games have the potential to provide benefits that beyonds entertainment value. Recent growth in the empirical research of serious games shows their abilities to deliver prosocial messages. Aim. This study aims to examine the use of games in the management of cultural schemas as well as moderating intercultural sensitivity and intercultural communication competence. Moreover, this study explores how and why simulation games, such as BAFÁ BAFÁ, function as persuasive technologies (PTs) effectively motivating individuals into behavior change. Method. An experimental study with three conditions (game, reading, and control) was conducted to examine the effects of BAFÁ BAFÁ on enhancing participants’ intercultural sensitivity as well as communication competence compared to reading intercultural materials or regular activity. Results. Both intercultural sensitivity and communication competence were measured with multi-dimensional scales, and the results of the multi-variate analyses indicated that the intercultural simulation game BAFÁ BAFÁ can facilitate the increase of participants’ intercultural sensitivity and communication competence.

Finding middle ground: the relationship between cultural schemas and working mothers’ work-family strategies

ABSTRACT All-consuming expectations and a limited policy framework require working parents in the United States to develop creative and resourceful approaches when managing work and family responsibilities. Previous research on work-family strategies demonstrates how the ‘trade-offs’ working parents make at home and at work are stratified by structural factors such as gender, life stage and access to resources. In this article, I argue that strategies are better conceptualized as a ‘buffet’ of options and that strategy selections are, in part, cultural decisions, embedded within symbolic landscapes that render certain options more accessible, appropriate or desirable than others. I use data from the 500 Family Study to test the association between working mothers’ socially structured moral and emotional commitments and the work-family strategies they employ. My findings demonstrate that cultural beliefs matter simultaneously with and sometimes over and beyond institutional and material resources and constraints. This article also highlights, through a process I term stigma coding, women’s ‘bounded agency’ in interpreting and aligning schemas and strategies. I conclude that these contributions offer a more complete picture of working mothers’ complex negotiations of work and family life.

How the Law “Keeps the Money in the Family”: Lessons at the Intersection of Elder Care and Inheritance Disputes in Israel

This Article offers a qualitative examination of the ways in which Israeli legal actors reflect and construct cultural understandings of the relationship between inheritance and elder care in cases in which the deceased has bequeathed property to a caregiver. This Article demonstrates that Israeli courts and lawyers reinforce and promote a cultural schema of family as a pristine domain of unconditional love, albeit one that has been emptied of the daily responsibilities of fulfilling the basic physical needs of elderly kin. Such a cultural schema diminishes the traditional parameters of family responsibility in order to adapt to present circumstances of elder care, while continuing to privilege the custom of keeping money in the family. Hence, this article reveals how inheritance law supports and enhances class reproduction through the institution of the family.

Mapping Cultural Schemas: From Theory to Method

A growing body of research in sociology uses the concept of cultural schemas to explain how culture influences beliefs and actions. However, this work often relies on belief or attitude measures gleaned from survey data as indicators of schemas, failing to measure the cognitive associations that constitute schemas. In this article, we propose a concept-association-based approach for collecting data about individuals’ schematic associations, and a corresponding method for modeling concept network representations of shared cultural schemas. We use this method to examine differences between liberal and conservative schemas of poverty in the United States, uncovering patterns of associations expected based on previous research. Examining the structure of schematic associations provides novel insights to long-standing empirical questions regarding partisan attitudes toward poverty. Our method yields a clearer picture of what poverty means for liberals and conservatives, revealing how different concepts related to poverty indeed mean fundamentally different things for these two groups. Finally, we show that differences in schema structure are predictive of individuals’ policy preferences.

'He usually has what we call normal fevers': Cultural perspectives on healthy child growth in rural Southeastern Tanzania: An ethnographic enquiry.

IntroductionWhile parents’ construction of and actions around child growth are embedded in their cultural framework, the discourse on child growth monitoring (CGM) has been using indicators grounded in the biomedical model. We believe that for CGM to be effective, it should also incorporate other relevant socio-cultural constructs. To contribute to the further development of CGM to ensure that it reflects the local context, we report on the cultural conceptualization of healthy child growth in rural Tanzania. Specifically, we examine how caregivers describe and recognize healthy growth in young children, and the meanings they attach to these cultural markers of healthy growth.MethodsCaregivers of under-five children, including mothers, fathers, elderly women, and community health workers, were recruited from a rural community in Kilosa District, Southeastern Tanzania. Using an ethnographic approach and the cultural schemas theory, data for the study were collected through 19 focus group discussions, 30 in-depth interviews, and five key informant interviews. Both inductive and deductive approaches were used in the data analysis.ResultsParticipants reported using multiple markers for ascertaining healthy growth. These include ‘being bonge’ (chubby), ‘being free of illness’, ‘eating well’, ‘growing in height’, as well as ‘having good kilos’ (weight). Despite the integration of some biomedical concepts into the local conceptualization of growth, the meanings attached to these concepts are largely rooted in the participants’ cultural framework. For instance, a child’s weight is ascribed to the parents’ adherence to postpartum sex taboos and to the nature of a child’s bones. The study noted conceptual differences between the meanings attached to height from a biomedical and a local perspective. Whereas from a biomedical perspective the height increment is considered an outcome of growth, the participants did not see height as linked to nutrition, and did not believe that they have control over their child’s height.ConclusionsTo provide context-sensitive advice to mothers during CGM appointments, health workers should use a tool that takes into account the mothers’ constructs derived from their cultural framework of healthy growth. The use of this approach should facilitate communication between health professionals and caregivers during CGM activities, increase the uptake and utilization of CGM services, and, eventually, contribute to reduced levels of childhood malnutrition in the community.