Cultural-historical Approach Research Articles

Опыт построения эпистемологического пространства сообщительности концепций философии науки

The article presents the experience of building an epistemological space of communication of the concepts of the philosophy of science. Based on his experience of teaching philosophy of science at three universities, the author raises the question of the conditions for building such a space. One condition is the analysis of different approaches to constructing the concepts of science. The second is the correction of one’s own approach and understanding of science, which would take into account other approaches to the study of science and the results obtained in them. The concepts of K. Popper, T. Kuhn, S. Toulmin, I. Lakatos are chosen for correction. In addition, the author’s concept of science is presented, carried out within the framework of the cultural-historical approach and general methodology. The author distinguishes two start-ups of science - the ancient one, where the ‘genome of science’ is formed, and the new European one, in which science and its genome function as an ‘institution of modernity’ are presented. He shows that in the construction of the theory of science, an important role is played by problems arising in culture, their resolution with the help of schemes, the construction of ideal objects based on schemes and logic requirements, which allow building a theoretical discourse, solving problems within its framework, comprehending empirical material. The methodological analysis made it possible to state that the development of science is not only a law-like process, due to the change of cultures, personality traits of scientists and forms of understanding science (“conceptualization” of science), but also a singular process in which each historical step in the development of science brings unique features with it. (they can be described, but cannot be subsumed under the concepts of ‘law’ or ‘regularity’). These provisions correspond to the ideas about science by Popper, Kuhn, Toulmin and Lakatos. At the same time, the author shows that they set themselves the task of explaining scientific revolutions or the historical development of science, but they took modern natural science as the ideal of science, often referred to the situation of the formation of modern science to illustrate these processes, and replaced the historical study of science by constructing it as a constant mechanism.

Pro et contra of frontier interpretation of Sintashta antiquities (Bronze Age in the Southern Urals)

The practice of archaeological research often illustrates situations where the sum of facts does not corre-spond to the cultural-historical approach; it is impossible to squeeze this sum into the framework of the term “ar-chaeological culture”. Deviations from his canonical understanding of the term may relate to the duration of the phenomenon, its spatial distribution or the degree of stereotyping of material culture and rituals. The frontier can be one of the options for interpreting such non-standard groups of archaeological objects. The purpose of the study is to test the possibilities of using the concept for the interpretation of the Sintashta sites of the Bronze Age of the Southern Urals (the turn of 3rd — 2nd millennium cal BC) in the light of new data from a comprehensive study (paleogenetics, chronology, etc.). Sintashta settlements and cemeteries are located on the compact territory of the northern steppe: settlements in the Trans-Urals, the burial ground — on both sides of the Ural Mountains. Previous studies have accumulated a huge amount of data on all major aspects, but the general concept remains debatable. The new data comes from mass radiocarbon dating, which allowed to use Bayesian modeling. New data of mass radiocarbon dating confirm the brevity of the functioning of the Sintashta settlements and burial grounds, as well as the possibility of partial synchronization of this tradition with others. Paleogenetic analyzes (more than 50 samples) have shown the heterogeneity of the Sintashta population. Peleogenetic data made it possible to diagnose traces of a subtratian population absorbed by the main migratory group. In material culture, The evidences in material culture are not traced. The same data confirmed a special scenario for the formation of necropolises, weakly associated with the consanguinity of the buried individuals. Only 1/5 of the deceased turned out to be relatives of the first and second degree. The new data significantly complement the previously formulated crite-ria, which allow us to consider the group of Sintashta sites as a reflection of the situation of the frontier. The Sin-tashta society in the frontier was formed as complex society. But it did not have the prospect of forming statehood.

Activities of National Union of Artists of Ukraine in Development and Popularisation of Ukrainian Art in Wartime

The purpose of the work is to examine the basic principles and activities of the National Union of Artists of Ukraine (hereinafter – NUAU) and the Kyiv Organisation of the National Union of Artists of Ukraine (hereinafter – KONUAU) at the present stage, to identify relevant issues related to the development and popularisation of Ukrainian art, in particular during the period of full-scale war. The research methodology is in the application of systematic and cultural-historical approaches, combined with such methods as art history, analysis, synthesis, generalisation, description and comparison, which together help to achieve substantiated research results. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time a brief analysis of the activities of the NUAU and KONUAU was revealed in the context of an unfolding full-scale war was considered and presented, and the cultural and axiological potential of the union’s activities and the promotion of the achievements of contemporary Ukrainian artists, the affirmation of national identity, Ukrainian culture and art, which in times of war is not only a unifying factor, but also a means of expressing a civic position. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of creative events, exhibitions, and other cultural practices of the NUAU and KONUAU, the article reveals the cultural and axiological potential of the union's activities, which manifests itself in the transmission of artistic and cultural values inherent in Ukrainian art, which, especially during the war, through the efforts of the artists of the NUAU and KONUAU, is aimed at uniting civil society in the fight against Russian aggression, as well as in matters of practical volunteer activity, which is an extremely important component in the formation of national consciousness and patriotism.
 Key words: National Union of Artists of Ukraine, Kyiv Organisation of the National Union of Artists of Ukraine, Ukrainian art, national school of painting, thematic painting, historical painting, war, military aggression, artists.

Interrogating the notion of giving voice: designing for polyphony in game-based learning ecologies

ABSTRACT This paper illuminates how a young person and adults learned to design for robust learning in the context of video-game play. We argue that consequential learning can emerge through the intentional design of learning spaces where normative conceptions of novice and expert are re-imagined. Our analyses revealed that everyday digital game play was a rich zone of learning, fostering principled polyphony: the orchestration and symphonic arrangement of multiple voices and tools. Drawing on a cultural historical approach, we show how young people and adults create new social futures, through robust collaboration and the creation of syncretic sociotechnical arrangements.

Celebrating the victory and purification: halal-bihalal tradition in the Mangkunegaran Palace 1945-1978

This study aims to analyze the history of halal-bihalal gathering held in the Mangkunegaran Palace. The tradition was carried out distinctively during the Mangkunegara VIII era in 1945-1978. The period marked the shift from the Colonial era to the Independent era of Indonesia, resulting in the dynamics of procession and aim of halal-bihalal. The culture-historical approach was employed to determine the specific pattern of phenomenon and to understand the morphology of culture. The stages of historical method, namely heuristics, criticism, historiography, and interpretation, were done. The results of research based on the theory of symbolism and the role of power show that halal-bihalal gathering in the Mangkunegaran reflected the social classes in which the invited guests with upper social level occupied the very very important personal seats. Nevertheless, the event also brought positive impact since people from various backgrounds could gather peacefully and eliminate the conflicts among the classes. As an implication, the tradition was perceived as an important event and held regularly. It was also popular outside the palace and imitated by Islamic organizations using the same term, halal-bihalal.

Психологические особенности телесного опыта родильниц со здоровыми и с больными детьми: культурно-исторический подход в психосоматике

<p>From the standpoint of the cultural-historical approach in psychosomatics, physicality also changes in adulthood: in the situation of illness, aging, the birth of a child, etc., and factors that enrich bodily experience are highlighted. In the postpartum period, this factor may be the child's illness. The paper studies the bodily experience of maternity patients. It has been hypothesized that the bodily experience in the postpartum period changes compared to the usual one, and the bodily experience of maternity hospitals with sick children differs from that of maternity hospitals with healthy children. 136 women aged 19-30 took part in the work: women who do not have children, maternity hospitals with healthy children and maternity hospitals with sick children. The methods "Classification of sensations", "10 sensations", "Scale of sensations in the postpartum period", "Scale of vegetative perception", "Questionnaire for maternity hospitals", "Body attention questionnaire" were used. The features of the bodily experience of maternity hospitals with healthy children were revealed: the predominance of the number of physical descriptors over mental ones, etc., and with patients: increased concentration on the sensations from the child etc. The results reinforce the importance of the joint stay of the mother and the baby when placing him in the hospital.</p>

Literary Translation for New Soviet People: Anglophone Literature in Soviet Latvia of the 1950s−1960s

ABSTRACT The Soviet regime tended to play a crucial and decisive role in the transformation of people’s values. Latvia was subjected to different types of oppression, restriction and control and, as regards translation policy, was dependent on Moscow’s position. To grasp the scale of imperative activities – both conspicuously visible and masterfully veiled – taken by the regime authorities to ensure ideological indoctrination of society, institutional, individual and socio-cultural domains are to be examined and analysed. The present work studies, as an indispensable part of the translation policy implemented under the Soviet rule, important external structures of text – interpretation, facts – as represented in forewords and/or afterwords of Latvian publications of Anglophone literature issued in the years of 1953–1964, during the Khrushchev’s time, which can be characterised by the acute confrontation in the Cold War. To mould Latvians into New Soviet People – collectivistic, patriotic, loyal to the Communist Party – various channels to address the society were exploited. By applying the postcolonial perspective, culture-historical approach, and comparative method the research focuses on examining the ways the translated literature was manipulatively presented and represented in Soviet Latvia aimed at being included in the narrative of constructing a New Soviet Person.

Festival movement as a form of organizing academic and methodological activities of future special education teachers

The article considers the festival movement as a form of organization of academic and methodological activity of future special education teachers, sums up the main features and identifies specific features of festivals and contests as a type of cultural events of the Faculty of Defectology of MPSU. As the methods of research methods of a comprehensive approach, implementation of the cultural-historical approach, typological method, functional method, the method of structural analysis are used.

Theoretical aspects of modeling language education of preschool children in the modern educational environment

Introduction. The article gives an analytical overview of research investigations in the field of child language development and its methods. It is shown that traditional approaches to language development do not solve the main problems in the personality development of preschool children. On the basis of the analysis, contradictions are revealed and the research problem is substantiated, namely the need for a conceptual understanding of language education as a means of developing the child's personality. The purpose of this article is to search for and substantiate the theoretical and methodological bases for modeling the process of language education as a means of personality development of a child of preschool age. Materials and Methods. The research methodology is based on the ideas of a cultural-historical approach that describes the mechanisms of child development in the process of coming to terms with culture; axiological and sociocultural approaches that determine the content and direction of child development in culture; communicative and dialogical approaches that reveal the principles of organizing social and educational interactions between children, adults and peers. The system of research methods includes both theoretical (source analysis, terminological analysis, cross-cultural analysis of language teaching programs, scientific modeling) and empirical (questionnaires, analysis of pedagogical practices) ways of achieving the aims. The authors applied the modified version of O.S. Ushakova and A.I. Lavrentieva’s inventory for evaluating value-semantic aspects of preschool children’s speech. Results. The authors demonstrate the relevance and impact of developing theoretical aspects of modeling language education as a means of developing children's personality. This is determined by the role of speech development as the implementation of a language system, a means of communication, and a personal tool for self-development. The authors have revealed contradictions that determine the necessity and possibility to solve the research problem, which is associated with the conceptual understanding of language education as a means of developing the child's personality. The authors emphasize the key role of language in creating a unified value-semantic space for the consolidation of Russian society and the transmission of socio-cultural experience from generation to generation. The authors show the relationship between language and speech, comparing the functions of speech and the targets for educating a new generation of Russian citizens. This served as a source for determining key approaches - axiological, sociocultural and communicative, which are the bases for modeling language education of children. The authors revealed the essence of language education aimed at familiarizing children with traditional values of Russian society. The terms "language education" and "language development" are clarified. On this basis, a model of language education of preschool children has been constructed, including the following components: the purpose, objectives, principles, forms of interaction (communication), teaching methods, a system of conditions (social, activity-based, subject-spatial), which are required and sufficient for the successful solution of educational problems. A three-stage method of language education of preschool children in the educational environment is proposed. The essential characteristics of the educational environment, which are necessary for the successful implementation of the model, are described: axiological, content-rich, integrative, systematic, and predictive. Conclusions. The article concludes that conceptual understanding of language education and the rationale for theoretical and methodological foundations of modeling this process contribute to organizing favorable psychological and educational conditions aimed at developing the personality of a preschool child. Language education, organized on the basis of the presented model, becomes an integrating link in ensuring the unity and interconnection of the main directions of teaching and learning within preschool education. The proposed model of organizing children's activities and communication with adults and peers facilitates moral education of preschool children with the focus on traditional Russian values.

The problem of subjectivity in the health care of a pre-schooler

The article reveals subjectivity as a fundamental problem of developing and health-preserving education of preschool children, the dialectic of which reveals itself in the concept of joint subject activity; an attempt is made to approach the understanding of the fundamental question of health psychology, developmental psychology, developmental and health-preserving pedagogy: How to carry out pedagogical influences against the background of high rates of physical and mental development of preschool children, high sensitivity of the child’s body and psyche to environmental influences, rather low indicators of the child’s health? The answers to these questions are supposed to be obtained through the methodology of interdisciplinary research based on the ideas of evolutionism of scientific knowledge and cultural-historical approach aimed at creating a holistic picture of the health and development of the child through the prism of the formation of his or her subjectivity. The initial theoretical positions of scientific reflection are the idea formed in Russian psychology about health as a complex phenomenon associated with the spiritual growth of a person, their comprehension of the meaning of their existence and the practically achievable norm of child development (V. A. Ananyev, B. S. Bratus, V. T. Kudryavtsev, B. B. Egorov, Yu. I. Rodin); philosophical teachings about man in culture (M. K. Mamardashvili), about the ideal in the interpretation of E. V. Ilyenkov; provisions developed in cultural and historical psychology about activity as a process and result of socio-historical human development (L. S. Vygotsky, A. R. Luria, V. V. Davydov, etc.); E. V. Ilyenkov’s understanding of the jointly-divided objective activity as an objective reality and a unit of socio-historical production; D. B. Elkonin’s position on the movement of the child from the contextuality of objective comprehension of the world to comprehending the meaning of objective activity through the mediation of an adult and their development by D. B. Elkonin and V. V. Rubtzov. The conclusion is that the formation of the child subjectivity is an essential condition of joint developmental and health-care activity of an adult and a child.

Психологическая природа обобщений

<p>The article analyzes the fundamental problem, known in philosophy as the problem of universals, and in psychology as the problem of the essence and types of generalizations. The authors point to the internal inconsistency and lack of persuasiveness of the traditional interpretation of the nature of generalizations proposed by Aristotle. All modern psychology, as indicated in the article, remains a prisoner of the empirical way of generating the general, imposed by the Stagirite. The authors see ways to solve the problem of generalizations in the paradoxical formula proposed by L.S. Vygotsky, who argued that generalization and communication are two sides of the same time. According to this formula, as we communicate, so we generalize, and vice versa. Guided by the most important principle of the cultural-historical approach - the principle of historicism, the authors consider the origin and essence of generalizations in ontogeny. The article highlights and discusses six types of sequentially emerging generalizations. The very first generalization that appears in young children, which can be called primary, sheds light on the inner nature and essence of generalizations, which are a folded program of actions to achieve the goal generated by the child. The next type and level of generalizations can be named after L.S. Vygotsky, worldly concepts and ideas. They differ significantly from the empirical generalizations imposed on children by existing educational methods and programs. According to the authors, the child's mastery of certain levels and types of generalizations is a natural process of development of the psyche and consciousness. At the turn of preschool and primary school age, children develop theoretical thinking with a predominant focus on the mode of action; in the middle grades, they master functional generalizations and a functional style of thinking. In older adolescence and youthful age, opportunities open up for them to familiarize themselves with the scientific and philosophical level of thinking, thanks to the scientific and philosophical types of generalizations. The development of generalizations in the cultural-historical theory is an internal, and, therefore, an essential characteristic of the development of human consciousness.</p>

Роль родительских представлений о своем сне и сне ребенка в регуляции сна и бодрствования у детей 5—13 лет: культурно-исторический подход в психосоматике

<p>From perspective of cultural-historical approach in psychosomatics, the psychological regulation of a child's sleep and wakefulness is developed in children in interaction with significant adults. The aim was to reveal the relationship between dysfunctional beliefs of parents about their own sleep and its vulnerability as well as their violations of sleep hygiene and parental beliefs about the sleep of their children aged 5-13, the beliefs of the children about their sleep and their quality of sleep and wakefulness. 147 pairs of "parent-child 5-13 years old without diagnosed sleep disorders" participated (47 pairs with a child 5-6 years old, 49 pairs with a child 7-9 years old, 51 pairs with a child 10-13 years old). Parents answered questions about their child's sleep pattern, filled children's sleep habits questionnaire, dysfunctional beliefs about sleep and sleep vulnerability scales about their own and their child's sleep, insomnia severity index, and a scale of behavioral factors of sleep disturbances about their own sleep. Children answered the questions of children's self-report about their sleep, dysfunctional beliefs about and vulnerability of their sleep scales, pediatric sleepiness scale. According to the analysis of mediation, dysfunctional perceptions of parents about their own sleep are indirectly associated with sleepiness and sleep difficulties in children, since they increase the likelihood of the same perceptions of parents about their children's sleep. Sleepiness, according to the children appraisals, is additionally indirectly related to the dysfunctional beliefs of parents about their sleep through the mediation of the child's beliefs about their sleep. Parents' beliefs about their sleep vulnerability are associated with children's poorer sleep and sleepiness, as they increase the likelihood of the child's sleep vulnerability beliefs, which, in turn, increase the likelihood of the child's own perceptions of the vulnerability of his sleep. The data are consistent with the perspective of the psychology of physicality about the development of the psychological regulation of sleep and wakefulness of the child in interaction with significant adults.</p>

‘It’s the little bits that you have enabled me to see’. Reconceptualising the voices of babies using the video interaction dialogue model with early years educators

ABSTRACT Grounded in Froebelian Principles, infused with Bakhtin’s Dialogism, this paper draws from a larger ethnographic doctoral study to illuminate the way seven Early Childhood Educators based in England reflect on, and reconceptualise the voices of babies through engagement with a new reflective model, Video Interaction Dialogue (VID). Through a process of rewinding and slowing down time, individuals reflected on the emotional dimensions of interactions with babies to uncover how their voices manifest in practice. Conflict between personal dispositions, professional responsibility and opposing forces in the broader environmental climate occurred but, stepping back from authoritative, regulated pressures in the nursery environment promoted opportunities for new ways of thinking to emerge. Analysis of data was framed within a Cultural Historical Wholeness Approach, examining societal, institutional, and personal dimensions. Three dominating themes emerged: Reconceptualization of babies’ voice and agency, Empowerment, Reaffirmed value in professional role. Fundamentally, educators embarked on a journey becoming highly conscious of their own actions enacting an increased integrity and confidence to reframe the voice of babies as a valued aspect of institutional practice.

Танец и личность

The article is devoted to the problem of personal involvement in dance activity. The author applies an interdisciplinary research methodology: on the one hand, a semiotic analysis of the dance language is carried out and the features of the dance sign are considered, on the other hand, a psychological description of the dancer’s personality is given, a psychological portrait is created. According to the methodology of the cultural-historical approach, the sign is taken in its instrumental function and orientation. The author puts forward a hypothesis about the dual orientation of the dance movement as an expressive language: orientation on the viewer as a visual component of the sign and on the dancer himself through the kinesthetic component. The material of dance as a type of artistic activity is the body of the dancer, which undergoes reinterpretation and symbolization. Not only the body, but also the whole personality can become the material of dance, it can be included and transformed in the course of the dance activity. The bi-directionality of the dance sign can lead to a discrepancy, a rupture of the function of the dance movement, which is expressed in an object relation to one’s own body, in strict control of movements and the non-involvement of the emotional and sensual sphere of the individual in the dance activity. Stage forms of dance contribute more to this discrepancy, developing mainly motor technique in isolation from the semantic side of movement and focusing on the visual expressiveness of dance. On the other hand, ceremonial, sacred, ritual dances, many forms of modern free dance contribute to the integral inclusion of a person in the dance and are aimed at transforming the personality in plastic action. On the basis of biographical material, the destinies of outstanding dancers and dance teachers are analyzed. It is shown how an object attitude to one’s own body and one’s own personality can lead to an internal split and loss of subjectivity. A contradiction may arise between a person’s experience in dance and her/his behavior in real life. It is removed under the condition that a person carries out a transformative activity – work on himself/herself.

“Ideology and simultaneously more than mere ideology”: On Habermas’ reflections and hypotheses on a further structural transformation of the political public sphere

“Ideology and simultaneously more than mere ideology”: On Habermas’ reflections and hypotheses on a further structural transformation of the political public sphere

Science education in a world in crisis: contributions from the South to a defense of a cultural–historical approach in science teaching

Science education in a world in crisis: contributions from the South to a defense of a cultural–historical approach in science teaching

Playing Online as Preparation for Mathematics: The Cultural-Historical Approach as an Alternative to Constructivism.

While the traditional method of teaching consists of repetition and memorization, the constructivist theory proposes independent discovery and free play. The cultural-historical approach, on the other hand, does not insist on the early introduction of formal mathematics as implicit or explicit knowledge. According to this outlook, important psychological developmental is necessary for the child before he/she can learn mathematics in primary school. To present a methodology for organizing the play activity of children of preschool age by introducing symbolic means on the materialized and perceptual levels as an essential aspect of preparation for learning mathematical concepts in primary school. The experiment consisted in pedagogical work in the online modality by the authors at a private college in the city of Puebla, Mexico. Eighteen children from three levels of preschool education (from three to six years old) participated in 45-minute sessions three times per week. There were six children from each preschool level. It was shown that playing with roles online allows children at least partially to include different symbolic means in their activity. This allows the children not only to satisfy their curiosity and be positively engaged in the topic of the play, but also to develop symbolic functions as preparation for intellectual actions with numerical content in primary school. The article shows a feasible way to organize preschool play with roles online and thus to scaffold the formation of children's imagination and ability to use symbolic means, which is important for future learning. The cultural-historical approach offers useful guidelines here, although more research is needed to support the development of children's symbolic function within math-specific activity, based on activity theory applied to learning.

German Colonial Guerilla Warfare in German East Africa and the “China Matter” at the First World War

Robert Gaudi's book about the German guerilla warfare in East Africa led by General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck is a monography of military history in cultural historical approach.

The functions of literary allusions in Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats by T. S. Eliot

This article deals with the functions of literary allusions in Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats by T. S. Eliot. The material of the study is the book of verses included into the annotated anthology The Poems of T. S. Eliot. Vol. 2. Practical Cats and Further Verses (2015) compiled and edited by the leading contemporary Eliot scholars, British-American researcher Sir Christopher Ricks and renowned British critic and publisher Jim McCue. In this paper, the author considers different types of allusions in T. S. Eliot’s poems and determine their specificity. This has required using cultural historical approach and methods of literary structural analyses. The purpose of the study is to confirm that the intertextuality of Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats is represented by a new type of allusiveness, which is an important element of modernist aesthetics. Intertextuality in T. S. Eliot’s book of verses is a complex system of connections between texts and phenomena of various cultural and historical layers. Allusions change the status of the texts of the book, make them heterogeneous and help to expand their figurative structure. A characteristic feature of Eliot’s modernist allusion is its multi-composition where one and the same image can be correlated to various literary texts and cultural eras. The intertextuality of Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats proves that these verses were addressed for an adult audience as well, since only an intellectually “savvy” reader familiar with a wide range of literature and art works, various cultural traditions and historical eras is able to understand the different textual levels and the artistic intentions of the poet.

Подход Е.О. Смирновой к оценке игрушек для детей

Background. [is paper presents the concept of psychological and pedagogical expertise of games and toys, developed under the guidance of Elena Smirnova. Elaboration of the concept is due to the fact that a toy is an important tool of children’s play and, according to many studies, has an impact on its formation and development. At the same time, the modern toy market has changed signi\cantly over the past decades and requires to be studied by specialists. [ere are several publications on the psychological and pedagogical evaluation of games and toys developed under E.O. Smirnova’s guidance. However, the Concept has been repeatedly changed and developed which was not re]ected in publications (the last work dates back to 2017). [is article is intended to \ll this gap. Objective. [is paper describes the Concept, methodology and procedure of psychological and pedagogical examination of games and toys developed under the guidance of E.O. Smirnova. Results. [e Concept of expertise is based on the cultural-historical approach and activity theory. A toy is considered as a tool for children’s play in broad sense, especially created by adults. Toys are classi\ed into 4 types of activity: play as such, productive activity, cognitive-explorative activity, and physical activity. Each kind of activity includes types united by speci\c features, goals and tools. Psychological and pedagogical evaluation of toys includes 4 evaluation parameters: ethical, aesthetical, operational-technical, and developmental potential of play action. [e result of expertise is the attribution of the toy to a certain activity type and age group. Conclusions. [e Concept of psychological and pedagogical evaluation of toys, created under the leadership of E.O. Smirnova, is based on key concepts and advances of cultural-historical psychology and activity theory. [e Concept can serve as a basis for research in this area, expanding and clarifying the ideas of science about the impact of games, play and subject tools on the development of children.