Cultural Significance Research Articles

Genotype by Environment Interaction Using AMMI, GGE Biplot and Multivariate Analysis of Nepalese Aromatic Rice Landraces

Aromatic group of rice comprises fine, medium, long and extra-long grain that has rich in agro-biodiversity, carries historical and cultural significance in Nepalese society. The objective was to identify stable, high-yielding aromatic rice landraces for Nepal Thirty aromatic rice landraces including two released varieties as standard checks were evaluated at three locations during 2020 and 2021. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The combined analysis of variance indicated differences among genotypes and genotype-environment interactions for grain yield. The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis revealed that genotypic effects for 69%, genotype × environment interaction effects for 28% and environmental effects accounted for 3% of the total sum of squares. Similarly, GGE biplot analysis showed that the principal components (PC1 and PC2) accounted for 53% and 47% of the GGE sum of squares, respectively. Based on AMMI1, AMMI2 biplots, and GGE biplots, the genotypes Samba Masuli Sub-1 and Sugandhit Dhan-1 were identified as the high yielding and stable fine and aromatic rice landraces. Other promising genotypes are Damari Dhan, Tilki, Hiupuri, Kalo Basmati, Gouriya, and Brahmamusi Dhan. Specifically, Samba Masuli Sub-1 demonstrated the highest grain yield performance at the NRRP, Hardinath, while Sunaulo Sugandha and Balamsari Dhan excelled in the Tarahara and Khajura environments, respectively. In PCA analysis, four PCs showed significant eigen value >1.0 contributing more than 84% of total variance. Biplot analysis reflected that 1000 grain weight, panicle length, heading and maturity days, and grain yield showed greater variation among the landraces. The results provide a robust basis for the further evaluation and verification of this findings in advance stage trials. The superior and outstanding landraces with higher yields and aroma are potential future varieties that can be either use directly as varieties after selection or utilize in future breeding programs for the development of new aromatic rice varieties.

Stability Assessment of the Maltravieso Cave (Caceres, Spain) Through Engineering Rock Mass Classification, Empirical, Numerical and Remote Techniques

Caves have long fascinated humanity, serving as shelters, canvases for artistic expression and now significant attractions in the realm of tourism. Among these remarkable geological formations, the Maltravieso cave in Extremadura, Spain, stands out for its rich archaeological and paleontological heritage, particularly its collection of Paleolithic rock art. Despite its cultural significance, there is a notable dearth of studies addressing the stability of the cave from an engineering perspective. This article presents a pioneering study aimed at assessing the stability of the Maltravieso cave through a multidisciplinary approach: using empirical geomechanical classifications such as the Q Index, Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and the recently formulated Cave Geomechanical Index (CGI), alongside other techniques like Structure from Motion (SfM), 2D numerical modeling and 3D wedge analysis. This research aims to fill the gap in our opinion of cave stability assessment. By combining field data collection with sophisticated analysis methods, this study seeks to provide valuable insights into the geomechanical properties of the Maltravieso cave and validate a simple yet effective methodology for evaluating the stability of natural caves. This work not only contributes to the body of knowledge regarding cave geomechanics but also underscores the importance of preserving these invaluable cultural and geological treasures for future generations.

The Framework of Modeling Buddhist Head in 3D with Semantic Information

Abstract. Buddhist statues hold profound spiritual and cultural significance, yet their comprehensive analysis and identification remain largely reliant on manual annotation and expert scrutiny. Despite advancements in 3D modeling, the nuanced representation of these statues, essential for automated analysis, remains elusive. Integrating semantic information such as symbolic and cultural elements poses a further challenge. There currently exists no standardized method for modeling Buddhist heads in 3D with semantic information. This paper proposes a framework for the component-based analysis of Buddhist statues, particularly focusing on their heads, to bridge this gap. Drawing from diverse disciplines including archaeology, art history, and conservation, the framework leverages advancements in 3D reconstruction to provide a detailed depiction of intricate features. Building upon existing research outcomes, the framework facilitates the seamless integration of semantic information, capturing not only the physical attributes but also the cultural, historical, and spiritual dimensions of these sculptures. This approach aids in overcoming challenges in automated analysis and virtual restoration, providing a dynamic tool for exploration, preservation, and interpretation of cultural heritage. By enabling interdisciplinary synergy, the framework emerges as a dynamic tool for exploring, preserving, and interpreting the profound heritage of Buddhist art with unprecedented depth and clarity.

The Symbolic Meaning and Cultural Consumption of Virtual Celebrities in the New Media Environment: A Case Study of White Snake: Afloat

With the transformation of the media environment, the star system is also evolving, and virtual celebrities are increasingly visible in the public eye, playing dual roles. The relationship between virtual celebrities and new media is mutually beneficial: new media provides stable channels for promoting virtual celebrities, while the cultural and economic benefits brought by virtual celebrities inspire research into the creation and use of new media. The virtual celebrities in the film White Snake: Afloat offer a typical case for studying the symbolic meaning and cultural consumption of virtual celebrities. By analyzing the role of virtual celebrities in White Snake: Afloat, we can understand the relationship between the star system and media development, how virtual celebrities expand the fan economy in the market, promote the long tail effect in the film industry, and the reasons behind virtual celebrities as a symbol of mass aesthetics, thereby advancing the inheritance and development of traditional culture.

Post-Earthquake Survey of Bagmati River Seepage Through Physicochemical Analysis of Water

Bagmati river has a great cultural, economic and mythological significance. It has also been related to the civilization of Kathmandu valley. Due to the rapid and unmanaged urbanization and industrialization the river has been heavily polluted leading to the water borne hazards and water shortage problem in the capital. Amidst this problem there was a major earthquake in Kathmandu in 2015 which disturbs the land masses in the valley. This research was conducted to assess the physico-chemical parameters of Bagmati river water and ground water from its corridor at about 50 m and 100 m distance for comparison to detect the post-earthquake seepage status of river water from October 2019 to March 2020. In total 10 sites (A-J) were selected from Gokarna to Chovar. From each site 1 river and 2 ground water samples at approximately about 50 m and 100 m radial distance from river were taken. The range of temperature, turbidity, conductivity, TDS, pH, chloride, total hardness, total acidity, total alkalinity, total iron content, total ammonia content, dissolved oxygen content and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were recorded to be 13-22 ºC, 150.5-395.5 NTU, 121.1-825 μs/cm, 77.56-528 ppm, 6.5-7.84, 4.97-114.3 mg/l, 34-180 mg/l, 10-224 mg/l, 70-382 mg/l, 0.55-4.156 mg/l, 5-150 mg/l, 0-4.5 mg/l and 5.35-320 mg/l respectively for river water samples and 16-21 ºC, 3.8-52.1 NTU, 25.2-745 μs/cm, 16-476.8 ppm, 6.08-7.61, 5.68-134.9 mg/l, 6-328 mg/l, 10-140 mg/l, 30-340 mg/l, 0.02-5.101 mg/l, 0.026-0.9 mg/l, 2.63-8.1 mg/l and 1.62-16.3 mg/l respectively for ground water samples at 50 m distance from river and 16-20 ºC, 3.1-60 NTU, 25.6-697 μs/cm, 12.8-446.08 ppm, 5.49-8.78, 5.68-44.02 mg/l, 10-300 mg/l, 10-160 mg/l, 14-294 mg/l, 0.015-4.37 mg/l, 0.028-0.54 mg/l, 3.1-8.7 mg/l and 0.63-14.2 mg/l respectively for ground water samples at 100 m distance from the river. As there were significant differences in turbidity, chloride, total acidity, iron, ammonia and BOD among Bagmati and ground water samples, direct mixing of polluted Bagmati river water with nearby ground waters through seepage was not detected. Thus, irrespective of earlier condition, the land masses near the Bagmati territory has not been affected so as to allow deeper seepage of river water by the earthquake of 2015.

Into the Narrative Soil: Prose Translation, Modernity, and Global Shakespeare

ABSTRACT In the early years of the twentieth century, the translations of Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare were foremost in introducing Shakespeare into China. Other countries, particularly those in Asia, also came to know Shakespeare through the Lambs’ adaptations. In this article, I examine why prose translations of Tales were so successful in being accepted in Asia. These translations were part of the tale traditions of the target literatures and served as a force of modernisation in the receiving countries. They created a global Shakespeare with mass appeal. By exploring Tales and its prose translations in a manner that recognises their cultural, social, and historical significance, this article provides new insights into the part that prose translation plays in diverse systems.

Preventive Preservation of Rammed Earth Historical Heritage Through Continuous Monitoring, Architectural Inspections, and Data Fusion

Rammed earth construction, an ancient and sustainable building technique, faces significant preservation challenges, particularly in historical contexts. This study aims to enhance the preventive preservation of rammed earth historical heritage through a comprehensive methodology combining continuous monitoring, architectural inspections, and data fusion. By integrating nondestructive testing techniques such as ultrasound, thermography, and ground-penetrating radar with operational modal analysis and modeling, the proposed approach allows for early detection and assessment of structural vulnerabilities. This methodology was applied to the Tower of Muhammad in the Alhambra of Granada, Spain, demonstrating its effectiveness in identifying and quantifying damage and predicting structural health. Using multi-source data (documentation, inspections, nondestructive tests, and continuous monitoring), a finite element model was built, calibrated (achieving an avg. error in modal frequencies of 1.28% and a minimum modal assurance criterion value of 0.94), and used to develop a surrogate model able to predict the modal properties of the tower in 0.02 s, becoming compatible with continuous system identification. The presented results highlight the importance of continuous data acquisition and advanced diagnostic tools for safeguarding rammed earth structures against environmental and anthropogenic threats. This study advocates for the adoption of digital twins in historical preservation, facilitating informed decision-making and sustainable management of cultural heritage.

Promotion Strategies of Traditional Chinese Sports and Sports Commitment of Athletes in Selected Universities in Henan, China

This study evaluates the implications of strategic initiatives in cultural preservation, modernization, public awareness, policy support, international collaboration, and health and wellness integration on student engagement, drawing from the "Healthy China 2030 Plan Outline" and the cultural significance of traditional Chinese sports. Enjoyment, organizational support, and psychological interventions are crucial in maintaining sports commitment. The research identifies a substantial positive association between effective promotional techniques, especially those emphasizing cultural preservation and public knowledge, and increased levels of sports commitment. The results indicate that promotional strategies consistent with the core values of traditional Chinese sports can increase student engagement, so supporting the overarching objectives of the "Healthy China" project by fostering physical and mental wellness. The study suggests that focused, culturally aware promotional techniques are vital for maintaining and enhancing interest in traditional Chinese sports in the collegiate context.

Exploring Betel Quid Chewing Among Orang Asli: A Qualitative Study.

Betel quid chewing is a culturally significant practice among the indigenous people (Orang Asli) in Malaysia, but it poses serious health risks, including oral cancer and systemic diseases. Studies on betel quid chewing are limited, making it difficult to develop effective public health interventions. This study aimed to explore the cultural significance, perceived health effects, and misconceptions surrounding betel quid chewing among the indigenous people, assess their awareness of health risks, and explore factors influencing their intentions to quit or reduce betel quid chewing. A qualitative phenomenological design was used, with five groups of Focus Group Discussions conducted with 15 participants from an Orang Asli village in Johor. The discussions revealed that betel quid chewing is deeply embedded in Orang Asli culture, often beginning in childhood and associated with social and ceremonial occasions. However, awareness of health risks, particularly oral cancer, was inconsistent. Social support and personal motivation were critical in influencing quitting behaviors. These findings highlight the need for culturally tailored cessation programs that address the unique social and environmental factors influencing betel quid use in this population.

The French-language translated book of Russia of the second third of the 18th century: features of the repertoire and importance for book culture

Importance. The beginning of the process of interaction between Russian and French book cultures was laid by the era of the Europeanisation of Peter I. The Russian autocrat tirelessly sought to bring his country among the leading countries of the world, to smooth out the difference between Russia and the West. The nobility, the most educated stratum of society at that time, was to become the main conductor of the reformer’s advanced aspirations. The aim of the research is to study the significance for the Russian book culture of the French–language translated book of the second third of the 18th century.Materials and Methods. The comparative historical method makes it possible to establish the correlation of the role of French literature in the distribution of printed materials in the Russian Empire. The use of the comparative analysis method, which made it possible to comprehensively study the role of foreign literature in the bookselling process in the Russian Empire of the 18th century, plays an important role in the study.Results and Discussion. The inclusion of a work in the publishing list was conditioned by the community demand, which allows us to speak about the development of the book culture of Russia in the second quarter of the 18th century. In order to capture readers’ mood better, the specialists of the Academy of Sciences found out the specialists’ opinion about publications.Conclusion. By the middle of the 18th century, the Academy of Sciences had prepared translations of valuable treatises on history, literature, mathematics, psychology and pedagogy, enriching Russian book culture with advanced European bestsellers. This period of the Academy’s activity should be regarded as a new stage in the development of book printing in Russia, which created significant prerequisites for the rapid rise of interest in French culture in the second half of the 18th century.

Heritage Making in Former Socialist Towns in Hungary

AbstractCentral and Eastern European countries generally view their socialist heritage as an unwanted, unpleasant burden. The new identity-building processes after the regime change were initially dominated by efforts to rewrite, suppress, or erase the socialist past, while for Western tourists the consumption of key attractions and sites of the built heritage represents a particular form of heritage tourism through which they can experience a slice of an “exotic” past beyond the Iron Curtain. At the national and local levels, there is a vast dissonance between the material heritage of socialism and the identity and aspirations of post-socialist communities, which is even more evident in the case of newly-built, former socialist towns. Through the example of Tiszaújváros and Dunaújváros, my study primarily examines the institutional strategies chosen by these towns to address their socialist heritage. What principles prevailed in the compilation of the local collection of values? What kind of representation of the past do local museums offer, what role does the ethnographic heritage of the annexed villages play in museum presentation and collection, and how are local/regional traditions integrated into the town's image? Finally, through a specific community of memory, a Facebook page, I examine how the recent past appears in individual and collective – often nostalgic – memory, what values the community associates with the town, and how all these relate to the heritagization practices of the local elite.

Social Networks as a Tool for Promoting Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukrainian Regions (based on the materials of the information and communication content of Vinnytsia Regional Centre of Folk Art)

The purpose of the article is to comprehensively investigate the materials of the informational and communicative content of the Internet site and Facebook page of the Vinnytsia Regional Centre of Folk Art and to reveal the essential aspects of the use of social networks in the conditions of a full-scale invasion as an effective tool for the presentation and popularisation of the intangible cultural heritage of Vinnytsia as a region of Central Ukraine. The research methodology consists of general scientific and specific cultural approaches, principles and methods of scientific knowledge. The systemic-structural approach was applied to the study of the organisational and methodological activities of the Vinnytsia Regional Centre of Folk Art, aimed at popularising the intangible cultural heritage of the region. The internal connections and interaction of various components of the cultural and educational activity of the Centre for Cultural and Educational Activities, aimed at the presentation and popularisation of intangible cultural heritage in the conditions of a full-scale invasion, are revealed by the results of monitoring the materials of the Internet pages of the Centre (the Internet site and Facebook pages). Formal and comparative methods were used to analyse the institutional features of work in the Vinnytsia region as a region of Central Ukraine. The method of content analysis was used to generalise the publications of the Internet site and the information of the Facebook page of the Vinnytsia Regional Centre of Folk Art, dedicated to the intangible cultural heritage of Vinnytsia, contributed to the objective determination of the main thematic trends related to the investigated problem. The scientific novelty consists in substantiating, revealing and proving the effectiveness of the use of social networks as a really effective tool for expanding the role of regional centres of folk creativity in the presentation and popularisation of the intangible cultural heritage of Vinnytsia in the information field, in particular in the conditions of a full-scale invasion. On the basis of a practical study of the materials of the informational and communicative content of the Internet site and Facebook page of the Vinnytsia Regional Centre of Folk Art, the traditional culture of Vinnytsia, which contains a preserved living folk artistic culture with a classical / traditional folklore paradigm. The interaction of the Vinnytsia regional centre of folk creativity with institutions, cultural institutions and the external environment in the matter of preservation and popularisation of the intangible cultural heritage of Vinnytsia region was revealed. Conclusions. Summarising the positive experience on the materials of the information and communication content of the Vinnytsia Regional Centre of Folk Art (website and Facebook page) demonstrated concrete achievements in the presentation, popularisation and preservation of the intangible cultural heritage of Vinnytsia in the conditions of a full-scale invasion. It is argued that the digital representation of the content of the intangible cultural heritage of the regions of Ukraine, in particular Central Ukraine, in social networks is a really effective tool for popularising the intangible cultural heritage in the information field. It is concluded that the traditional culture of Vinnytsia contains a preserved living folk artistic culture with a classical / traditional folklore paradigm. It was noted that the employees of centres of folk creativity need to have the skills to work in the spheres of SEO and SMM, which requires constant improvement of professional qualifications and stimulation of scientific and creative approaches in this direction and is a continuously relevant requirement of the time.

Precision detection and identification method for apparent damage in timber components of historic buildings based on portable LiDAR equipment

For the purpose of preservation and restoration of historic timber buildings, it is critical that damage to timber components must be detected and identified accurately since proper detection and identification lay the foundation for scientific utilization and preservation of cultural heritage. Portable smart devices with integrated LiDAR sensor technology have significantly advanced, enabling them to be major pedestals for damage detection. An iPhone Pro based technique is therefore suggested for the precise detection and diagnosis of apparent damage to the timber components. The study consists of three major procedures. First, an apparent data collection of the timber components was conducted. A high-resolution triangular mesh model was utilized for precision detection and identification. Point cloud and texture data were the main constituents of this data collection. Second, a technique for image processing and apparent damage analysis was proposed for crack detection in historic timber buildings. This approach can be used to identify, recognize,and assess damage to timber components such as cracks, rotting, and knots. Finally, actual measurements of the timber components in Datong, Shanxi Province, at the Great Temple Corner, proved the effectiveness of the iPhone 12 Pro as a substitute approach to the conventional inspection equipment. The findings indicate that the iPhone 12 Pro, which has a built-in LiDAR sensor, performs exceptionally well in terms of effectiveness, accuracy, and graphical interpretation when identifying apparent damage to historic timber components. Moreover, it has the potential to substitute traditional measurement, 3D scanning, and other detection and identification techniques. Even though damage detection and identification of historical timber buildings has reached a mature stage in terms of portable, refined, and digital transformation, such technique can serve as a compatible addition as a safe, affordable, and paradigm shifting technical solution for detection and identification of historic building components.

Correction: Vibrations and cultural heritage preservation: a new approach to protect objects

Correction: Vibrations and cultural heritage preservation: a new approach to protect objects

Forgotten Ecological Corridors: A GIS Analysis of the Ditches and Hedges in the Roman Centuriation Northeast of Padua

Studying historical rural landscapes beyond their archaeological and cultural significance, as has typically been addressed in previous research, is important in the context of current environmental challenges. Some historical rural landscapes, such as Roman land divisions, have persisted for more than 2000 years and may still contribute to sustainability goals. To assess this topic, the hydraulic and vegetation network of the centuriation northeast of Padua were studied, emphasising their multiple benefits. Their length, distribution, and evolution over time (2008–2022) were vectorised and measured using available digital terrain models and orthophotographs in a geographic information system (GIS). The results revealed a significant decline in the length of water ditches and hedgerows across almost all examined areas, despite their preservation being highlighted in regional and local spatial planning documents. These findings indicate the need for a better understanding of the local dynamics driving such trends and highlight the importance of adopting a more tailored approach to their planning. This study discusses the GIS metrics utilised and, in this way, contributes to landscape monitoring and restoration actions. Finally, a multifunctional approach to the sustainable planning of this area is proposed here—one that integrates the cultural archaeological heritage in question with environmental preservation and contemporary climate adaptation and mitigation strategies.

Exploring Saffron's Therapeutic Potential: Insights on Phytochemistry, Bioactivity, and Clinical Implications.

Saffron, derived from the Crocus sativus plant, has been revered for centuries for its culinary, medicinal, and cultural significance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of saffron's chemical constituents and phytochemistry, elucidating its rich profile of bioactive compounds. Emphasis is placed on exploring the bio-accessibility, bioavailability, and bioactivity of saffron's phytochemicals, laying the foundation for understanding its pharmaceutical significance. The pharmaceutical importance of saffron and its phytochemicals is thoroughly examined, focusing on their diverse therapeutic properties. These include anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, learning and memory enhancement, cardiovascular, and antihypertensive properties. Such multifaceted pharmacological activities underscore saffron's potential as a valuable medicinal resource. Clinical studies investigating the efficacy and safety of saffron in various health conditions are synthesized, providing insights into its clinical applications. Moreover, toxicity assessments in animal models, encompassing acute, subacute, subchronic, and developmental toxicity, are discussed to delineate the safety profile of saffron and its bioactive constituents. Finally, recent advances and future perspectives in saffron research are highlighted, underscoring emerging trends and potential avenues for further exploration. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers, clinicians, and stakeholders interested in harnessing the therapeutic potential of saffron while ensuring its safe and effective utilization in healthcare settings.

Sustainable Spatial Features of Settlements along the Miao Frontier Wall and Miao Frontier Corridor Analyzed through Machine Learning Clustering

This study employed unsupervised machine learning clustering algorithms to systematically analyze the spatial layout characteristics of residential buildings in villages along the Miao Frontier Wall and Miao Frontier Corridor in Western Hunan. The results indicated significant differences between the two regions in terms of the number of building clusters, distribution patterns, and compactness. A comparative analysis of the K-means and DBSCAN algorithms revealed that K-means is more effective in uncovering the internal spatial layout characteristics of settlements. Further analysis showed that villages along the Miao Frontier Wall exhibited greater diversity and complexity, whereas those along the Miao Frontier Corridor demonstrated higher clustering efficiency and denser internal building distribution. These differences can be attributed to variations in historical functions, geographical environments, planning concepts, and social structures. This research uncovers the spatial layout patterns of traditional settlements and proposes a machine learning-based approach to cultural heritage preservation, providing a theoretical foundation for future heritage conservation and spatial optimization, thereby promoting the sustainable development and protection of traditional cultural heritage.

Ostrich eggshell bead-making in East Africa: a study of crafting in the El Molo community, Kenya

ABSTRACT Ostrich eggshell beads have been produced by African societies for over 50,000 years and are still used in East Africa and elsewhere, yet the only well-documented ethnographic record of their manufacture comes from San and Bakgalagadi communities in the Kalahari region of southern Africa. Even so, some aspects of their social significance have not been extensively explored. In particular, research on ostrich eggshell beads in southern Africa has historically focused largely on the use of beads in exchange contexts with less emphasis on their use in bodily adornment or the social contexts of manufacture and consumption. This paper reports on the production process and cultural significance of ostrich eggshell beads among the El Molo community of Marsabit County, Kenya. Undertaken as part of the British Museum’s Endangered Materials Knowledge Program (EMKP), this project used unstructured interviews, participatory videos, photography and note-taking to document the entire process of ostrich eggshell bead manufacture, including the collection of hammer stones (soit), the making of strings (arkat) for stringing the beads, the breaking of shells, shaping and rounding, stringing and the making of diverse beadwork items, including rumirumi, kukuti, karkato, lilim and rarak. The social significance of these various items is also reported. This study helps to preserve this knowledge and the continuation of the craft in the community, while also providing data for the enrichment of interpretations of ostrich eggshell beads from archaeological collections in the region, which have received inadequate research attention. The project represents the first detailed ethnographic work ever undertaken on ostrich eggshell beads in East Africa. The materials produced will be available on the EMKP open access online repository.

Ethnobotanical Documentation of Yerba Mate in Syria

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Yerba Mate (_Ilex paraguariensis_) is a traditional herbal beverage consumed for its stimulating effects and health benefits, with a deep cultural association in Syria following its introduction by migrants from South America in the early 20th century. This study documents the cultural, social, and health-related practices surrounding Yerba Mate in Syria, highlighting its integration into local customs and herbal preparations. OBJECTIVE: To explore and document the traditional uses, social practices, and preparation methods of Yerba Mate among Syrian consumers, and to investigate the health benefits and cultural significance attributed to it. METHODS: An electronic survey was distributed to 430 participants from different regions across Syria, collecting data on Yerba Mate consumption habits, social practices, reasons for use, perceived effects, and traditional preparation methods. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using statistical software. The Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) index was used to assess the prevalence of herbal additives in Yerba Mate preparations. RESULTS: Yerba Mate is consumed regularly by 89.2% of participants, with health benefits being a key motivator for 60% of users. Syrian traditions enhance Yerba Mate with local and imported herbs, with 68.6% of regular drinkers incorporating herbs like wormwood (_Artemisia herba-alba_) and chamomile (_Matricaria chamomilla_), each offering specific health benefits. The survey revealed high consumption patterns, particularly in group settings (51.6%), and frequent daily use by 50% of participants. CONCLUSION: Yerba Mate has become a deeply rooted part of Syrian culture, with local adaptations that incorporate traditional medicinal herbs. These combinations not only enhance the health benefits of the drink but also reflect a blend of imported traditions with Syrian herbal knowledge. The study highlights Yerba Mate's social significance in Syria and suggests the need for further research into its potential therapeutic uses in traditional medicine. Given the unique Syrian practice of mixing Mate with various herbs, further investigation is needed to assess the differences in effects, flavor, and prevalence among these herbal combinations.

Research on the Academic Inheritance of the Traditional Performance of Hilgasan Khuur

Shen Kuo, a scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote in Mengxi Bi Tan: "The Hilgasan Khuur follows the Han Dynasty, and the music still complains about the Chanyu." This is the earliest record of the term Hilgasan Khuur in history books. Hilgasan Khuur refers to bowed string instruments made of Hilgasan and carried by northern nomadic peoples. It originated from the Xiongnu and has been passed down to this day. The traditional Mongolian bowed string instruments such as the Morin Khuur, Khorchin Choor, Chahar Hiil, and OirdsYekel all belong to this category. As a bowed string instrument that has been passed down for thousands of years and carries a profound historical and cultural heritage, the inheritance and protection of the traditional playing method of the Hilgasan Khuur faces the impact and challenges of the development of modern music. This article summarizes the artistic characteristics of the four tuning methods, four playing methods and related traditional repertoires of the four instruments of the Hilgasan Khuur. By analyzing the history and current situation of the academic inheritance of the Hilgasan Khuur, it reveals the advantages and challenges of the academic inheritance. It emphasizes that under the background of national policies and the protection of intangible cultural heritage, promoting the academic inheritance of the traditional playing method of the Hilgasan Khuur has far-reaching significance for protecting the musical diversity of the Hilgasan Khuur and promoting national traditional culture.