Cultivation Of Science Research Articles

An Interview-Based Study of the Factors Influencing the Quality of Professional Training of Science Education Graduates

The proposal of the strategy of developing the country through science education has clarified China’s demand for the development of the science and education industry and the cultivation of science and education talents, and the birth of Science Education majors is an important link in the cultivation of scientific literacy. Based on the grounded theory, we interviewed three Science Education graduates from a university and coded the interview data by using NVivo 12.0 to find eight important factors affecting their professional training and employment choices. The factors are “social factors,” “individual career choice factors,” “campus resources,” “employment advantages,” “professional self-development,” “teacher factors,” “planning for further education and employment,” and “student motivation.” This study analyzes the interaction between the influencing factors, constructs a theoretical model of the influencing factors of the quality of Science Education professional training, explores the problems of the training process of Science Education majors and employment dilemmas, and puts forward corresponding suggestions.

Discovery of X-rays—Its Impact in India and History of X-ray Research in Colonial India

India holds a respectable position globally in X-ray research, particularly in X-ray crystallography. X-ray research in India is as old as the discovery of X-rays and the history of X-ray research in colonial India is fascinating. The purpose of this paper is to present how India participated in X-ray research and how X-ray research initiated by C.V. Raman, the only Indian Nobel Laureate in physics, at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) paved the way to proliferate X-ray research in all parts of India and acted as the foundation stone of modern X-ray research in India. With limited resources under the British rule (India became independent in 1947), readers will find that the research work performed by Indians is commendable. This article is neither comprehensive nor detailed but will give the readers a flavour of the high-quality X-ray research that was performed in India in the early years after the discovery of X-rays.

Gender and botany in early nineteenth-century Portugal: the circle of the Marquise of Alorna

An ample number of studies have shown that during the late eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century, botany attracted the attention and involvement of women not only as readers of literature on the subject but also as participants in botanical activities and as authors. However, women are still largely absent from the historiography of Portuguese botany in this period. This article contributes to filling this gap by focusing on the translation of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Letters on the elements of botany (1800) by the Marquise of Alorna (1750–1839) and her long poem Botanical recreations (1844). It addresses the issue of women's participation in science and looks not only at the importance of gender but also genre and social status in the dissemination of botany in Portugal. This article shows that in the period, the cultivation of science by women was associated with the upper classes while exchanges within circles of sociability through salons offered them an alternative to the public male-centred world of publication.

Sichuan Agricultural Science and Technology Service Industry: Current Station, Problems and Countermeasures

The development of Agricultural Science and Technology Service Industry is of great significance to promote the modernization and high-quality development of agriculture. The service industry of Agricultural Science and technology in Sichuan is characterized by the diversification of agricultural science and Technology Service Subjects, the diversification of agricultural science and Technology Service modes, and remarkable achievements in agricultural science and Technology Service, however, there are some problems such as the shortage of agricultural science and Technology Service personnel, the disconnection between the supply and demand of agricultural science and Technology Service, the segmentation of Agricultural Science and Technology Service Management, the backward construction of agricultural science and technology service system, and the difficulty of agricultural science and technology supervision. By focusing on the cultivation of science and Technology Service Industries in seven major fields such as R & D design, information resources and business incubation, to promote the development of agricultural science and Technology Service Industry, we will implement related policies such as industry access, innovative financial policies, improving investment and financing system, and strengthening the construction of agricultural science and technology service personnel.

On the Cultivation of College Students' Sci-Tech Innovation Ability in the New Era

The new era is the age of knowledge economy. Technological innovation has become the driving force of the national economic development. The problem of cultivating innovative talents has drawn increasing attention. This article mainly explains the basic problems of undergraduates' cultivation of science and technology innovation ability, including the connotation of college students' science and technology innovation, the status quo and necessity of the cultivation of college students' science and technology innovation ability, and the specific measures for the cultivation of college students' science and technology innovation ability.

M. Santappa (1923–2017)

With the passing of Prof. Mushi Santappa on 26 February 2017 at the age of 93, we have lost a chemist of distinction and leader in macromolecular sciences in the country. He along with Santi Rangan Palit at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, could be regarded as the creator of the first rigorous research schools for polymer science in India. He went on to practise the discipline with great distinction and further its cause. He trained a generation of coordination and polymer chemists in the country and brought visibility to research in Indian polymer science during the period between 1955 and 1990.

The Painting of Knowledge in Thirteenth-Century Rome

AbstractThe recent discovery of a thirteenth-century mural cycle in the cardinal’s residence at SS. Quattro Coronati in Rome invites a reconsideration of the relationship between art and knowledge in medieval Italy. Covering the walls and vaults of a large hall, the frescoes constitute a large-scale pictorial “encyclopedia” that comprises allegorical representations of thematic groups associated with secular knowledge. This is a largely uncharted category of monumental art in thirteenth-century Rome. My article situates the paintings in their complex historical circumstances marked by the increased cultivation of science at the papal court and the broader cultural phenomenon of late medieval encyclopedism. I offer an analysis of the frescoes, focusing on the ways in which individual groups of images reinforce the larger themes of the iconographic program. The unknown painters at SS. Quattro Coronati brought together diverse bodies of knowledge and, through pictorial strategies of framing and spatial desig...

Paths to Social Change: Mobilization, institution building, and entrepreneurship in colonial India

In this paper I explore responses to discrimination by individuals at the margins. Using historical data from late nineteenth century colonial India, I study the formation of three new organizations – the Indian National Congress (INC), the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), and the Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works (BCPW) – which were founded as responses to rising discontent in the face of discriminatory British policies. INC’s response was political agitation, IACS focused on institution building, and BCPW chose to compete with British pharmaceutical products. Analysis of the speeches, essays, and diaries of the founders, the pamphlets and journals of the associations, and the contemporary newspaper reports of the associations’ activities reveal three overarching ideologies: political mobilization to counter injustice, institution building for self-development, and entrepreneurship after intense self-criticism. Comparing and contrasting these three responses to discriminat...

Pensions for ‘Cultivators of Science’

Summary The occasional (and belated) concern of the British Government with science in the nineteenth century is a matter of potential interest to historians of science, yet many previous studies have tended to range over a variety of different aspects of the question. There have been too many vague allusions to financial support as ‘money for science’ in general. It is time that particular parts of the problem were unpacked. For example, the award of money (from the 1820s) to pay a few people of independent means for apparatus was quite distinct from the provision (from the 1830s) of an occasional pension. Even then, to speak of ‘pensions’ uncovers unfortunate ambiguities. For too long science in Britain was regarded as no more than a private hobby for the well-to-do. As late as 1856 an official government statement seemed to make this attitude official. The English attitude to pensions differed remarkably from the French, who established a precedent in the reward of savants, sometimes quoted enviously by British men of science. In 1837 Robert Peel virtually admitted that, in awarding pensions to ‘cultivators of science’, he was following the French practice. It may also be useful to emphasise the contrast between the English (often led by Cambridge professors) and the Scots, mostly from Edinburgh, mainly represented here by Whewell and Brewster, respectively. Babbage had a different role in this story from that usually told. A large part in supporting men of science of modest means could have been played by the British Association for the Advancement of Science but it consistently refused to do so, although it supported an elite among its own members.

Research Trends in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in India

This paper attempts to highlight quantitatively the growth and development of Indian research in the field of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in terms of publication output as per Science Citation Index (1982-2008). The whole database contains 296072 records on the subject and among them USA topped the list with 84561 (28.56 per cent) followed by, China with 43393 (14.66 per cent) publications, Japan with 32431 (10.95 per cent) publications, Germany with 28065 (9.48 per cent) publications, France with 18141 (6.13 per cent) publications, and England with 13850 (4.68 per cent) publications. During 1982-2008, a total of 8326 (2.81 per cent) papers were published by the Indian scientists in the field. The yearly average number of documents published was 308.37. The highest numbers of publications (1890) were published in 2008. The premier Indian institutes engaged in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology research were: Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangaluru with 723 publications followed by IIT Kharagpur with 606 publications; National Chemical Laboratories (NCL), Pune with 589 publications; Indian Association for the Cultivation of science (IACS), Kolkata with 563 publications; and BARC, Mumbai with 434 publications. Major portion of the publications (96.36 per cent) were written in collaboration with more than one authors. India had collaboration with 67 other countries in the field. C.N.R. Rao, M. Sastry and S. Chaudhuri were the three leading researchers in the field. Researchers from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore had most number of collaborative publications. When collaboration among institutes situated in different Indian cities was taken into consideration, Bangaluru and Kolkata were found to have the highest number of collaborative publications. Karnataka and West Bengal, the parent states of these cities were the states with the most collaborative publications in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology research. USA, Germany, and Japan had more number of collaborative publications with India. The most preferred journals for publishing the articles by the scientists were: Journal of Applied Physics (293), Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (285), Applied Physics Letters (243), Materials Letters (232), Physical Review B (232), Nanotechnology (194), and Langmuir (182). The highly occurred keywords in SCI records were: Nanoparticles (1244); Particles (756); Films (589); Growth (513); Nanocrystals (501); Thin-Films (484); Nanostructures (427); Optical-Properties (410); Nanocomposites (401); etc. DOI: 10.14429/djlit.30.6

Indian Government Hopes Bill Will Stimulate Innovation

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY The Indian government is preparing to introduce legislation that it hopes will reverse the traditional hands-off attitude at most Indian universities toward commercializing the results of basic research. The proposed bill, a draft of which was obtained by Science , sets out rules that institutions must follow once their scientists make a patentable discovery. In addition to serving as the first such nationwide guidelines, the legislation is meant to send a message to university officials that technology transfer is part of their job. “The idea is to create an environment of innovation,” says Maharaj Kishan Bhan, secretary of the Department of Biotechnology, which helped to draft the bill. Until now, he says, “university administrators [have been] free to encourage or discourage patenting and commercialization efforts. And there are many who believe that industry and academia should be kept miles apart.” ![Figure][1] Off the bench. Manju Ray wants to translate her research into therapies for cancer patients. CREDIT: COURTESY OF MANJU RAY The legislation directs institutions to report patentable discoveries to the funding agency as soon as they come to light and to file patent applications within a year. Institutions and inventors who fail to meet the deadline would forfeit their intellectual-property rights to the agency that funded the research. Institutions must give inventors at least 30% of any revenues from a patent and spend the rest on research. Those rules might have helped biochemist Manju Ray after she developed an experimental drug based on the anticancer properties of methylglyoxal—a metabolic byproduct found in most organisms, including humans. She works at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in Kolkata, which took no steps to patent the compound. Finally, Ray agreed to partner with Dabur India Ltd., an Indian pharmaceutical company, making it co-owner of domestic and international patents granted in 2003. But Dabur has since lost interest in the therapy and has been pursuing other candidate drugs. Ray cannot license it to another company without Dabur's approval, and IACS has no financial incentive or authority to get involved. Somenath Ghosh, head of the National Research Development Corp. in New Delhi, which markets technologies developed through public-funded research, expects the bill to pave the way for more governmental support to labs and universities to help with patent filings. But Ghosh and other analysts also wonder whether the government has the resources to carry out its threat to claim patentable discoveries if institutions drag their feet. Even without the bill, the culture at institutions may be changing. Last year, Ray's institute set up a technology-transfer office, which helped Ray file a patent application for a new formulation of her cancer drug. If she receives the patent, she will be able to explore partnerships with other pharmaceutical companies. “I want to forget about the past and look to the future,” she says. The government plans to introduce the bill this spring in Parliament, where it is expected to win swift passage. [1]: pending:yes

The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: A Tortuous Tryst with Modern Science

The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) founded by Mahendra Lal Sircar in Calcutta in 1876 was the first large-scale indigenous enterprise in colonial India for the propagation of modern science. The efforts towards the formation of the IACS were marked by a range of ideas and positions which reflected mainstream elite Indian attitudes to western science as also the many paradoxes that the colonial situation imposed on the whole enterprise. The first exposures of the Indian elite to western education had evoked an admiration for modern science, its values, and its “infinite” possibilities. But the admiration so generated could not run on a momentum of its own because of the limitations of the colonial education system itself. The appreciation of modern science also brought about a soul-searching as to why a civilization with a hoary tradition of science had stagnated. This, in turn, led to vigorous socio-cultural self-criticism aimed at ending what was perceived to be long slumber and degeneration. Science itself was seen as a force for such liberation and the alien colonial government as its chief facilitator. The latter was not too eager to promote science at large. Hence the need for an indigenous initiative. However, the plain existential realities of colonialism dictated that little could be achieved without the support of the government. With all its paradoxes and ironies, the IACS project was yet a grand endeavour, forming a lasting part of the Indian scientific landscape. In fact, given its peculiar circumstances, it would have been very unreal without its paradoxes.

The embodiment of value: C.S. Sherrington and the cultivation of science.

The paper examines the ruputation of C.S. Sherrington as both eminent physiologist and eminent representative of scientific culture. It describes Sherrington's 'figurehead' status. In his career, research and personal manner, he embodied a life of science, not only in opposition to humanistic values but in fact appearing to be the highest achievement of those values. An analysis of Sherrington's research, of his lectures on Man on His Nature and of his poetry supports this account. The paper uses Sherrington's reputation to describe the values of an establishment group of English-speaking scientists and physicians in the 1930s and 1940s.

The Raman effect and Krishnan's diary

K.S. Krishnan, F.R.S. (1898–1961) is one of the most distinguished Indian scientists of this century. His collaboration with Sir C.V. Raman on the scattering of light by liquids--a collaboration which Raman described as ‘a partnership in scientific research of the Bowen-Millikan type’—led to the discovery of the effect that bears Raman's name. Krishnan recorded the events leading to this discovery in the form of a diary, extracts from which have often appeared in the past, although the diary itself has never been published before. Later, as a Reader in Physics at the University of Dacca and then as the first Mahendra Lal Sircar Professor of Physics at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Calcutta, Krishnan made seminal studies on crystal magnetism. These studies established him as one of the leading physicists working in this area and brought him international recognition, eventually winning him, in 1940, the Fellowship of the Royal Society. Krishnan was born a little over a hundred years ago; in a centenary tribute to him, I recall here his early work and the nature of his collaboration with Sir C.V. Raman, which produced the most spectacular scientific discovery in India to date. With the consent of the members of his family, I also transcribe in full the Krishnan Diary.

The Meanings of 'An Intellectual': Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century English Usage

According to T. W. Heyck, 'no one was called "an intellectual" in England before the 1870s. In the early and mid-Victorian periods we find 'men of letters,' 'cultivators of science,' and various terms describing professionals of different sorts, but we do not find 'intellectuals.' The emergence of the new term has allowed us to ascribe a social role to intellectuals throughout history, but in so doing we impose a characteristically modern idea on the past. The change is more than verbal: it is 'a profound transformation of the economic, social and conceptual relations in which writers and thinkers stood.'

Book Review: “The Queen of Nineteenth-Century Science”: Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science, 1815–1840

Book Review: “The Queen of Nineteenth-Century Science”: Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science, 1815–1840

Elizabeth Chambers Patterson, Mary Somerville and the cultivation ofscience, 1815–1840, Boston, Mass., and The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1983, 8vo, pp. xiii, 264, Dfl.90.00/$39.50.

Elizabeth Chambers Patterson, Mary Somerville and the cultivation ofscience, 1815–1840, Boston, Mass., and The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1983, 8vo, pp. xiii, 264, Dfl.90.00/$39.50.

A 19th-Century Figure: Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science, 1815-1840 . Elizabeth Chambers Patterson. Nijhoff, The Hague, 1983 (U.S. distributor, Kluwer Boston, Hingham, Mass.). xiv, 264 pp. $39.50. International Archives of the History of Ideas, 102.

A 19th-Century Figure: <i>Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science, 1815-1840</i> . Elizabeth Chambers Patterson. Nijhoff, The Hague, 1983 (U.S. distributor, Kluwer Boston, Hingham, Mass.). xiv, 264 pp. $39.50. International Archives of the History of Ideas, 102.

A 19th-Century Figure: Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science, 1815-1840.

A 19th-Century Figure: Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science, 1815-1840.

Cultivating Science as Cultural Policy: A Contrast of Agricultural and Nuclear Science in India

G-IVEN THE WIDESPREAD conviction that the conduct of is indifferent to culture, or that the sciences themselves produce a separate culture, why should be discussed in a context of cultural policy? Does not a review of policy literature alone fully reveal why the state supports scientific institutions and scientific research? No, it does so only in part; and this article will show that the state's support of the sciences in India cannot properly be understood except in the context of cultural policy. Most science-policy writing fails to acknowledge a cultural context. This shortcoming, found not only in India, need not and should not be a permanent feature of policy. Nor should the omission of the cultivation of by the state be a permanent feature of the literature on cultural policy. There are four claims about the sciences I intend to establish here. First, whereas at the beginning of the century the colonial government perceived the sciences as worthy of state support as they were in Europe, by mid-century (following independence) the state had assumed an obligatory responsibility for and pre-emptory interest in cultivation of the sciences. This relationship between the state and is here to stay-at least so long as state and are presently conceived and constituted. Secondly, the general term science is too bulky; when analyzed as two separate traditions of agricultural and nuclear science, it becomes clear that the cultivation of different sciences in India has spoken to different cultural and social interests which required, from the point of view of statecraft, quite different treatment. The third claim is that, while state institutions and state officials were usually sincere in their adherence to the rhetoric of national advance