Cultivation Of Spirulina Platensis Research Articles

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Growth Estimation of Spirulina platensis Cultures

The present study proposes the use of Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a rapid method for estimating the growth of Spirulina platensis cultures, avoiding any sample manipulation or pretreatment. NIR spectroscopy in diffuse reflectance mode was used on culture volumes as received, with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) linear regression, for developing the calibration model in the wavelength range of 1000–2500 nm, in order to choose the appropriate wavelength to estimate the growth of the microalga. The local reflectance maximum at 1062.6 nm, connected with reduced water absorption and scattering effects by the microalga, was identified from PCA as the positive peak in the first loading plot, correlating diffuse reflectance with dilution levels. The calibration curve of diffuse reflectance at 1062.6 nm in response to dilution presented strong linearity, supported by a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.995. Cross-validation of NIR spectra with a S. platensis culture confirmed the method’s reliability, showing that the growth follows an exponential pattern. The study shows that diffuse reflectance NIR spectroscopy can be used for the rapid monitoring of Spirulina platensis growth.

Nutrient balance for enhanced recovery of stressed Spirulina platensis.

The failure of mass production of Spirulina plateaus can be attributed to an imbalance of nutrients (C:N) and an increase in accumulated sodium ions, coupled with the traditional harvesting process. The current study aims at the recovery of stressed and red cultures of Spirulina platensis as well as enhanced phycocyanin accumulation. The stressed Spirulina platensis cultures were obtained from a local Egyptian Spirulina production farms, which were further subjected to water analyses after removing the Spirulina biomass. Optimization was performed within 300-ml water path photobioreactor. Spirulina platensis samples were incubated with Zarrouk medium comparing with those modified using ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium acetate instead of sodium bicarbonate. Continuous batching was performed every 12days during three sequenced batches. Growth measurements (dry weight and pigments) were performed along the incubation time. It was found that carbon content of the growth medium seems to be more effective in Spirulina growth and biomass characteristics. Under different carbon sources, acetate resulted in the maximum dry weight of 1.48g·l-1 and recovery percentage of 463.3%. Such effect was extended along the different incubation batches. Various carbon concentrations revealed that moderate concentration of carbon in the form of acetate (0.699g·l-1) leads to the maximum growth under the same nitrogen content. A similar trend was observed with chlorophyll and phycocyanin accumulation, while carotenoids showed the opposite manner.

Synergistic effects of Spirulina platensis cultivation in textile wastewater towards nutrient removal and seed germination study

Recent escalating concerns surrounding textile wastewater pollution and the urgent need for sustainable treatment solutions to mitigate its environmental impact. This study investigates the multifaceted effects of Spirulina platensis (SP) cultivation in textile wastewater from two different sources (TWW1 and TWW2), focusing on growth kinetics, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and nutrient removal percentage, and seed germination enhancement. Results showed that SP exhibited comparable growth performance in TWW1 and TWW2 to the control, indicating its potential for sustainable wastewater treatment. Moreover, maximum COD removal percentages were achieved, reaching 62.59 ± 1.88 % for TWW1 and 46.68 ± 1.40 % for TWW2 on day 5. The COD removal process aligns best with the first-order kinetic model. Nutrient removal rates showed decreasing trends over time, with maximum phosphate removal percentages of 36.42 ± 0.73 % for TWW1 and 62.18 ± 1.24 % for TWW2, and maximum ammonia removal percentages of 59.34 ± 1.18 % for TWW1 and 69.31 ± 1.39 % for TWW2. FTIR analysis confirmed pollutant removal-induced changes in algal biomass functional groups. Seed germination studies indicated enhanced shoot and root development of vigna radiatas using treated TWW1 and TWW2 compared to the control, suggesting potential applications for irrigation. An increase in the lipid & carbohydrate content post-treatment was observed and it would be suitable for biofuel production. This comprehensive assessment demonstrates the synergistic benefits of phycoremediation in simultaneously removing pollutants, promoting plant growth, and enhancing wastewater treatment efficiency, underscoring its potential for sustainable water management practices.

Effect of hydrodynamic aeration on bioelectricity generation from photoautotrophic Spirulina platensis in biophotovoltaic devices

A biophotovoltaic (BPV) device is a type of bioelectrochemical cell that shows potential for renewable energy production using photosynthetic exoelectrogenic microorganisms. However, the technology currently has limitations due to its relatively low power output and high dependence on biofilm attachment. Thus, this paper examines the effect of hydrodynamic aeration on the bioelectricity generation of BPV devices. Aeration is widely applied in microalgae cultivation to improve the mixing effect between microalgae cells, culture medium, and air bubbles. The methodology involves the cultivation of Spirulina platensis, device fabrication, voltage measurement in both non-aeration and aeration modes, and the use of polarization curves to determine the device performance under a gradually rising external load. The BPV devices are affected by abnormal voltage drop under high external loads, which is called power overshoot. The use of aeration successfully solved the power overshoot issues over time, but it also resulted in a gradual reduction in the voltage output and power density of the BPV devices. During aeration, the BPV devices produced a peak power density of 0.121 ± 0.056 mWm−2 on Day 1, which declined to 0.048 ± 0.025 mWm−2 on Day 13. The blowing of air bubbles had some side effects on BPV devices, including causing the attachment of Spirulina cells to the container walls and accelerating the evaporation of the culture medium. This study emphasizes the role of hydrodynamic aeration in the bioelectricity generation process and opens up possibilities for wider application of BPV devices in renewable energy production.

Partial Replacement of Kosaric Medium With Banana Leaf Ash Extract for the Culture of Spirulina Platensis

The use of banana leaf ash extract (BLAE) as a replacement of Kosaric medium (KM) to grow spirulina (Spirulina platensis) was investigated. KM was partially replaced with more affordable and locally available BLAE at 0, 10, 30, 50, and 70% concentrations. The spirulina was grown for 18 days at room temperature in the experimental media with artificial lighting and aeration. By replacing KM with BLAE, the 30% replacement produced the highest biomass of S. platensis. It was observed that replacing of KM by 30% with BLAE produced biomass of 1.22 g/L, which was similar to that of 1.33 g/L with control (P <0.05). However, replacing more than 50% KM by BLAE failed to promote growth relative to the control. Moreover, chlorophyll a concentrations in the control were found comparable in up to 30% of BLAE concentrations. Protein, lipid, and fiber contents of S. platensis were found to be 57.67 ± 0.58, 11.59 ± 0.28, and 7.35 ± 0.37%, respectively, in 30% replacement of KM, compared to corresponding values of 58.02 ± 1.16, 12.25 ± 0.39, and 7.53 ± 0.32%, respectively, in control KM. At the 50% KM replacement level, these values dropped to 52.65 ± 0.98, 9.97 ± 0.51, and 7.25 ± 0.29%, respectively. In conclusion, cultivation of S. platensis with BLAE up to 30% replacement of KM may be viable without undue effect on the plant’s growth, pigmentation, or biochemical makeup. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2022) 26 (2) : 83-96

Biomass and phycocyanin production from microalgae Spirulina platensis using POME slurry waste

Microalgae cultivation medium was an important component which is related to the economic aspects and its effects on cell life in culture. Synthetic medium was widely used but because of its less economical, its necessary to look for alternative substitute medium. This alternative substitute medium could come from industrial and household waste. Some organic medium for microalgae cultivation of Spirulina platensis have been widely studied. One source of organic waste from other industries is derived from oil palm such as POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent) Slurry waste. Spirulina platensis known as one of microalgae which have high protein component on biomass and phycocyanin as biopigment. Biomass and pigment production is influenced by the medium and photoperiod. The research objective was to determine the influence of medium (Walne as synthetic medium and Slurry POME as organic medium) and photoperiod culture to productivity of biomass and phycocyanin. Result of this research is POME Slurry medium has a fairly good ability and could competes with Walne for the production of biomass and phycocyanin so that it can be used as an alternative medium.

Cultivation of Spirulina platensis for nutrient removal from piggery wastewater.

The discharge of livestock wastewater without appropriate treatment causes severe harm to the environment and human health. In the pursuit of finding solutions to this problem, the cultivation of microalgae as feedstock for biodiesel and animal feed additive using livestock wastewater coupled with the removal of nutrients from wastewater has become a hot research topic. In this study, the cultivation of Spirulina platensis using piggery wastewater for the production of biomass and the removal of nutrients were studied. The results of single factor experiments confirmed that Cu2+ seriously inhibit the growth of Spirulina platensis, while the influences of nitrogen, phosphorous, and zinc on the growth of Spirulina platensis can all be described as "low promotes high inhibits." Spirulina platensis grew well in the 4-fold dilution of piggery wastewater supplemented with moderate sodium bicarbonate, which indicated that it is the limiting nutrients for Spirulina platensis growth in piggery wastewater. The biomass concentration of Spirulina platensis reached 0.56g/L after 8days of culture at the optimal conditions proposed by the response surface method, which were as follows: 4-fold dilution of piggery wastewater, 7g/L sodium bicarbonate, pH of 10.5, initial OD560 of 0.63, light intensity of 3030lx, and light time/dark time of 16h/8h. Spirulina platensis cultured in the diluted piggery wastewater contained 43.89% protein, 9.4% crude lipid, 6.41mg/g chlorophyll a, 4.18% total sugar, 27.7mg/kg Cu, and 246.2mg/kg Zn. The removal efficiency for TN, TP, COD, Zn, and Cu from the wastewater by Spirulina platensis was 76%, 72%, 93.1%, 93.5%, and 82.5%, respectively. These results demonstrated the feasibility of piggery wastewater treatment by the cultivation of Spirulina platensis.

The Growth, Biomass and Phycocyanin of Spirulina platensis Cultured with Liquid Organic (POC) and NPK Fertilizers

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of NPK and liquid organic (POC) fertilizers on the growth, biomass, and phycocyanin of Spirulina platensis culture in a laboratory scale. The NPK fertilizer was carried out by giving 3 doses of 0.1 g/L, 0.2g/L, and 0.3 g/L and control. The POC Fertilizer was used in 3 doses of treatment of 10 mL/L, 15 mL/L, and 20 mL/L and control. The parameters observed for 8 days included growth rate, biomass, phycocyanin, and water quality parameters. The result showed the NPK fertilizer resulted in 80%, 70%, and 65% higher growth rates, biomass, and phycocyanin, respectively, than POC fertilizer. The application of NPK at a dose of 0.3 g/L gave the best treatment which resulted in a growth rate of 0.568 cells/day, biomass of 1.395 g/L and a phycocyanin content of 0.148 mg/L. The best treatment using POC was at a concentration of 20 mL/L which resulted in a growth rate of 0.459 cells/day, a biomass of 0.979 g/L, and a phycocyanin content of 0.097 mg/L. The culture with POC obtained a lower result than the NPK because the organic fertilizer requires a longer decomposition process to be utilized by Spirulina platensis.

Treatment and Valorization of Agro-Industrial Anaerobic Digestate Using Activated Carbon Followed by Spirulina platensis Cultivation

The increased production of biogas through the anaerobic digestion (AD) process has raised several concerns regarding the management of liquid digestate, which can present some environmental risks if not properly handled. Among the different techniques to treat AD digestate, microalgae and cyanobacteria cultivation has emerged as a sustainable approach to valorizing digestate while producing valuable biomass for production of biofuels and high value bioproducts. However, the intrinsic parameters of the liquid digestate can strongly limit the microalgae or cyanobacteria growth as well as limit the uptake of residual nutrients. In this study, the detoxification potential of activated carbon (AC) was evaluated on agro-industrial liquid digestate prior to Spirulina platensis cultivation. Different doses of AC, ranging from 5 to 100 g/L, were tested during adsorption experiments in order to determine the adsorption capacity as well as the removal efficiency of several compounds. Experimental results showed the high reactivity of AC, especially towards phosphate (PO4-P), total phenol (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). At a dosage of 50 g/L, the AC pretreatment successfully achieved 54.7%, 84.7% and 50.0% COD, TP and PO4-P removal, corresponding to adsorption capacity of 94.7 mgDCO/g, 17.9 mgTP/g and 8.7 mgPO4-P/g, respectively. Even if the AC pretreatment did not show significant effects on Spirulina platensis growth during toxicity assays, the AC adsorption step strongly participated in the digestate detoxification by removing hardly biodegradable molecules such as phenolic compounds.

Preparation and Characterization of Intracellular and Exopolysaccharides during Cycle Cultivation of Spirulina platensis.

The dried cell weight (DCW) of Spirulina platensis gradually decreased from 1.52 g/L to 1.18 g/L after five cultivation cycles. Intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) content both increased with increased cycle number and duration. IPS content was higher than EPS content. Maximum IPS yield (60.61 mg/g) using thermal high-pressure homogenization was achieved after three homogenization cycles at 60 MPa and an S/I ratio of 1:30. IPS showed a more fibrous, porous, and looser structure, and had a higher glucose content and Mw (272.85 kDa) compared with EPS, which may be indicative of IPS's higher viscosity and water holding capacity. Although both carbohydrates were acidic, EPS had stronger acidity and thermal stability than IPS; this was accompanied by differences in monosaccharide. IPS exhibited the highest DPPH (EC50 = 1.77 mg/mL) and ABTS (EC50 = 0.12 mg/mL) radical scavenging capacity, in line with IPS's higher total phenol content, while simultaneously showing the lowest HO• scavenging and ferrous ion chelating capacities; thus characterizing IPS as a superior antioxidant and EPS as a stronger metal ion chelator.

Effects of different bicarbonate on spirulina in CO2 absorption and microalgae conversion hybrid system.

According to the characteristics of power plant flue gas emission and the requirements of reducing CO2 capture cost. CO2 absorption hybrid with microalgae conversion (CAMC) can avoid the challenges of heat consumption during absorbent desorption and nutrient consumption during microalgae culture. In this study, the bicarbonate solution (represents the products of CO2 absorption by Na2CO3 and K2CO3) is used as carbon source for mutagenic Spirulina platensis cultivation, and different concentrations of bicarbonate were set to explore the best carbon source. The results showed that NaHCO3 was a better medium for the CO2 absorption hybrid with microalgae conversion system, which was beneficial for the growth of mutagenic Spirulina, compared with K2CO3. When .3mol/L NaHCO3 was added to the CO2 absorption hybrid with microalgae conversion system, the highest biomass dry weight, carbon fixation rate and carbon utilization efficiency were obtained, which were 2.24g/L, 230.36mg/L/d and 26.71%, respectively. In addition, .3mol/L NaHCO3 was conducive to protein synthesis, reaching 1,625.68mg/L. This study provided a feasible idea for power system to achieve carbon neutrality in the future.

Heterotrophic culture of Spirulina platensis improved its growth and the study of its nutritional effect

With the development of human civilization, many people in the world still suffer from hunger due to wars, epidemics, and other causes such as not being able to afford a healthy diet. As a food, raw material with huge market potential, Spirulina platensis can be used as a new resource for food and has been in large-scale industrialized production worldwide. However, one of the biggest limitations to growing microalgae on an industrial scale is the high cost of the culturing medium. To reduce the culture cost, we hypothesized that S. platensis could grow better in a medium supplemented with glucose. In this study, we investigated the effects of Zarrouk’s medium, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) medium, and CFTRI with glucose on the growth rate and biomass of S. platensis. Our results showed that compared with the expensive Zarrouk’s medium containing trace elements, adding a small amount of glucose to the low-cost CFTRI medium significantly increased S. platensis’s growth rate and biomass. Then, to further reduce breeding costs, we continued to explore the growth of S. platensis in a CFTRI medium supplemented with glucose under dark conditions. Our statistical data showed that the heterotrophic glucose consumption of S. platensis was affected by light, and the growth of S. platensis was limited in the absence of light. Finally, we used Drosophila melanogaster to verify the function of S. platensis and found that S. platensis supplementation increased longevity and reproductive ability in fruit flies.

Different Nitrogen Sources to Improve the Quality of Spirulina platensis Culture in Mass Scale

The research aimed to determine the effect of adding different sources of nitrogen to mass culture of Spirulina platensis. Materials needed for this test was culture media volume 1000 m3, fertilizer were SP-36 (40 ppm), ZA (10 ppm), EDTA (5 ppm) dan FeCl3 (1 ppm), Vitamin B-12 (0,001 ppm) and initial density of S. platensis was 10x103 sinusoid/ml. The test was carried out in two steps, firstly was the addition of nitrogen source from urea with doses of 80 ppm, 150 ppm and 200 ppm. Secondly, concurrent use of the best urea concentration from first treatment and potassium nitrate addition with doses of 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm. Spirulina platensis was cultured on mass scale for 5 days until harvest. The first test showed that the dose of urea 80 ppm gave the highest growth rate (1,15 sinusoid/day) and the fastest generation time (0,60 hours) compared to doses of 150 ppm and 200 ppm. Protein content of Spirulina platensis added with 80 ppm of urea was also the highest (58,04%) compared to 150 ppm and 200 ppm. The results from second test showed concurrent use of urea 80 ppm and potassium nitrate 100 ppm to Spirulina platensis culture gave the highest growth rate (0,45 sinusoid/day) and the fastest generation time (1,54 hours) compared to those which added with 150 ppm and 50 ppm of potassium nitrate. Protein content of S. platensis with concurrent addition of urea 80 ppm and potassium nitrate 100 ppm was also the highest at 67,30%, compared to 150 ppm and 50 ppm.

Cell Weight, Chlorophyll a Content and Total Biomass Production of Spirulina platensis: Impact of Culture Media and Affiliated Correlation

This experiment was inquired to apprehend the associated relationship among the cell weight, chlorophyll a and total biomass production of Spirulina platensis grown in different concentration of digested rotten guava medium (DRGM) and kosaric medium (KM). This study was carried out to disclose the culture potentiality of different substrates and their impact on production through the assessment of their consequential correlation. The completely randomized design (CRD) was taken into consideration to accomplish the experiment in laboratory condition. The maximum cell weight was assumed in KM (12.41 ± 0.23) followed by 0.816 ± 0.0017, 0.813 ± 0.0013 and 0.807± 0.0011 mg/L in supernatant of 60%, 20% and 40% DRGM, respectively on the 10th day of culture. The correlation (P< 0.01) with the chlorophyll a content (r = 0.745) and total biomass (r = 0.741) revealed significant association and strong correlation with the obtained cell weight in these culture media. In kosaric medium, the growth performance was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of grown in the different concentration of DRGM (60%, 40% and 20%). The content of chlorophyll a grown in KM (10.54 ± 0.33 mg/L) was significantly higher (P< 0.01) in comparison of 60% (0.863 ± 0.0018), 40% (0.769 ± 0.0015) and 20% DRGM (0.771 ± 0.13). The highest biomass of S. platensis was acquired in KM (705.52 ± 2.59 mg/L) and varied significantly (P < 0.05) than that of cultured in supernatants of 20% (67.76 ± 0.42), 40% (51.45 ± 0.26) and 60% (57.74 ± 0.26) DRGM. The culture techniques in DRG medium may dwindle the cost of production in comparison with KM and might be considered as a media for Spirulina platensis cultivation.

Nanoparticles of Cerium Dioxide and Pristine (Unmodified) Fullerene C60 Protect Living Cells against Adverse Environmental Exposure: Does it Work?

We believe that unmodified hydrated C60 fullerene (C60FWS) and nanocrystalline cerium dioxide (NCD) are promising for biological research. It is knowns that these nanoparticles protect living cells from damaging environmental factors such as radioactive and ultraviolet radiation, temperature, hypoxia, toxic substances, etc. However, little attention has been paid in scientific reports to the use and study of these nanoparticles as possible adaptogens. In our studies, we tried to protect the culture of cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis with C60 and NCD from adverse conditions. The choice of Spirulina platensis is due to its sensitivity to adverse environmental factors. The results obtained show that the absence of toxic effects of C60 and NCD of selected concentrations on the Spirulina platensis culture has been found. Nanoparticles C60 and NCD maintained the culture of Spirulina platensis for at least 4 weeks in the absence of nutrients, light, low pH storage conditions and low temperature. Cyanobacteria stored for 1–4 weeks in distilled water with nanoparticles showed increased proliferative activity compared to samples stored at the same time in the standard Zarrouk’s nutrient medium.
 Keywords: fullerene C60, nanocrystalline cerium dioxide, Spirulina platensis, adaptogens.

Potentiality of Digested Rotten Guava Medium (DRGM) in Replacement of Kosaric Medium (KM): Perspective of Spirulina platensis culture

This study was conducted to evaluate the culture potentiality and growth performance of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) in supernatant digested rotten guava (DRG) in replacement of Kosaric Medium (KM). The Spirulina was inoculated to grow in digested rotten guava media (DRGM) (treatments) with the addition of 9.0 g/L NaHCO3 and micronutrients and KM for a period of 14 days. The cell weight of spirulina was attained a maximum of 12.43±0.20 mg/L (dry wt. basis) in KM followed by 0.818 ± 0.003, 0.815 ± 0.0015 and 0.809± 0.0012 mg/L in supernatant of 60 (T1), 20 (T2) and 40% DRGM (T3), respectively on the 10th day of culture. The cell weight of spirulina grown in these media had highly significant (P<0.01) correlation with the chlorophyll a content (r = 0.746) and total biomass (r = 0.742) of Spirulina. The results showed that the growth performance of spirulina in supernatant of 60% DRGM was significantly (P<0.01) higher than that of spirulina grown in supernatant of 20% and 40% DRGM. The physico-chemical parameters viz. light intensity (2748 to 2768 lux/m2/s), temperature (19.0 to 22.2°C), pH (8.1 to 10.6), alkalinity (1522 to 2698 mg/L), nitrate-N (1.25 to 3.64 mg/L) and phosphate-P (11.30 to 55.40 mg/L) were within optimum level during the culture period. The results showed that, the different concentration of digested rotten guava (20%, 40%, 60%) has potential to increase the growth rate of Spirulina. Therefore, the DRG medium may be commercially used for mass culture of Spirulina platensis.

Possibilities of using 5‐Fluoro‐2'‐deoxyuridine in controlling rotifer contamination in cultivation of Spirulina platensis

To develop an effective technique for decreasing rotifer contamination in Spirulina platensis cultivation, the effects of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR; 0, 60, 110, 160, 210, and 260 μg/L) on the development, reproduction and population growth of the rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis and on the growth, photosynthetic properties and nutritional composition of S. platensis were investigated. The results showed that the negative effects of FUdR on the pre-reproductive period, the number of total eggs per female and the egg hatching rate of rotifers were dose-dependent. The egg hatching of rotifers was fully inhibited by exposure to 260 μg/L FUdR. The effects of FUdR on the biomass, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield (φPSII), amino acid content and fatty acid composition of S. platensis were not significant. Therefore, these results suggest that FUdR has excellent potential for controlling grazing zooplankton contamination in microalgal cultivation.

Effect of Aquaculture Wastewater And Zarrouk in Increasing Biomass, Protein, and Carotenoids levels of <I>Spirulina platensis</I>

Highlight Research S. platensis has been analyzed for its productivity. Analysis of the productivity of S. platensis on the use of fish culture wastewater media. S. platensis production can be increased by aquaculture wastewater. Aquaculture wastewater enhances the production of cell density, SGR, biomass, protein, and carotenoid of S. platensis. Abstract Increased productivity of Spirulina sp. in the form of high protein, carotenoids, and biomass content can be achieved by improving its nutrient supply. Inorganic fertilizers are nutrient sources, which are generally used in the culture of this organism on laboratory and industrial scale, but there are several drawbacks, including their high costs and limited availability. Several studies have also reported the use of zarrouk fertilizer as a standard culture medium for Spirulina platensis. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect and the best concentration of fish culture wastewater treatment in Spirulina platensis culture using biomass, protein content, and carotenoid pigments as indicators. A two-factorial completely randomized designs (CRD) was used in this study, where the factors include the dose of organic waste and Zarrouk fertilizer. The microalgae samples, namely S. platensis were cultured using fresh water. This research consists of two factors. The first factor is the dose of organic waste, and the second factor is the dose of Zarrouk fertilizer. The wastewater treatment consisted of 0, 2, 4, and 6 ml/L, while Zarrouk dosages include 0, 0.5, and 1 ml/L. The best results were obtained from the sample treated with 6 ml/L aquaculture wastewater without the addition of Zarrouk. Furthermore, this treatment gave biomass production of 0.781 g/L, 50.441% protein, and 1.246 mg/L carotenoids. Based on the results, S. platensis culture can be carried out using fish culture wastewater without the addition of Zarrouk fertilizer.

Growth kinetics and quantification of carbohydrate, protein, lipids, and chlorophyll of Spirulina platensis under aqueous conditions using different carbon and nitrogen sources

This study evaluated different carbon and nitrogen sources on the growth and production of carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and chlorophyll of Spirulina platensis LEB-52 through an easy successive methodology under aqueous conditions. Spirulina platensis was cultivated at 120 rpm and light intensity of 156 µmol m−2 s−1 in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask with a working volume of 250 mL, using Zarrouk’s medium. The biomass, carbohydrate, and protein production together with the specific growth rate did not show a significant difference between NaHCO3 and Na2CO3. The salts of urea and ammonium are not an alternative nitrogen sources of low cost for Spirulina platensis cultivation. From the experimental results obtained in this study, a successful estimate of carbohydrate, protein, lipids, and chlorophyll content inside Spirulina platensis was achieved without use advanced analytical techniques, allowing saves resources and time. This method can be extrapolated to other microorganisms and cultivation regimens.

Research on key technology and equipment for cultivation of Spirulina platensis from the CO2 capture from exhaust smoke

This paper presents the results of experimental research on key technology and equipment for cultivation of Spirulina platensis from the CO2 capture from the smoke of rice husk boiler with the climate conditions in Viet Nam. The experimental cultivation of Spirulina platensis in the Zarrouk medium were conducted in the 1 litter of volume’s photobioreactor which has stirred with aeration pump. Experimental results show that the temperature changes every day in a fairly wide range from 25 to 40 oC and get over the optimal temperature for growth of Spirulina platensis 30 to 38 oC but not much at noon time; when blowing from the smoke of steam boiler with the suitable temperature and stirring simultaneous by the circulating pump; at the same time the CO2 absorption process into water was occurred and converting it into HCO3-, as a suitable substrate for Spirulina platensis is easy to assimilate; the biomass concentration of Spirulina increases from 0.1 to 1.81 g/l and the pH of suspension increases from 8.5 to 10.2 after the stage’s first time of 7 days of cultivation with Zarrouk medium and since the eight days to 16th day of the cultivation is steaming stage from boiler with period of 30 minute into the above medium that containing 7.76 % CO2 for maintaining the pH of solution from 8.5 to 9.5. The smoke of steam boiler that has CO2 in which blow to supply the carbon nutrient source in the formation of HCO3-, to maintain the pH value in the range of 8.5 ¸ 9.7 and increase biomass productivity to 2.53 g/l simultaneously. The photosynthetic rate of algae biomass was compared with the cultivation of Spirulina platensis under the same conditions like that using the pure CO2 and non-using the pure CO2 and the results in two of the above conditions are equivalent. This research is basis for constructing equipment and building a technology process in which utilizing CO2 from exhaust gas for Spirulina platensis cyanobacteria’s cultivation with the aim of reducing green-house gas CO2 in industry.