Soy Cultivation Research Articles

SOYBEAN CULTURE AND ITS ROLE IN MODERN GLOBAL AND NATIONAL АGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

The research objective is to analyze the dynamics of soybean cultivation areas, its yield, and the gross harvest of seeds globally and in Ukraine over an extended period, and to establish Ukraines position in the global production of the crop under the conditions of military aggression by the Russian Federation. Methods. The research employed comparative methods, synthesis, and the analysis of digital data. Results. The analysis of statistical data and contemporary scientific publications enabled the examination of the dynamics of soybean cultivation areas and its yield both globally and in Ukraine, as well as establishing Ukraines position in the global production of the crop seeds. The regions in Ukraine with the maximum cultivated area of soybeans, yield, and gross harvest of its seeds were identified. Conclusions. In 2023, the global leaders in soybean production were Brazil, the United States, and Argentina, which collectively produced 318.344 million tons, accounting for 81% of total global production. Ukraine held the ninth position in the global ranking with a 1% share of total soy production, amounting to 5.2 million tons. In Ukraine, the largest soybean cultivation areas in 2023 were in Poltava (214.3 thousand hectares), Khmelnytskyi (210.6 thousand hectares), Zhytomyr (147.4 thousand hectares), Vinnytsia (139.9 thousand hectares), and Kyiv (138.7 thousand hectares) regions, together accounting for 46.4% of the soy cultivation areas in the country. The highest soybean yields in 2023 were recorded in the Ivano-Frankivsk region at 3.37 tons/ha, Lviv at 3.17 tons/ha, Ternopil at 3.01 tons/ha, and Zakarpattia at 2.93 tons/ha, with the national average being 2.59 tons/ha.

Replacement of soy by mealworms for livestock feed - A comparative review between soy and mealworms considering environmental aspects

AbstractThe urgent need for sustainable alternatives to conventional livestock feed has prompted research into novel protein sources. This review paper systematically evaluates the prospect of replacing soy with mealworms in livestock feed, focusing on comprehensive comparisons of nutritional content and environmental considerations. The nutritional profiles of soy and mealworms are analyzed in terms of amino acid composition and digestibility. The total essential amino acids in mealworms are 26.02 g/100 g while in mealworms total EAA is 31.49 g/100 g. The protein content in mealworm is high (51.93 g/100 g) in comparison to soy meal (44.51 g/100 g). Environmental aspects, including deforestation, pesticide use, water consumption, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions, are scrutinized for both soy cultivation and mealworm farming.One kg of mealworm meal yields 141.3 MJ energy use, 3.8 kg CO2 equivalent for climate change, 25.6 g SO2 equivalent for acidification, 15.0 g PO4 equivalent for eutrophication, and 4.1 m2 land use. It's more potent per kg of protein than soybean or fish meal. Feasibility, scalability, and economic considerations are explored to understand the practical implications for livestock farmers. Consumer perception and regulatory frameworks are also addressed, highlighting potential challenges and strategies for acceptance. The paper concludes by synthesizing key findings and offering recommendations for stakeholders interested in the sustainable integration of mealworms into mainstream livestock agriculture. This comparative review provides a holistic understanding of the potential environmental benefits and challenges associated with replacing soy with mealworms in livestock feed. Graphical abstract

Territorial Conflicts and Soybeans: Kanhgág Politics and Their Struggle for Land Rights in Southern Brazil

Today, Kanhgág people live mainly in small Terras Indígenas (Indigenous Lands) in southern Brazil. Those lands are the outcome of a history of equivocal alliances and conflicts between indigenous peoples and European colonisers. Presenting aspects of these relations in both historical and contemporary settings, this article traces continuities and transformations in indigenous politics and cosmology, focusing on the struggles over territory and resources now playing out around soy cultivation. Avoiding simplistic presentations of colonial impositions, it draws on kanhgág people's dualist cosmology, factional sociality and the fecundity of alterity to consider those territorial struggles within indigenous autonomy and alliances.

Assessment of clustering techniques to support the analyses of soybean seed vigor.

Soy is the main product of Brazilian agriculture and the fourth most cultivated bean globally. Since soy cultivation tends to increase and due to this large market, the guarantee of product quality is an indispensable factor for enterprises to stay competitive. Industries perform vigor tests to acquire information and evaluate the quality of soy planting. The tetrazolium test, for example, provides information about moisture damage, bedbugs, or mechanical damage. However, the verification of the damage reason and its severity are done by an analyst, one by one. Since this is massive and exhausting work, it is susceptible to mistakes. Proposals involving different supervised learning approaches, including active learning strategies, have already been used, and have brought significant results. Therefore, this paper analyzes the performance of non-supervised techniques for classifying soybeans. An extensive experimental evaluation was performed, considering (9) different clustering algorithms (partitional, hierarchical, and density-based) applied to 5 image datasets of soybean seeds submitted to the tetrazolium test, including different damages and/or their levels. To describe those images, we considered 18 extractors of traditional features. We also considered four metrics (accuracy, FOWLKES, DAVIES, and CALINSKI) and two-dimensionality reduction techniques (principal component analysis and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding) for validation. Results show that this paper presents essential contributions since it makes it possible to identify descriptors and clustering algorithms that shall be used as preprocessing in other learning processes, accelerating and improving the classification process of key agricultural problems.

Classification of soybean cultivars by means of artificial neural networks

The cultivation of soy has an economic importance for the Brazilian agricultural scenario. The aim of this study was to establish a network architecture for the classification of soybean genotypes, by means of morphological characters measured in the juvenile phase of the plant, and finally to compare the results obtained through Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Anderson Discriminant Analysis. The study analyzed plants of 10 conventional cultivars in the initial stages of development (V1, V2 and V3 stages). The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with 5 replications, and the experimental unit was represented by 9 plants. The data were submitted to the Anderson Discriminant Analysis and multilayer Perceptron ANN, with 1 or 2 hidden layers. To analyze the homogeneity of the variance and covariance matrix, the Box’s M-Test was adopted in the Program R, at 5% significance level. An input layer, one or two hidden layers, and an output layer formed the ANN architecture. The 5-fold cross validation was used to verify the efficiency of the discriminant functions and also in the ANN analysis. Subsequently, the apparent error rate (AER) was obtained. Box’s M-Test indicated inhomogeneity in the variance and covariance matrices, which indicated the need to perform Anderson's Quadratic Discriminant Analysis. The ANNs presented lower apparent error rate when compared to the Anderson's Quadratic Discriminant Analysis and the artificial neural network with 1 hidden layer was sufficient to perform the classification of soybean cultivars.

Influence of systems of main processing and fertilizer on agrophysical indicators of the soil in cultivation of soy

Aim. To study the effect of long-term use of the main tillage and fertilization systems on the agrophysical properties of the soil in soybean crops, the yield of the crop and efficiency of the production under the researched technologies. Methods. The research was conducted during 2019–2022 in a stationary two-factor field experiment, which includes 5 systems of basic tillage (shelf, flat-cut, chisel, disk, differentiated) and two fertilization systems: mineral (background 1) – N60Р60K60; and organo-mineral (background 2) - precursor straw + N10/t of straw + N30Р30K30 in a short-rotation 4-field crop rotation with the following crop rotation: soybean, spring barley, white mustard, winter wheat. Results. The results of studies on the influence of main tillage systems, methods of fertilization on the main field agrophysical parameters of the soil and the formation of the soybean crop in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine are presented in order to identify the most effective, adapted to the conditions that have developed in recent years. It was found that the most favorable agrophysical soil conditions for soybeans were created under the chisel system of the main cultivation and chiselling in a differentiated system against the background of both mineral and organo-mineral fertilization and the advantage of the mentioned indicators of the organo-mineral background over the mineral one. The highest yield of soybeans (2.55 t/ha) was obtained under the chisel system of the main tillage against the background of organic-mineral fertilizer, which exceeded the control (police system) by 0.25 t/ha (11%) and similar to the highest indicator (2.49 t/ha) against the background of mineral fertilizer and an advantage over the control by 0.12 t/ha (5%). All shelf-free systems on the background of organic-mineral fertilizer exceeded the control by 1–11% in terms of productivity, and similar systems on the background of mineral fertilizer by 1–4%. Conclusions. According to the best indicators of the physical condition of the soil and their influence on soybean yield, the chisel system of the main tillage to a depth of 25–27 cm against the background of organo-mineral fertilization with the leaving of winter wheat straw + N10 per ton of straw and the introduction of mineral fertilizer in the dose of N30Р30К30 can be considered promising and the most adapted to production under the conditions of recent years.

THE ROLE OF SOY IN SOIL PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENT USE OF LANDS

The article describes the conditions of cultivation of soy on saline soils Bukhara, its positive impact on productivity of the subsequent crops, soil fertility, as well as efficient use of lands.

Ecologically and biophysically optimal allocation of expanded soy production in Bavaria, Germany

A debate about cultivation and trading of soy has emerged among scientists, policymakers, and the public in recent years. Export-orientated soy production in regions of South America is associated with large-scale ecosystem destruction. Since soy is an important source of animal fodder, policymakers are developing schemes to support and enhance sustainable domestic soy cultivation, especially in the EU. Expanded soy cultivation should ideally provide high yields and at the same time promote environmental benefits. For this purpose, we applied a multi-objective optimization algorithm that selects areas with maximum soy suitability, minimum erosion risk, need for low fertilizer input due to water quality issues, and need for diversification of monotonous crop rotations. We use the state of Bavaria in Germany as a case study, modeling full self-sufficiency of soy. The results of the optimization indicate synergies between plantation suitability with need for low fertilization input and crop variation, which implies that the environmental benefit of nitrogen fixation and rotation diversification from soy plants can easily be reconciled with food productivity. However, slight trade-offs occur between erosion risk and the three other objectives, i.e., locations with better soy production might be more prone toward erosion risk. As a potential consequence of expanded soy cultivation in Bavaria, we identified winter wheat, grain maize, potatoes, and sugar beet as those crops that have the highest share of displaced cultivation area. To reduce such land use conflicts and ensure self-sufficiency in relevant crops, we recommend to limit the use of soy as animal feed. Nevertheless, we propose to explicitly incorporate the local need for the environmental benefits of soy cultivation in the planning for soy expansion. In doing so, domestic soy can turn into a real sustainable alternative to imported plant protein.

Land tenure regularization and state land grabbing in the municipality of Paragominas, Eastern Amazon

In the Amazon, the regularization of public and private lands is under discussion to reduce deforestation. However, this scenario is difficult due to land disorganization and divergent federal and state policies. The objective of this study was to analyze the importance of land data in federal and state public lands and private lands for the municipality of Paragominas, Eastern Amazon. In this study, we try to propose a diagnosis of land tenure structure, quantifying the Value of the Bare Land of the overlapping lands, state public lands on federal lands, as well as deforestation and forest conversion. The results showed that the area of federal publicly listed lands has drastically reduced. The reduced area is equivalent to the territory of Palestine, in the same database managed by the federal management agency. State public lands overlapped 16,153.32 ha on federal public lands, with a loss of US$5,529,927.57 for the federal government. Deforestation has increased on state public lands, driven by conversion to soy cultivation areas, and there is a trend towards stabilization of deforestation and agriculture on federal public lands

REAL-TIME SELECTIVE SPRAYING FOR VIOLA ROPE CONTROL IN SOYBEAN AND COTTON CROPS USING DEEP LEARNING

The cultivation of soy and cotton is of great importance in the Brazilian economic scenario, both of which move billions of reais per year in exports. Weed management is important for obtaining optimal yields. Among the plants that have gained resistance and tolerance are those of the genus Ipomoea spp. These plants affect soybean and cotton crops throughout their cycle, thereby affecting their productivity. In this context, the objective of this work was to develop an embedded system for the selective spraying of rope and viola in cotton and soybean crops using algorithms for the classification and detection of objects in real time (Faster R-CNN and YOLOv3). This project was developed at the Agricultural Machinery Laboratory of the Federal University of Rondonópolis. The algorithms were trained to detect three classes (soybean, viola, and cotton) and were evaluated in terms of precision and sensitivity in the laboratory and field. Control results using faster R-CNN sprays demonstrated that real-time object detection algorithms for the selective control of weeds can be used for soybean and cotton crops.

Consumer knowledge about protein sources and consumers’ openness to feeding micro-algae and insects to pigs and poultry

Meat demand and production is increasing on a global scale. Soy cultivation for feed is associated with negative external environmental effects such as deforestation, transportation of soy over long distances as well as land competition between feed and food. The need for alternative protein sources in animal feeding is therefore very obvious. However, the establishment of alternative protein sources as feed will only succeed if consumers are aware of present feeding practices and if they are willing to buy meat produced with alternative protein sources. This study analyses consumer knowledge on protein sources in animal feeding and the likelihood of consumers being willing to try pork and poultry that has been produced using insects or micro-algae in the feeding regime by means of univariate analyses as well as structural equation modeling. The results show that especially in the case of pigs, consumer knowledge on feeding in commercial farms can be considered to be low. Structural equation models reveal that consumers’ willingness to buy meat that was produced with insects as alternative protein sources depends on attitudes towards product introduction and in the case of poultry also on social norms. The results contribute to carry out further studies on feeding livestock with alternative proteins. However, a limitation of the paper is that the consumer acceptance of alternative feed was only analysed in a hypothetical setting. The results are promising for the introduction of pork and poultry products based on alternative protein sources.

The possibilities of alternative protein use in animal nutrition

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) predicts there will not be enough food for human and animal nutrition until 2050. Global demand for animal protein for human consumption is increasing, and this consequently increases the price of these ingredients. This will open several challenges to provide enough animal feed. In the European Union, the use of processed animal proteins in pig and poultry diets is prohibited due to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) legislation, while globally, the land availability for soy cultivation is limited. The European food market is dependent on huge import of soybean, which is the main source of valuable proteins and one of the main ingredients in feeds. Feed ingredients must not contain antinutritive factors that would adversely affect animal production and must have an acceptable price. Some of the alternative plant sources of protein are fava beans, peas, lentils, hemp, different grain seeds, etc. To find alternative sources of protein of animal origin scientists are increasingly investigating the use of worm, snail or grasshopper meals and also marine organisms, usually algae, shells or starfish. Single cell proteins are a specific kind of protein from different microbial sources, including microalgae, yeast, fungi, and bacteria.

Fully bio-based agro-waste soy stem fiber reinforced bio-epoxy composites for lightweight structural applications: Influence of surface modification techniques

Present days, the world needs more sustainable and eco-friendly materials to replace and reduce the use of synthetic materials to prevent pollution. In this regard, the agro-waste after soy cultivation is identified as a sustainable resource of raw material and can be used as reinforcement in polymer matrices. The current research focuses on the effect of surface modification in agro-waste soy stem fibers and their composites. The fibers were collected, cleaned, processed, and subjected to chemical treatment. The chemical analysis showed an increased ratio of cellulose % in the soy fibers when compared to untreated fibers. The silane treatment showed improvement in the thermal stability of soy fibers and reduced the coefficient of thermal expansion in silane treated composite. The X-ray diffraction test shows that there was a 22.57% increase in the crystalline index due to oxalic acid treatment. The chemical treatments also influenced the crystal size of the soy fibers which had direct impact on the water absorption nature of the developed composites. The mechanical performance of the composites is evaluated through tensile, flexural, impact, and interlaminar shear strength according to the ASTM. The silane treated fibers in the composites showed a better mechanical performance compared to untreated and other chemical treatment. However, oxalic acid treatment showed better mechanical performance when compared to traditional NaOH treatment. The increase in wettability nature influenced the mechanical strength and water-resistant nature of the composite. The complete results state that the silane treatment on the soy stem fiber showed the best performance followed by the oxalic acid and alkali treatment when compared to the raw fibers. From the results, it is observed that the Agro-waste soy fiber is a sustainable and renewable resource of raw material that can be used as reinforcements in polymer matrices for lightweight structural applications.

Escrituras tóxicas: cuerpos y paisajes alterados

This article focuses on the recent rural turn in contemporary Argentine literature production. It draws from Laurence Buell’s notion of toxic discourse (1988) in order to analyze two narratives: Distancia de rescate (2014) by Samanta Schweblin, and Las estrellas federales (2016), by Juan Diego Incardona, along with the poetry collection Un pequeño mundo enfermo (2014), by Julián Joven [pseudonym of Cristian Molina]. With the emergence and more frequent use of agrochemicals in the Argentine rural soil, I argue that these writings articulate a discursive toxicity anchored in a transfigured pampa. Furthermore, the cultivation of transgenic soy transforms the space into a contaminated and contaminating landscape, whose agrotoxics inoculate indiscriminately both human and nonhuman bodies. I read these bodily and spatial representations, in both the fictions and poetry, as a textualization that redesigns the relation between subject and the natural environmental, specifically the rural space, displacing a discourse of “buen vivir” for a literary production of what I propose, tentatively, as of “mal vivir” (bad living). This aesthetic production appeals to a reflection on environmental justice that considers the imminent damage and degradation of the contaminated landscape. 

Incidência de mosca-branca nas culturas de soja e milho e possibilidade de refúgios em área de Cerrado

A mosca-branca (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) representa um grupo de insetos sugadores polífagos que compõe o complexo de pragas que atacam a soja, tendo como principal espécie praga Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889). Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa registrar a flutuação populacional de Aleyrodidae em áreas de cultivo de milho e soja nos municípios de Currais e Bom Jesus-PI, relacionar a ocorrência da praga com fatores climáticos e investigar se as áreas de Cerrado ao lado dos cultivos agrícolas podem servir como abrigo dessa praga na região. Foram definidos doze pontos de coleta com armadilhas adesivas amarelas. O intervalo médio de coleta foi de 45 dias, mantendo as armadilhas em campo por 24 horas. Estimaram-se os índices de diversidade, equitabilidade, dominância e frequência da ordem Hemiptera e da família Aleyrodidae na ordem Hemiptera. Para Aleyrodidae foram elaborados gráficos correlacionando a ocorrência à precipitação semanal acumulada anteriormente à coleta. A família Aleyrodidae é mais dominante e frequente em área de cultivo de soja quando comparada à área de cultivo de milho; a população de Aleyrodidae tende a diminuir com o aumento da precipitação; em áreas de cultivo de soja e milho contínuas à área de Cerrado a população de Aleyrodidae tende a se concentrar na mata de Cerrado; a manutenção de áreas de Cerrado próximas à áreas de cultivo de soja e milho pode favorecer o manejo integrado da família Aleyrodidae e diminuir os riscos de surtos populacionais nas áreas de cultivo comercial.

A Resource Conservation Technology for Adapting Argroecosystems to the New Natural Conditions of a Warming Climate in South-Eastern Kazakhstan

This article presents the results of research aimed at developing a resource conservation technology for the adaptation of the soybean agroecosystem to the new natural conditions of a warming climate. In particular, measures to combat drought have been studied: The efficiency of soil-protecting technology (Mini-till) and minimization of anthropogenic impact on soil, the effective use of soil moisture and its impact on soybean productivity. Given: -The estimation of changes in climatic parameters on the average annual air temperature by months of the 12-year duration, - the impact of changing climatic parameters (aridity, dry winds, drought risk) on the ecological situation of the agroecosystem and the development of ways of adaptation of soybean cultivation to the changing climatic conditions of South-Eastern Kazakhstan. During the study of this problem, experimental research was carried out according to generally accepted classical methods: Experiment and observation. The analysis of multifactorial field experience was accompanied by numerous observations, surveys and laboratory analyses. Obtained experimental materials were processed using statistical methods. The warming of the climate is a remarkable phenomenon as the value of average annual air temperature indicates a slight global change, where the anomaly of average annual temperature (reaches a maximum of 8.8 to 11.7°С, which exceeds the long-term value (7.7°С)) shows the global warming of the climate in conditions of cultivation of the valuable leguminous crop, soybean. Based on the received results, the ecological (preservation and restoration of soil resources) and economic efficiency of agroecosystem of soil-protective methods of soy cultivation technology depending on the influence of emerging climatic conditions for 2015-2018 was determined. The improvement of ecological conditions of soybean agrophytocenosis was revealed, as it depends on the use of soil-protective practices that mitigate the risk of drought in years with high temperatures. It provides optimal crop growth and development with an increase in soybean productivity of up to 23.8%.

Growth regulating activity of zinc threoninate in cultivation of soy

Growth regulating activity of zinc threoninate in cultivation of soy

The Environmental Violence of Soy Cultivation in the Brazilian Amazon

The Environmental Violence of Soy Cultivation in the Brazilian Amazon Marcos Colón1 An area of great environmental complexity, inhabited by ancient traditional fishing communities and around 400 Afro-Brazilian (Quilombolas) families, is about to disappear (Locatelli, 2016). I refer to the region of Lago do Maicá (Santarém, Pará, Brazil), an area inhabited by about 1,500 families. Maicá is an ecological sanctuary, a natural cradle for unique species of aquatic fauna and Amazonian bird life. It was here, almost two centuries ago, that two leading British naturalists, Henry Walter Bates and Alfred Russel Wallace, spent three years studying animals and insects. Despite hardships, the men reveled in what they called the “glorious forest” (Bates, 2009 [1863], p. 371). It is estimated that by the end of their three years, they had collected more than 14,000 species of animals (mostly insects). Based on this long and demanding trip, Bates published his book The Naturalist on the River Amazons (Bates, 2009 [1863]), which is still regarded as a classic. Today, besides being a tourist attraction, the lake is also a source of income for the families who make a living from fishing, providing about 30 percent of the fish consumed in town (de Matos Vaz, 2017). Now part of the lake might be turned into a private port for soybean transshipment, which would make it easier for companies like the Brazilian Port Company of Santarém (Embraps) to export goods. The construction of large enterprises in this region will attack Indigenous ways of life and irreversibly damage the environment (Rajão et al., 2020). This will lead to accelerated destruction of the lower wetlands and the expansion of soybean monoculture and its associated high levels of toxicity (Karlsson Pollak, 2020). Santarém is one of the oldest cities in the interior of Amazônia, located at the meeting point of the Tapajós and Amazon Rivers. It was founded by Portuguese Jesuit priests in 1661, as the Portuguese colonized the region. Since then, Santarém has been a strategic production center, first for cacao, then for livestock, the extraction of rubber and jute, and, more recently, for soybean monoculture. Located 500 miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean, its geographical position is strategic for soybean production, whether the crop arrives by road on the sealed highway BR-163 or by barge on the Tapajós River. Crops can be easily trans-shipped down the Amazon River to the Atlantic coast for eventual movement to overseas markets (Colón, 2018). The port project was “sold” to the local population with the promise of generating income and employment in Santarém, in addition to significant taxes that would be collected by the state government. If history is a guide, this is unlikely to actually happen. [End Page 186] The Minnesota-based Cargill Corporation has operated a similar port nearby since the 1970s and stands as a clear example that this type of enterprise does not primarily benefit the local population. Further examples of this can be seen in my film Beyond Ford-lândia: An Environmental Account of Henry Ford’s Adventure in the Amazon (Colón, 2017), which examines the strategies used by these industries and explores the negative impacts that monoculture plantations can have on local populations. The building of a new port zone in the Lago do Maicá region is just part of the region’s soy farmers’ and trading companies’ plans to expand the flow of grains from the Mato Grosso region up to the north of the country, through the Tapajós-Teles Pires axis. Although the plan was embargoed by the Brazilian Court for lack of prior consultation before making purchases, the Embraps Company strategy has been to purchase land and install small projects such as gas stations that will later be used to sustain the activities of the port. How long will the economic power of corrupt politicians continue defying international laws (for instance the Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization) on behalf of a small number of mostly foreign company shareholders (see Colón, 2018)? How long will the Amazon rainforest be at the mercy of politicians and businesspeople who formulate...

Estudo da dinâmica da paisagem na bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Bocarra, Bagé, RS

O bioma Pampa vem experimentando um acelerado processo de alteração no uso e cobertura da terra nas últimas décadas que exerce influência tanto nos padrões de paisagem quanto nos recursos hídricos. O objetivo deste estudo foi mapear as mudanças que ocorreram no uso e cobertura da terra na bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Bocarra (RS) e avaliar a sua influência nos padrões de paisagem entre os anos de 1985 a 2017. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma série temporal de imagens de satélite (1985, 1996, 2003 e 2017), modelos matemáticos e métricas de paisagem. Os resultados indicam que houve consideráveis mudanças no uso e cobertura da terra na bacia hidrográfica nos últimos trinta e dois anos, que impactaram os índices relacionados à paisagem. A taxa de mudança global obtida a partir do índice de estado e tendência das mudanças (Pt) foi de 0,74, indicando transição em uma via, dominada pela conversão de áreas campestres por áreas destinadas a agricultura, ocasionada pela expansão do cultivo de soja na região ao longo dos últimos anos. A diversidade da paisagem aumentou de 0,86 em 1985 para 1,07 em 2017, enquanto a dominância diminuiu de 0,93 para 0,72, o que indica que houve uma redução nas diferenças entre os padrões de paisagem. A fragmentação da paisagem reduziu entre 1985 a 2017, enquanto a área média dos fragmentos aumentou.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WORK ACCIDENTS IN SOYBEAN CULTIVATION, OCCURRED IN BRAZIL AND THE CENTRAL-WEST REGION, FROM 2008 TO 2018

A soja e seus produtos derivados são amplamente utilizados para alimentação humana e animal em todo o mundo. O Brasil é segundo maior produtor mundial de soja e o maior exportador, sendo que a região Centro-Oeste detém a maior parte da produção brasileira. No país, o cultivo de soja é classificado como uma atividade que compreende somente cultivo do grão e a produção de sementes, quando esta é complementar ao cultivo. Por meio de dados disponibilizados no Anuário Estatístico de Acidentes de Trabalho, foram analisados os acidentes de trabalho ocorridos no Brasil e na região Centro-Oeste durante o período de 2008 a 2018. Constatou-se que acidentes típicos foram os mais predominantes durante o período (80,67%), apresentando tendência de aumento, e que as ocorrências de acidentes na região Centro-Oeste influenciaram significativamente o cenário nacional. Barreiras não-tarifárias impostas pelos mercados importadores da soja brasileira, que incluem a restrição da utilização de determinados produtos químicos para o controle de pragas, podem contribuir para redução da incidência de doenças do trabalho. Programas com o objetivo de possibilitar a melhoria da saúde e segurança no trabalho rural, como o Soja Plus, que teve início em 2011, podendo influenciar na redução de acidentes sem CAT (Comunicação de Acidentes de Trabalho).