Coffee Cultivation Research Articles

Joint modeling of longitudinal and survival data for the evaluation of the impact of irrigation systems on the time until the occurrence of phoma leaf spot in Arabica coffee plants.

The coffee crop is prominent in Brazilian agriculture, making the country a global power in this area. One of the main concerns in the coffee sector is disease, which can affect coffee productivity and quality. Thus, it is important to evaluate the factors that may affect coffee quality and thus enhance the development of strategies to reduce coffee losses and costs and optimize production. This study evaluated the influence of the type of irrigation (self-propelled, drip, and center pivot) on the time until the occurrence of phoma leaf spot on Arabica coffee plants, considering the intensity of the disease. Additionally, the association between longitudinal incidence and the time until an event of interest was assessed based on the joint modeling of longitudinal and survival data. The results of this study identify the effectiveness of drip irrigation system compared with other systems; the use of such systems was associated with an ~46.5% reduction in the risk of leaf spot disease compared with the use of a self-propelled irrigation system. The use of a center pivot system increased the risk of disease progression compared with a self-propelled system. An association between the longitudinal and survival processes was also observed. The findings demonstrate the superior performance of the drip irrigation system in controlling phoma leaf spot disease in Arabica coffee plants compared with self-propelled and center pivot systems. This research highlights the potential of using drip irrigation to establish more effective agricultural practices in coffee cultivation, contributing to better disease management and improved crop quality. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Agricultural Productivity and Multidimensional Poverty Reduction in Colombia: An Analysis of Coffee, Plantain, and Corn Crops

This article presents the correlation between the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and the area planted, production in tons, and productive yield for various crops in Colombia from 2018 to 2021. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between agricultural productivity and multidimensional poverty in Colombia, focusing on the cultivation of coffee, plantain, and corn. The methodology employed included a literature review through a bibliometric analysis to understand the relationships between the MPI and agricultural production. In the second stage, the agricultural sector statistics for the years 2018 to 2021 and the MPI by regions and departments of Colombia during the same period was systematized. Finally, a quantitative statistical analysis was conducted to establish the correlation of the MPI with the area planted, production in tons, and productive yield for coffee, plantain, and corn crops in Colombia. The MPI identifies those who are deprived in 50% or more of the index’s dimensions as living in extreme poverty. The results show that higher productive yields in the crops analyzed correspond to a lower MPI. Coffee crops have an MPI below 50%; plantain crops have an MPI between 20% and 50%, and for mechanized corn crops, the data show an MPI between 20% and 30%. This demonstrates that coffee, plantain, and corn crops represent an alternative for reducing the MPI in Colombia.

Eco-efficiency of coffee production and consumption in the UK at the product and sectoral levels

Coffee is one of the most consumed products globally, and yet its eco-efficiency is still unknown. To address this knowledge gap, this paper examines for the first time the life cycle eco-efficiency of different coffee drinks to identify the most sustainable options and opportunities for improvements in the coffee industry. Nine types of coffee are considered: espresso, latte, cappuccino, Americano, drip-filter, coffee pods, spray-dried and freeze-dried instant, and instant coffee mix. Taking a cradle-to-grave approach, the following life stages are included: coffee cultivation, production and consumption, and end-of-life valorisation of spent coffee grounds. The methodology follows the eco-efficiency ISO 14045 standard to measure the environmental efficiency of a system relative to the economic value it generates. The eco-efficiency is estimated at both the product (one serving) and sectoral (annual consumption) levels based on life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle costing (LCC) and economic value added (VA). The results show that latte has the highest environmental impacts and LCC but it also has the highest VA at both the product and sectoral levels. Spray-dried instant coffee, on the other hand, has the lowest impacts but also the lowest VA, which makes it the least eco-efficient option. Espresso emerges as the most eco-efficient drink because it has moderate environmental impacts and high VA. Latte and coffee pods are the second most eco-efficient drinks, followed by cappuccino, Americano, and instant coffee mix. Valorising spent coffee grounds could reduce the environmental impacts, LCC and increase the VA at the sectoral level. For example, the climate change impact would be reduced by 80.5–132.1 kt CO2 eq./yr and primary energy demand by 0.9–2.3 PJ/yr while also increasing the VA by £50.2–95 M/yr. When compared to some other food sectors, coffee is 6.4 times more eco-efficient than cheddar cheese and 5.4 times than ice cream and biscuits, respectively. The findings of this study can be used to guide businesses, consumers and policy makers in identifying more eco-efficient coffee products and improving the environmental and economic sustainability of the coffee industry.

Growth and Productivity of Coffea arabica var. Esperanza L4A5 in Different Agroforestry Systems in the Caribbean Region of Costa Rica

This study focused on evaluating the growth and productivity of Coffea arabica var. Esperanza L4A5 in different agroforestry systems in the Caribbean region of Costa Rica, a non-traditional area for coffee cultivation due to its low altitude and challenging climatic conditions. Three tree coverages were investigated, in combination with two types of differentiated fertilization (physical and chemical), comparing the results with full sun coffee plots as a control: (1) Albizia saman, (2) Hymenaea courbaril + Erythrina poeppigiana, and (3) Anacardium excelsum + Erythrina poeppigiana. The results showed that tree associations significantly reduced the mortality of coffee plants and increased both the height and mature cherry production compared to full sun treatments. In particular, the tree coverages associated with chemical and physical fertilization achieved the highest growth and production rates, with A. excelsum + E. poeppigiana and H. courbaril + E. poeppigiana standing out with maximum mature cherry productions of 3.35 t/ha and 3.28 t/ha, respectively. Growth analysis revealed that rapid initial growth, especially under chemical fertilization, is crucial for maximizing productivity, although a rapid slowdown in growth was also observed after reaching the peak. These findings underscore the importance of combining tree coverages with appropriate fertilization strategies to optimize coffee production in agroforestry systems, particularly in low-altitude areas like the Costa Rican Caribbean. This study concludes that agroforestry systems not only improve the resilience of coffee crops to adverse environmental conditions but can also be a viable strategy for increasing productivity in non-conventional regions. This suggests the need for further research to assess the long-term impacts on soil health, biodiversity, and the economic viability of these systems.

Spatial variation in current and historical management of Arabica coffee across forests in its indigenous distribution

Societal Impact StatementArabica coffee grows in the forests and woodlands of Ethiopia. These Arabica coffee populations contain a reservoir of the highest genetic variation of this species, which is extremely valuable from a biodiversity conservation and coffee breeding point of view. Knowledge about the distribution of these populations, including how and to what extent they have been managed by local communities now and in the past, is limited. We reveal insights into the history, distribution, and management of Arabica coffee populations in the remaining forests of Ethiopia, which is essential for developing effective conservation policies for this globally important resource.Summary To guide conservation of forest biodiversity in a broad sense, we need to understand the landscape‐level variation in current and historical management practices of agroforestry systems. We collected data on coffee management practices across a large forested landscape in Ethiopia within Arabica coffee's indigenous distribution, using interviews in 11 villages and field surveys and interviews at 78 coffee sites in the forest. There was a gradient in coffee density (higher), liana cover (lower), and canopy cover (lower) from sites with high management intensity to sites without management. Recently, management intensity has increased in the forest edges. Interviews suggest that substantial areas of currently unmanaged coffee forests are a legacy of reforestation of abandoned (semi‐) open landscapes in the late 19th century. Despite a dynamic history of coffee cultivation across these areas, the conservation of forest biodiversity, including unmanaged populations of genetically diverse Arabica coffee, should be a priority, given the few such remaining areas in Ethiopia and elsewhere in the world.

II. Péter brazil császár szerepe a Brazíliába irányuló szíriai-libanoni bevándorlásban

After the abolition of the institution of slavery in 1888 and the boom in coffee cultivation, a labor shortage emerged in Brazil. The problem was to be solved by the organized resettlement of foreign, primarily European workers. Immigrants willing to work on the coffee plantations were provided with various subsidies by the state. Although only those immigrants engaged in agricultural work on the plantations received government support, this did not mean that the state prohibited spontaneous immigration. Spontaneous immigrants were those who did not arrive in Brazil through recruitment or agency activity and did not receive government support. Such were the Syrian–Lebanese workers who were mainly engaged in commercial rather than agricultural activities. From the second half of the nineteenth century, they left the Ottoman Empire in increasing numbers to try their luck in the Latin American country. The aim of this paper is to prove, relying on primary sources and the results of secondary literature, that even though Syrian-Lebanese immigration to Brazil was spontaneous, Pedro II of Brazil had an important role in encouraging it.

Factors Influencing Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for NPK Fertilizer in Specialty Coffee: Insights from Pagar Alam, Indonesia

Robusta coffee cultivation in Pagar Alam City has not been carried out optimally because most farmers do not practice precision farming patterns in the use of production inputs to increase coffee plant productivity, including the use of unsubsidised coffee-specific fertilisers. In order to be accepted by farmers, fertiliser companies must pay attention to the willingness to pay of farmers for these fertilisers. For this reason, the study aims to: (1) determine farmer perceptions of nutrient content, ease of use and quality of fertiliser, (2) determine the value of farmers’ willingness to pay for unsubsidised NPK fertiliser for coffee in Pagar Alam City, and (3) determine the effect of nutrient content, ease of use and quality of fertiliser and other factors on farmers' WTP in Pagar Alam City. The research location was determined purposively with the consideration that Pagar Alam City is one of the highest coffee producing areas in Indonesia. A total of 100 coffee farmers were used as samples and interviewed using a prepared questionnaire. Data on farmers' willingness to pay was obtained by using the contingent valuation method (CVM). Descriptive analysis was used to determine the level of farmers' perception of nutrient content, ease of use and quality of fertiliser. Multiple linear regression methods was used to analyze the effect of nutrient content, ease of use and fertiliser quality and other factors on farmers' WTP. The results showed that the average value of farmers' WTP for unsubsidised NPK fertiliser for coffee was IDR 11,160 per kg which is lower than the price of unsubsidised NPK fertiliser commonly paid by coffee farmers. The study found that fertiliser quality, ease of fertiliser uses and fertiliser nutrient content, farm income level, land size, age, farming experience, household size and farmer membership status in farmer groups significantly affect the farmers’ WTP.

Caffeinating Entrepreneurship: Understating the Factors Driving Coffee Farming Entrepreneurial Intentions among Potential Entrepreneurs

While entrepreneurship continues to gain significance worldwide as a means for economic development and a tool for youth employment, coffee cultivation entrepreneurial intention becomes an essential goal to investigate and a necessary instrument. Accordingly, this research investigates the role of external factors, namely Access to Finance (ATF), Structural and Institutional Support (SIS), Physical Infrastructure Support (PIS), Social Influence (SIF) and Education and Training (ET), in stimulating Coffee Farming Entrepreneurial Intention (CFEI) among potential entrepreneurs (students). A sample of 318 participants from various universities in Saudi Arabia responded to an online questionnaire, forming the basis for analysis using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The study reported different findings, such as a positive relationship between CFEI and other factors, namely PIS, SIF and ET. However, the study found no positive connection between ATF, SIS and CFEI. The study concluded by providing actionable recommendations for policymakers about stimulating coffee farming among students and contributing to the economic development process and youth employment. It also assists in the establishment of sustainable business environments for future generations.

Pengelolaan Hutan Kopi dan Aren dalam Inovasi Produk Kopi Aren Rasa Wine Non Alkohol di Kecamatan Kutalimbaru, Deli Serdang

This study aims to create an innovation in coffee-based culinary products by combining two plant materials, namely coffee and sap, to produce non-alcoholic grape-flavored sap coffee that has never been produced before. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through FGD (Focus Group Discussion) with relevant stakeholders. The results of the study indicate that the coffee and sugar palm forests in the area are very productive and have great potential to support improving the welfare of farmers. In addition, the marketing model for this innovative sap coffee product is carried out offline and online, expanding the market reach. In conclusion, the innovation of non-alcoholic grape-flavored sap coffee can have a positive impact on improving the economy of coffee and sugar palm farmers in Sukamakmur Village, as well as opening up new job opportunities through productive management of natural resources. Keywords: Coffee Forest, Coffee Cultivation, Palm Coffee, Micro Business

Exploring the efficacy of endophytic Diaporthe caatingaensis as a biocontrol agent targeting Fusarium strains afflicting coffee plants in Saudi Arabia

BackgroundThe coffee plant is a strategic crop in Saudi Arabia that makes a substantial contribution to the country’s economy. Therefore, it is crucial to continuously monitor and control the fungal phytopathogens that affect coffee plants in order to minimize crop losses and ensure sustainable cultivation. This is the first surveillance report of Fusarium phytopathogens associated with coffee plants in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the antagonistic efficiency of the endophytic fungus, Diaporthe caatingaensis, was evaluated against the isolated Fusarium phytopathogens. MethodsThe isolated strains were preliminary identified using cultural and microscopic methods and the identification was confirmed using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing technique. The detached leaf assay was conducted to assess the disease severity of Fusarium phytopathogens against detached coffee leaves. Moreover, dual culture assay was utilized to assess the antagonistic activity of D. caatingaensis. Results and conclusionFusarium oxysporum was found to be the most frequent isolated strain followed by F. solani, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides strains. Fusarium proliferatum strain was found to be the most severe strain whereas F. solani strain showed the lowest disease severity. On the other hand, propiconazole fungicide was tested for its efficiency against Fusarium pathogens using food poisoning technique, showing that F. oxysporum strain 1 of accession number OP955665 was the most sensitive strain. However, F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum st. 2 (OP959851) and F. solani strains showed no significant response when the propiconazole concentration increase from 150 to 200 ppm. Scanning electron microscope proved the potent antagonistic activity of D. caatingaensis against F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum OP959874 strains through mycoparasitic modes of action as coiling, appressorium formation resulting in complete lysis of fungal mycelium. Accordingly, the current investigation provides the first surveillance data about Fusarium strains associated with coffee plants and also the utilization of D. caatingaensis as a potential biocontrol agent for effective management of Fusarium phytopathogens, avoiding the incidence of fungal resistance to fungicides and the harmful effects of commercial fungicides for sustainable cultivation of coffee in Saudi Arabia.

The diversity and ecological roles of insects and arachnids in arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) plantation in Palasari, Bandung Regency

Keanekaragaman komunitas artropoda dapat dijadikan sebagai bioindikator perubahan lingkungan khususnya pada sistem budi daya kopi dengan sistem pengelolaan yang beragam. Sistem pengelolaan lahan yang beragam akan menimbulkan perubahan struktur komunitas dan fungsi ekologis artropoda. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis keanekaragaman dan peranan serangga dan Arachnida pada perkebunan kopi Arabika di Kabupaten Bandung. Sampel diambil dari perkebunan kopi di Desa Legok Nyenang, Kabupaten Bandung dengan menetapkan lima plot sampel berukuran 100 m2 per plot dengan jarak antar plot sejauh 50 m. Serangga dan Arachnida terestrial diambil menggunakan jaring ayun, perangkap nampan kuning, dan beating sheet. Sampel yang diperoleh diidentifikasi berdasarkan karakter morfologi hingga tingkat morfospesies. Sebanyak 269 jenis serangga (11 ordo dan 98 famili, total 669 individu) dan 23 jenis Aachnida (satu ordo dan 13 famili, total 44 individu) berhasil dikumpulkan dari perkebunan kopi Arabika Palasari. Peran ekologi yang paling beragam adalah fitofag. Spesies fitofag yang dominan adalah Nysius sp. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Musuh alami yang dominan, yaitu parasitoid Megacampsomeris prismatica (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) dan predator, Tetragnatha sp. (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), sedangkan fungsi ekologis yang jumlahnya paling rendah adalah serangga penyerbuk (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Keanekaragaman jenis serangga dan Arachnida yang ditemukan pada pertanaman kopi di Kabupaten Bandung termasuk dalam kategori tinggi (H' = 5,10), meskipun indeks kemerataan dan dominansinya tergolong rendah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pertanaman kopi merupakan ekosistem yang potensial bagi konservasi keanekaragaman hayati serangga dan Arachnida predator sehingga praktik budi daya dan pengelolaan hama harus diarahkan untuk melindungi serangga menguntungkan, seperti musuh alami dan polinator.

Wastewater Recycling to Enhance Environmental Quality using Fuzzy Embedded with RNN-IoT for Sustainable Coffee Farming

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:200%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Wastewater pollution is a major concern due to organic matter, pesticides, and other contaminants. Untreated discharge of this wastewater can pollute water resources and harm the environment. A data-driven approach for optimizing wastewater treatment systems and ensuring recycled water's safety and effectiveness by calculating energy, chemical, and greenhouse gas emissions. According to this study, the process of system optimization decreases the negative influence on the environment. This suggested research looks at the potential for reusing wastewater and purifying it so it can be used in coffee plants. A variety of methods for cleaning and disinfecting substances are detailed in the article. A wide range of physical, chemical, and biological processes can be utilized in these treatments. The primary objective of sewage wastewater treatment is to develop effective methods that ensure the safety and effectiveness of treated reused water for use in agriculture. data analysis using sensors Connected sensors that measure nutrients, pollutants, salinity, pH, organic matter, and toxins are being used to track various water quality measures. Fuzzy-based data processing utilizing FRNNs to handle uncertainties inherent in sensor data through fuzzy logic techniques. Recurrent neural networks capture temporal dependencies in the wastewater data, allowing for more accurate predictions. Compared with the other existing algorithms, the proposed method has the efficient treatment of wastewater and its safe reuse for coffee cultivation, promoting water conservation and sustainable agricultural practices.</span></span></span></p>

Biochemical composition and volatile profile analysis of three varieties of Coffea arabica and their correlation with the microclimate of Mount Tangkuban Perahu, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Firnabillah RA, Mustari E, Marwani E. 2024. Biochemical composition and volatile profile analysis of three varieties of Coffea arabica and their correlation with the microclimate of Mount Tangkuban Perahu, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3264-3276. The quality of coffee is determined by various biochemical compounds, including chlorogenic acid, caffeine, trigonelline, sucrose, and oil, as well as the volatile metabolite profile in coffee beans. Genetic factors and environmental conditions at the coffee cultivation site influence the composition of these compounds. This study aimed to analyze the biochemical composition and volatile profile of various coffee samples, including Ateng, Tim-Tim, and Sigarar Utang, and investigate their correlation with microclimate factors. Different analytical methods were used to examine the green beans, including High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) for caffeine, chlorogenic acids, sucrose, and trigonelline, Soxhlet methods for oil content determination, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for volatile compound analysis. The results showed distinct biochemical components and metabolite profiles among the three arabica coffee varieties. The Ateng variety had the highest concentrations of chlorogenic acid, while the Tim-Tim variety had the lowest content of these compounds. Trigonelline and caffeine content was similar across all varieties. Sucrose content was highest in the Sigarar Utang variety, while oil content was higher in the Ateng and Tim-Tim varieties compared to Sigarar Utang. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed significant metabolite variation among the three varieties, with PC1 and PC2 accounting for 69.2% of the variance. Furthermore, Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) successfully distinguished the three varieties and identified potential biomarker compounds for classification. Additionally, the study discovered that the environmental factor, specifically light intensity affected the sucrose and oil compounds in arabica green beans coffee. The study concluded that the three varieties' biochemical composition and volatile metabolites differed. Certain compounds were found to correlate with measured microclimatic factor.

Assessment of macrozoobenthic community dynamics in the Ijuk River: Implications for freshwater ecosystem health and conservation management

Background: Nestled within the Isau-Isau Wildlife Reserve, the Ijuk River stretches approximately 3 kilometers, serving as a vital conservation area. Its upstream region plays multiple ecological roles, including watershed management, hydrological regulation, microclimate control, soil fertility maintenance, microbial habitat provision, air quality regulation, and carbon sequestration. However, escalating human activities, particularly changes in land use, pose significant threats to its ecological balance. The particular concern is the conversion of forested areas into agricultural lands, primarily for coffee cultivation and mixed gardens, encroaching dangerously close to the riverbanks. This encroachment necessitates a critical reevaluation of the river's water quality, given its crucial role in supporting biodiversity and ecological equilibrium. Benthic insects dwelling in the riverbed serve as invaluable bioindicators, offering insights into the overall health of aquatic ecosystems. Methods: Conducted between January and July 2022 in the Isau-Isau Wildlife Refuge, Lawang Agung Village, Mulak Ulu District, Lahat Regency, the study aimed to assess the macrozoobenthic community structure across three river segments: upstream, midstream, and downstream. Employing field sampling, observational surveys, taxonomic identification, and data analysis, the research aimed to unravel the river's ecological dynamics. Findings: Through meticulous examination of benthic insect communities, the study revealed relatively favorable water quality in the Ijuk River. However, discernible declines in various ecological parameters, as evidenced by evaluation results, highlight the urgency of conservation efforts and proactive management strategies to mitigate further degradation and preserve the river's ecological integrity. Conclusion: Such endeavors are crucial for safeguarding the biodiversity and sustainability of this vital freshwater ecosystem. Novelty/Originality of this Study: The study uniquely assesses the macrozoobenthic community dynamics in the Ijuk River, revealing significant changes over two decades that highlight the river's ecological health and underscore the urgent need for conservation efforts. It offers a comprehensive, updated evaluation of the macrozoobenthic community structure, providing critical insights into the impacts of land use changes and human activities on freshwater ecosystems.

Projected rising temperatures and vapour pressure deficit threaten Arabica coffee production Tanzania's burgeoning coffee region: Empirical insight from Mbinga district, Tanzania

Tanzania is emerging as a key coffee producer, but climate change poses a serious threat to coffee production in the country. While extensive literature addresses climatic variables’ trends and variability in coffee-growing regions globally, elevation, a crucial factor in coffee cultivation, is often overlooked. This paper aims to fill this knowledge gap by examining the future trends and variability of climatic variables identified in previous studies being crucial for Arabica coffee (rainfall, temperature, and vapor pressure Deficit (VPD)) during different phenological stages of Arabica coffee growth across three elevation zones (lowland, midland, and highland). We study the Mbinga district, now a major Arabica-producing area and the forefront of hopes for expanding production in Tanzania. We used a Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) of two Global Circulation Models (GCMs) to estimate the future trends and variability of rainfall, temperature, and VPD under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios from 2023 to 2064. We analyzed these data using non-parametric trend analysis (Mann-Kendal and Sen's slope test estimation) and standardized anomalies. Our results suggest that both temperatures (minimum and maximum) and VPD during critical flowering and growing seasons are projected to increase significantly over the next 42 years across all elevation zones under both emission scenarios. The mean annual temperatures across elevation zones in Mbinga are projected to surpass the optimal temperature envelope (23 °C) for producing quality Arabica, challenging the notion that the highlands might serve as a refuge for future production. The mean annual VPD in the lowlands are projected to surpass the optimal envelope (0.82 kPa) for Arabica productivity from 2023 to 2064 under both emission scenarios, while midlands are projected to surpass the optimal VPD envelope from mid-2040s onwards. In constrast, the highlands are projected to stay within the optimal VPD envelope for Arabica productivity from 2023 to 2064 under both emission scenarios. Nevertheless, as highlands are projected to get more warmer in the future because of rising temperatures, this hope might not be feasible in the post-2064. To secure Mbinga's future in global coffee value chains, the Tanzanian government and stakeholders must support adaptation measures, enhancing smallholders’ resilience against climate-induced disruptions.

Keunggulan Komparatif Ekspor Kopi di Indonesia

Indonesia has a significant comparative advantage in the coffee export sector, supported by high product quality, diversity of coffee types, and ideal natural conditions for coffee cultivation. The unique taste of coffee in Indonesia, such as Arabica and Robusta, is recognized and appreciated in the international market. Nonetheless, Indonesia's coffee industry faces several challenges such as price fluctuations, climate change, inadequate infrastructure, limited access to funding, and intense global competition. To overcome these challenges and strengthen its position in the global market, a comprehensive strategy is needed. These strategies include improving product quality and consistency, developing infrastructure, diversifying and innovating products, increasing funding, and strengthening marketing and promotion. The implementation of these strategies is expected to improve the welfare of coffee farmers and producers, maximize Indonesia's coffee export potential, and maintain its comparative advantage in the global market. In addition, it is also important to increase collaboration between the government, private sector, and farming community in facing the challenges. With strong synergy, Indonesia's coffee industry can continue to grow and compete in the international market, and contribute significantly to the national economy.

Extension of Beauveria bassiana the Effectiveness As a Coffee Fruit Borer Pest Control in Ngrayudan Village, Ngawi Regency

The development of coffee cultivation in Ngrayudan Village, Ngawi Regency has experienced a decline in quality due to the attack of the Coffee Fruit Borer pest. The pest causes damage to the coffee fruit. Based on the results of the identification of the area potential, there is a problem regarding the handling of Coffee Fruit Borer pests that had not been maximized by farmers in Ngrayudan Village. Farmers do not have the knowledge and skills to use biological agents as solutions. This study aims to design extension and behavior changes related to farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and skills. This research was conducted in February - March 2024 using a qualitative approach by using the level III action research method which has four stages in extension activities including planning, action, observation, and reflection. Based on observations and interviews with respondents after counseling showed significant changes in behavior. Supported by quantitative data from the extension evaluation results which showed an increase in knowledge of 34%, while the attitude level showed results of 89% including in the category of responsibility in deciding a matter, and a skill level of 80% including in the level of problem-solving farmers can describe problems to find the best solution. The conclusion of this study shows the existence of effective extension in improving behavior change in Farmer Groups in making biological agents such as Coffee Fruit Borer pest control.

Effect of Light Quality on the seed Germination and Development of Coffee Seedlings (Coffea arabica).

Coffee (Coffea arabica) cultivation is vital to the global economic, social and cultural life of farmers. However, senescent and disease-susceptible plantations affect coffee productivity. Therefore, it is crucial to improve biotechnological strategies such as micropropagation to increase the number of plants for replanting. In this study, the dark condition (T1) and different light qualities (T0-white light 400-700 nm; T2-red light 660 nm and T3-blue light 460 nm) were evaluated to optimize the in vitro propagation of 4 and 9 month-old coffee seeds. The results showed that red light had the highest percentage, an outstanding germination rate index, which may suggest that in the case of coffee seeds could be involved phytochromes that promote germination in a red light quality. In summary, the ideal conditions for in vitro micropropagation of coffee are under white and red light condition.

Economic Viability of Converting From Conventional to Organic Coffee Cultivation in Southern Minas Gerais

Objective: This study aims to explore the economic viability of converting conventional coffee cultivation to organic practices on a rural property in southern Minas Gerais, assessing the economic and operational impacts of this process. Theoretical Framework: The literature on sustainability in coffee production suggests economic benefits and a reduction in negative environmental impacts for farmers who adopt sustainability certifications. However, empirical evidence is mixed, with studies indicating a dependence on financial premiums to offset the lower productivity of organic cultivation. Method: A case study was conducted on a property that uses both production systems. Data from the 2022/2023 harvest were collected and analyzed, comparing the operational costs and profitability between conventional and organic cultivation methods. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that the high cost of organic inputs negatively impacted the profitability of organic production, despite the significantly higher sales prices of organic produce. The low productivity of the organic plot resulted in losses, highlighting a gap in the efficiency of production management. Research Implications: The findings of this study suggest the need for more effective management strategies and possibly the development of agricultural technologies that increase the productivity of organic cultivation, without compromising the principles of sustainable agriculture. Originality/Value: This study contributes to existing literature by exploring the conversion of cultivation in a specific and coffee-producing region in Brazil, providing data on the real economic challenges faced by farmers during the transition to sustainable agricultural practices. The detailed analysis of costs and benefits reinforces the complexity and nuances involved in adopting sustainable agricultural practices on a local scale.

Classification of Slope for Coffee Plantation in Ngajum District, Indonesia

Slope classification activity aims to provide information to coffee farmers about the slope, especially in Ngajum District, Malang Regency. Ngajum is one of the sub-districts located on the slopes of Mount Kawi. The people of Ngajum generally work as cattle and goat breeders as well as coffee plantations. Information on the slope (altitude) affects the classification of the quality of the coffee produced. In addition, the varieties of coffee planted also depend on the slope of the mountain slopes. Making a slope map utilizes satellite imagery which has altitude information, namely in the form of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) satellite imagery. Administrative boundary data are used according to the sub-district so that the slope classification can be focused. The method used in this activity is the analysis of spatial data from the results of slope classification. Slope class is divided into 7 (seven) slope classes, i.e. flat, wavy, wavy-bumpy, bumpy-hilly, hilly-mountainous, steep mountain, and mountainous. The results of slope classification show that 2377.171 Ha or 35.971% of the Ngajum area is undulating class. The slope of the wavy slope is a suitable class for coffee cultivation but must be accompanied by the suitability of other parameters so that the productivity of coffee plants increases. The drawback of the results of this activity is that it has not been able to determine which varieties of coffee plants are suitable for planting with the slope of the area, so further research is needed.