Cultivation Efforts Research Articles

Kelps on demand: Closed-system protocols for culturing large bull kelp sporophytes for research and restoration.

Culturing kelps for commercial, conservation, and scientific purposes is becoming increasingly widespread. However, kelp aquaculture methods are typically designed for ocean-based farms, and these methods may not be applicable for smaller scale cultivation efforts common in research and restoration. Growing kelps in closed, recirculating culture systems may address many of these constraints, yet closed system approaches have remained largely undescribed. Extensive declines of the bull kelp(Nereocystis luetkeana), an ecologically important canopy species in the Northeast Pacific, have received widespread attention and prompted numerous research and conservation initiatives. Here, we detail two approaches for cultivating N. luetkeana sporophytes in closed recirculating systems. Nereocystis luetkeana were reared as attached thalli in custom seaweed growth flumes and also free-floating in tumble culture tanks. Careful control of stocking density, water motion, aeration, and nutrient levels allowed for rapid growth and normal morphogenesis of laboratory-grown kelp. Culture systems reached up to 3 kg · m-3 , and individual thalli attained lengths of up to 6 m before the trials were terminated. Our results demonstrate the potential of recirculating, closed culture systems to overcome limitations associated with traditional culture methods. Recirculating systems enable the precise control of culture conditions, improving biosecurity and facilitating cultivar development and other research. Kelps can be grown away from the ocean or outside their native ranges, and seasonal or annual species can be produced year-round without seasonal constraints.

BIOCLIM Modeling for Predicting Suitable Habitat for Endangered Tree Tapiscia sinensis (Tapisciaceae) in China

Climate change jeopardizes species survival, particularly for endangered species. This risk extends to the endangered Chinese endemic tree Tapiscia sinensis. The factors underpinning T. sinensis’s habitat distribution are poorly understood, and its potential response to future climate scenarios remains unclear. With six shortlisted climate factors and 117 occurrence records, we modeled T. sinensis’s potential distribution across China using the BIOCLIM model. We applied principal component analysis to examine the primary climate factors restricting its geographical range. The findings indicate that T. sinensis’ range is principally located in China’s middle subtropical climatic zone at low–mid altitudes. The principal component analysis identified two critical factors representing temperature and precipitation. Temperature was the most critical factor limiting T. sinensis distribution, especially the effect of temperature seasonality and isothermality. The habitat suitability model generated by BIOCLIM under current climate conditions demonstrated strong concordance between the predicted suitable areas and the present actual distribution range. These results verify that the model can reliably identify habitats conducive to T. sinensis growth and survival. However, under a hypothetical future climate scenario of doubled atmospheric CO2 concentrations for 2100, the model indicates a precipitous reduction and fragmentation in the areas with excellent suitability conditions. This predicted decline highlights the considerable threats posed by climate change to the long-term survival of this endangered species in China. Our habitat modeling yields critical insights that inform the development of science-based strategies and best practices to improve conservation management plans for research, protection, nursery cultivation, and sustainable planting in China. Habitat suitability knowledge could aid introduction and cultivation efforts for T. sinensis globally in places with analogous climates.

Relationship between adaptation and mitigation of climate change with the climate village program (ProKlim) In Paser Regency

This study aims to understand the relationship between the Climate Village Program (ProKlim) success rate and climate change adaptation and mitigation actions in Paser Regency. The results of the analysis showed that simultaneously climate change adaptation actions had a real effect on the success rate of ProKlim in Paser Regency by 81.45% with a significance level of 0.00054 (less than α = 0.05), while climate change mitigation actions have a real effect on the success rate of ProKlim in Paser Regency by 83.66% with a significance level of 0.0052 (less than α = 0.05). Meanwhile, the relationship of adaptation actions to the success rate of the ProKlim in Paser Regency is partially influenced by the efforts of control of climate change-related diseases with a significant level of 0.0305 (less than α=0.05). Meanwhile, climate change mitigation actions, it is partially influenced by low-emission agricultural cultivation efforts with a significant level of 0.0305 (less than α=0.05). Thus, the efforts to achieve the success of ProKlim cannot be done partially but must be carried out comprehensively because the impact of climate change has been felt in all aspects so it is necessary to apply all variables of climate change adaptation and mitigation sustainably.

Effect of planting media composition and watering time interval on Andrographis paniculata Ness growth

Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Ness.) contains andrographolide which can increase the body’s immune system. The cultivation efforts for this commodity are still low, even though demand is rising. The current production of sambiloto is only obtained from nature or small-scale cultivation; this will lead to a decrease in availability and germplasm. This study aimed to examine the role of planting media composition and watering time interval on the growth of Sambiloto. This study used a factorial complete randomized design with two treatments. The first factor is the composition of the planting medium. The second factor is the watering interval treatment. The results showed that there was no interaction between the composition of the growing media and the watering time interval. Soil media and vermicompost gave the best results on plant height, number of leaves, number of primary branches, fresh weight of plants, and andrographolide content. Watering every 3 and 4 days had the same effect on the growth of sambiloto. Soil media and vermicompost fertilizer produced the highest andrographolide (8.03%).

Karakteristik Kimia dan Fisikia Pempek Lenjer dengan Perbandingan Ikan Seluang dan Metode Pemasakan

The scarcity of belida fish and snakehead fish as raw materials for pempek is due to the not-yet-optimal cultivation efforts being carried out, and belida fish are protected or prohibited from being caught, causing the price of these fish more expensive. Pempek entrepreneurs replace it with sea fish such as mackerel, parang-parang fish, and other types of sea fish, but the taste and aroma of the pempek produced are slightly fishy. This problem causes the need to use alternative freshwater fish, including seluang fish. The method of solving the problem is to research making pempek with a ratio of seluang fish consisting of (S1) = 40% seluang fish: 60% tapioca flour, (S2) = 50% seluang fish: 50% tapioca flour, (S3) = seluang fish 60%: 40% tapioca flour with the cooking method (M1) = steaming method and M2 = boiling method. The results of research on the average pempek protein content ranged from3.23% to 8.51%, fat content from 2.10% to 4.44%, calcium levels from 157.33 mg/10 g to 224.00 mg/100 g, and the average elasticity from 0.4 gF to 2.10 gF. The conclusion of the research results showed that pempek lenjer with a ratio of seluang S3 (60% seluang fish with 40% tapioca flour) and cooking method M1 (steaming) had a very significant effect on protein content, fat content, calcium levels, and elasticity. The highest protein, fat, and calcium content, respectively 8.51%, 4.44%, and 224 mg/100 g, were found in S3M1 (60% seluang fish with 40% tapioca flour and boiling method). In comparison, the highest chewiness was in S1M1 (40% seluang fish with 60% tapioca flour and steaming).

Growth of Zamia Leaf Cuttings (Zamioculcas zamiifolia) with the Application of Auxin Hormone and Foliar Fertilizer on Water Media

Zamioculcas zamiifolia is an ornamental aroid plant that can be propagated vegetatively through leaf, stem, and petiole cuttings. Cultivation efforts are needed to increase the viability of cuttings as well as faster root and shoot induction, one of which is by using planting media and adding ZPT. This study aims to determine the effect of the application of the hormone auxin and foliar fertilizer on the growth of zamia leaf cuttings in aqueous media. The research was carried out at the Stiper Agricultural Institute, Yogyakarta, from June 1 to August 10, 2021. The method used was a factorial experiment arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor is the concentration of the auxin hormone which consists of 3 levels, namely 0; 2.5; and 5 ppm. The second factor is the concentration of foliar fertilizer consisting of 4 levels, namely 0; 0.25; 0.5; and 0.75 g/l. The results showed that the 0.25 ppm auxin treatment was able to induce root elongation. Foliar fertilizers have an important influence on root formation, keeping the cuttings green, tuber induction, shoot growth percentage, and the addition of fresh weight. The most optimal concentration of foliar fertilizer is 0.5 g/l.

Seed Germination within Genus Rosa: The Complexity of the Process and Influencing Factors

Seed germination is a crucial stage in the life cycle of plants, and understanding the factors influencing germination is essential for successful cultivation, plant breeding, and conservation efforts. The genus Rosa, commonly known as roses, encompasses a diverse group of flowering plants renowned for their beauty and fragrance. Rosa germination is influenced by a variety of factors, including seed dormancy, environmental conditions, and seed treatments. Many Rosa species exhibit different types of seed dormancy, such as physical dormancy caused by hard seed coats and physiological dormancy due to internal mechanisms. Overcoming seed dormancy often requires specific treatments, including cold stratification, scarification, or chemical treatments, to promote germination. Environmental factors, including temperature, moisture, light, and substrate, play vital roles in Rosa germination. Temperatures ranging from 15 to 25 °C, moisture, and exposure to light or darkness, depending on the species, constitute suitable conditions for seed germination. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the germination requirements of different Rosa species, thereby expanding our understanding of their propagation and conservation. Additionally, advancements in techniques such as in vitro germination and molecular approaches have further enhanced our understanding of Rosa germination biology.

Harvest methods determine the yield and quality of Sonchus arvensis accessions cultivated in organic way

Abstract. Raisawati T, Melati M, Aziz SA, Rafi M. 2023. Harvest methods determine the yield and quality of Sonchus arvensis accessions cultivated in organic way. Biodiversitas 24: 4110-4119. Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensisL.) is a wild plant species with high potential for medicinal uses. Nonetheless, the understanding of agronomical aspect of this species is still limited, hindering the large-scale cultivation efforts. This species has unique traits in term of leaves morphology in which it has rosette (old) leaves and upper (inflorescence) leaves which might require particular harvesting method to obtain optimal yield and quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of harvest methods on leaf production, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and flavonoid profiles of three accessions of sowthistle. The experiment used randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor is harvesting methods namely gradual and simultaneous harvest of lower and upper leaves of sowthistle. The second factor is three accessions of S. arvensis namely Lembang, Tawangmangu, and Banjararum. The results showed that the simultaneous harvest resulted in higherleaf number by 65%, fresh weight by 55%, and dry weight by 60% compared to those of gradual harvest. However, the difference between fresh weight and dry weight of upper leaf was more determined by the accessions with Tawangmangu had the highest weight. Antioxidant activity of sowthistle in this study is not only caused by total flavonoid. Tawangmangu accession gradually harvested produced high lower leaf antioxidants, while those harvested simultaneously produced the highest total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of upper leaves. The results of HPLC analysis showed the flavonoid profiles of S. arvensis leaves which contain rutin, myricetin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol and apigenin. Kaempferol was the highest content of flavonoid in rosette and upper leaves. The findings of this study suggest that simultaneous harvesting is recommended to obtain high sowthistle production and quality.

SDS-PAGE protein profile of albumin extracted by steaming from four marine and three brackish-water fishes

Abstract. Fatma N, Metusalach, Taslim NA, Nurilmala M. 2023. SDS-PAGE protein profile of albumin extracted by steaming from four marine and three brackish-water fishes. Biodiversitas 24: 4027-4033. Snakehead fish is a type of fish that has been known as the best source of fish albumin. However, the increasing demand for and exploitation of snakehead fish albumin is not accompanied by the availability of sustainable snakehead fish stocks. Snakehead fish stocks in nature continue to experience depletion and cultivation efforts that have been carried out so far have not yielded satisfactory results. For this reason, it is necessary to find alternative sources of fish albumin. The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular weight of the albumin proteins extracted by water bath steaming from four marine fishes (Indian scad Decapterus russelli, short-bodied mackerel Rastrelliger brachysoma, goldband fusilier Pterocaesio chrysozona, Japanese threadfin bream Nemipterus japonicus) and three brackish-water fishes (white-lipped eel catfish Paraplotosus albilabris, barramundi Lates calcarifer, milkfish Chanos chanos). The method used was Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis. Each sample was steamed in a water bath at 50°C for 30 minutes to obtain the crude extract's optimal yield and albumin content. The molecular weights of each protein band were analyzed using the Photocapt application, visualized and tabulated, and analyzed descriptively. Indian scad had six protein bands with three major (48 kD, 37 kD, 32 kD) and three minor bands (66 kD, 25 kD, 15 kD). Shortbodied mackerel had one major protein band (26 kD). Goldband fusilier had one major (33 kD) and four minor bands (50 kD, 69 kD, 57 kD, 26 kD). Japanese threadfin bream had one major (62 kD) and three minor bands (171 kD, 72 kD, 26 kD). White-lipped eel catfish had two major (41 kD, 34 kD and two minor bands (70 kD, 26 kD). Barramundi had one major (26 kD) and two minor bands (171 kD, 87 kD). Milkfish had one major (41 kD) and four minor bands (333 kD, 135 kD, 31 kD, 25 kD). It is hoped that this research will provide information on which fish have the potential as a source of fish albumin in terms of protein composition which resembles snakehead fish so that the properties provided are as good as albumin from snakehead fish.

Gonad maturation and spawning performance of the sand sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) by Oodev® dan Ovaprim® administration

Sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) contains lots of collagen and vitamin E for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. H. scabra have high economic value. The price in the local market is IDR 400,000–1,200,000/kg and internationally it is IDR 500,000–IDR 5,000,000/kg dry weight. The level of exploitation is high, and it is suspected that there has been overfishing in several areas. Cultivation efforts need to be done to maintain the population in nature. The natural rate of gonad maturation and spawning in H. scabra broodstock is relatively slow, so efforts are needed to speed it up, among other things by administering hormones. This study aimed to stimulate (1) gonad maturation and (2) H. scabra spawning. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 3 replications in 2 stages using broodstock measuring 250–350 g/head. Stage 1: (1) Treatment A: without immersing the H. scabra in hormone solution, (2) Treatment B: immersing the H. scabra in the Oodev®/Oocyte developer dose of 1 mL/kg weight, and (3) Treatment C: soaking sea cucumber broodstock in Oodev® dose of 2 mL/kg weight. Stage 2: (1) without immersion of the broodstock in hormone solution, (2) immersion of the broodstock in Ovaprim® doses of 1 mL/kg weight. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance. The results showed that immersion of H. scabra broodstock in Oodev® and ovaprim® was not successful in stimulating gonad maturation and spawning in H. scabra broodstock. The spawning behavior of sea cucumbers that were successfully observed included body movements such as writhing, coiling like a ball, sticking to walls, partially erecting their bodies, actively crawling, and being more active at night.Keywords: Gonad; Holothuria scabra; Oodev®; Ovaprim®; Spawning; Sea cucumber.

Evaluasi Kebijakan Perdagangan Lobster yang Pro Nelayan di Provinsi Aceh

The goal of this research is to evaluate the government's lobster business policies, particularly those that are aligned with the interests of fishermen (pro fishermen). Policy evaluation is critical in assessing the success of the lobster trade for the benefit of fishermen In this study, a qualitative method with a case study approach is used. Data was then gathered through observation, interviews, and supporting documentation. The informants interviewed in this study were chosen using snowball sampling based on their suitability with the required information. Informants include lobster catchers, traders, and local governments. The data is then analyzed using coding, categorization, comparison, and discussion research findings. The findings revealed that lobster trade policies were developed and implemented without the inclusion of fishermen as policy targets. As a result, they are excluded from existing policies and make it difficult for fishermen to find alternative sources of income. The failure of this policy is due to the following factors: (1) a lack of definitive data on lobster catching fishers; (2) an over-campaign concerning lobster availability in Simeulue.(3) There is no local government support for lobster cultivation efforts; (4) there is no socialization, coaching, equipment assistance, or capital injection; and (5) there is no local government support for carrier transportation modes.

Economic Feasibility of Floating Cultivation System on Swampland

Swampland is one of the agroecosystems that has not been optimally utilized, especially in agriculture. This land is included in sub obtimal land in South Sumatera province. This research aims to determine the feasibility of horticulture cultivation efforts with floating methods on swampland. The location of the research was the swampland in Srimulya Village, Sematang Borang District of Palembang City on inundated season from January to June. This study was conducted by combining interview methods and participatory observation with respondents. The method used in determining economic feasibility was business feasibility analysis using R/C and B/C Ratios. The types of data processed were primary data and secondary data with quantitative type. Based on the results, it can be concluded that floating cultivation system for kale can add family income to swampland. With the total cost of each harvest being Rp 4.390.000,00 , an acceptance of Rp 14.000.000,00 is obtained. The net income earned every harvest is Rp 9.610.000,00. The Revenue / Cost Ratio is 3.19 while Benefit / Cost Ratio is 2.19. It can be concluded that the floating cultivation system is feasible to be implemented on swampland.

The effect of taro leaf flour Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott on feed on the growth of bileh fish Rasbora maninjau

The supply fish of bileh (Rasbora maninjau) so far comes from natural catch. The catch of bileh fish in their natural habitat can cause a decrease in the population of this fish so that cultivation efforts are carried out. Feed has become one of the most important factors in cultivation activities. If the feed given is in accordance with the nutritional needs of the fish, it will support the increase in the growth of the fish being cultured. For this reason, research was carried out on the use of natural raw materials for taro plants as additional nutrients in feed. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of adding taro leaf flour Colocasia esculenta(L.) Schott to feed by observing the growth rate of bileh fish. The experimental design in this study used a completely randomized design with four different doses of feed with three replications. The research treatment was a control treatment, dose of 5%, dose of 10%, and dose of 15% of taro leaf meal. Parameters observed were weight gain, absolute length increase and water quality. The results showed that the addition of taro leaf flour to the feed gave the same response to the parameters of weight gain, absolute length gain, and feed conversion ratio. The use of taro leaf flour has not been able to increase the growth of bileh fish (Rasbora maninjau).

The Role of Medicinal Plants in Drug Discovery across the World

Throughout the dawn of time, medicinal plants have been crucial in minimizing human suffering from ailments, afflictions, and diseases. This study examines the pharmacological role, contributions, and value of medicinal plants in treating significant illnesses for public health, emphasizing the current strategic approaches to disease prevention. Interest in complementary therapies and the therapeutic use of plants has increased as a result of the crucial role that medicinal plants have played in the sustainable management of human health. This is because it is cheaper than manufactured, synthetic kinds of Medicine. Yet, medicinal plants are in peril because of man's intervention and unregulated wild collection. It is thus advised that purposeful domestication and cultivation efforts are crucial for ensuring a steady supply of these plant species.

Revisiting Microbial Diversity in Hypersaline Microbial Mats from Guerrero Negro for a Better Understanding of Methanogenic Archaeal Communities.

Knowledge regarding the diversity of methanogenic archaeal communities in hypersaline environments is limited because of the lack of efficient cultivation efforts as well as their low abundance and metabolic activities. In this study, we explored the microbial communities in hypersaline microbial mats. Bioinformatic analyses showed significant differences among the archaeal community structures for each studied site. Taxonomic assignment based on 16S rRNA and methyl coenzyme-M reductase (mcrA) gene sequences, as well as metagenomic analysis, corroborated the presence of Methanosarcinales. Furthermore, this study also provided evidence for the presence of Methanobacteriales, Methanomicrobiales, Methanomassiliicoccales, Candidatus Methanofastidiosales, Methanocellales, Methanococcales and Methanopyrales, although some of these were found in extremely low relative abundances. Several mcrA environmental sequences were significantly different from those previously reported and did not match with any known methanogenic archaea, suggesting the presence of specific environmental clusters of methanogenic archaea in Guerrero Negro. Based on functional inference and the detection of specific genes in the metagenome, we hypothesised that all four methanogenic pathways were able to occur in these environments. This study allowed the detection of extremely low-abundance methanogenic archaea, which were highly diverse and with unknown physiology, evidencing the presence of all methanogenic metabolic pathways rather than the sheer existence of exclusively methylotrophic methanogenic archaea in hypersaline environments.

Natural Availability of Medicinal Plants Used by the SAD Community in the Bukit Duabelas National Park Area, Indonesia

This article describes the natural availability of medicinal plants used in the community health behavior of Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) in the Bukit Dua Belas National Park (BDNP) area. The SAD community, also known as the Kubu, Orang Rimba, or Orang Ulu, are a minority (marginal) ethnic group who live in remote areas and have minimal interaction with the outside world and maintain a primitive way of life amidst modernization. This level of availability is important in decision-making in the socio-economic empowerment program of the SAD indigenous community through the commercialization of medicinal plants. The survey research was conducted for 2 months in the Air Hitam District, Sarolangun Regency, Jambi Province. Data were collected through field observation and interviews with sources of information from the leader of the SAD group, usually called Tumenggung. The data analysis method used simple mathematical techniques to identify the determinants of the level of sustainability of the supply of medicinal plants. The research results showed that the types of medicinal plants classified as shrubs had a higher sustainable supply from nature. This group of medicinal plant species also has the opportunity to be cultivated so that it can be integrated with efforts to empower the SAD community both in the area (in-sites) and around the BDNP (ex-sites). The preservation of medicinal plants of the SAD community in the BDNP area is still maintained, except for several types of medicinal plants belonging to certain trees that require conservation efforts through protection and ecosystem enrichment. Based on the supply of medicinal plants, it can be concluded that a particular strategy is needed for each medicinal plant in developing its economic value, which is grouped into conservation and cultivation efforts, both in situ and ex situ.

Automating Terror: The Role and Impact of Telegram Bots in the Islamic State’s Online Ecosystem

ABSTRACT In this article, we use network science to explore the topology of the Islamic State’s “terrorist bot” network on the online social media platform Telegram, empirically identifying its connections to the Islamic State supporter-run groups and channels that operate across the platform, with which these bots form bipartite structures. As part of this, we examine the diverse activities of the bots to determine the extent to which they operate in synchrony with one another as well as explore their impacts. We show that these bots are mainly clustered around two communities of Islamic State supporters, or “munasirun,” with one community focusing on facilitating discussion and exchange, and the other one augmenting content distribution efforts. Operating as such, this network of bots is used to lubricate and augment the Islamic State’s influence activities, including facilitating content amplification and community cultivation efforts, and connecting people with the movement based on common behaviors, shared interests, and/or ideological proximity while minimizing risk for the broader organization.

Intensitas dan Prevalensi Ektoparasit Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus 1758) pada kolam budidaya di Kecamatan Beutong, Kabupaten Nagan Raya

Tilapia has become an important economic fish cultivated by the people of Indonesia in general. Parasitic infections in fish have caused many financial losses and the sustainability of cultivation efforts. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the prevalence and intensity of parasites in tilapia that are maintained in aquaculture ponds, especially in Nagan Raya Regency. The study was conducted from August until September 2022 at UPR Mina Mandiri with the Smeer Method. As many as 30 samples were checked macroscopically and microscopically in the UPR Mina Mandiri laboratory, Nagan Raya. The results of the study showed 4 (four) types of ectoparasites found, namely Trichodina sp., Gyrodactylus sp., Dactyrogylus sp., and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis based on the highest interval of the length of prevalence, it is found at a length of 120 -180 mm with a prevalence of 40 % and the intensity of 10 individuals per sample, this result higher than the fish size of 20-100 mm with a prevalence of 20 % and the intensity of 19 ind/e, This result has also aimed that the highest infection organs are found on the surface of the body and gills.
 

Macroscopic and microscopic study on floral biology and pollination of Cinnamomum verum Blume (Sri Lankan).

Cinnamomum verum Blume (syn Cinnamomum zeylanicum) commonly known as Ceylon cinnamon, has gained worldwide attention due to its health benefits and its unique quality. Therefore, maintaining the yield quality and quantity is essential, especially for high-end value-added products. Knowledge on floral behaviour and reproductive biology is essential for breeding superior varieties and is critical for commercial cultivation efforts. However, limited literature is available on the floral biology of C. verum. Here in this study, we assessed the seasonal flowering, floral development and pollination of two cultivars of C. verum. Both macroscopic and microscopic data were collected on floral biology, pollination, and male and female floral organs before and after pollination. Cinnamomum verum is morpho-anatomically, structurally, and physiologically adapted for cross-pollination, possible between the two cultivars; type A (Sri Gemunu) and type B (Sri Wijaya) flowers; naturally evolved with Protogynous Dichogamy. However, due to changes in environmental conditions, female and male stages in the same tree overlap for about 45-60 min suggesting possible close-pollination within the same plant. During this event some of the pollens were observed hydrated even during self-pollination. In mean time, 4-8% of the flowers formed fruits after natural close and hand pollination which is between male and female phases of the same tree. Although C. verum is adapted for cross-pollination, natural close-pollination is also possible. The data suggest the complex nature of the sexual reproduction of C. verum. Well-managed breeding attempts with controlled factors like temperature and humidity will help to develop superior C. verum varieties.

Key Factors for the Sustainability of Mangrove Crab Cultivation Business in Panipahan Indonesia

Mangrove Crab (Scylla serrata) is one of the marine commodities that have high economic value. The problem of mangrove crabs is the limited availab ility in nature, so this condition requires cultivation efforts to maintain the population in nature. Panipahan is one of the mangrove crab cultivation sites in Riau Province, which has been going on since 2013. This study aims to analyze the critical factors for the sustainability of mangrove crab farming businesses in the ecological, economic, institutional social and technological dimensions. Data collection techniques are carried out by observation, in-depth interviews and literature studies. The data analysis technique used is Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) through the Rapfish approach. Informants in this study are experts consisting of cultivators, fisheries services and academics. The results of the analysis of the sustainability of the mangrove crab farming business on an MDS basis are in a less sustainable status with a score of 48.13. In the ecological dimension, the critical factor that affects sustainability is the source/availability of seeds. In the economic dimension, sustainability is influenced by business profit factors. In the institutional social dimension, the dominant key factors are the involvement of family members in the mangrove crab business and the potential for conflict. The dimension of technology that affects sustainability is technical assistance from the government and post-harvest handling. Operational steps that can be taken to obtain optimal results for mangrove crab cultivation business management in Panipahan are to carry out policies/programs related to key factors.