Cultivars Of Perennial Grasses Research Articles

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ СОЗДАНИЯ СЕЯНЫХ ЗЛАКОВЫХ СЕНОКОСНЫХ УГОДИЙ НА ЛИМАННЫХ ЛУГАХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ЯКУТИИ

The article presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of methods for creating sown grass stands on the estuarine meadows in 2013-2017. In Yakutia, zoned perennial grasses and varieties of herbs, allow you to create grasses from early-maturing grasses that can quickly grow in the spring, and withstand repeated grazing. Therefore, it is important to study the effectiveness of methods for creating sown grass stands on the estuarine meadows for the uniform supply of green fodder during the grazing period. The studies on effective methods of creating a seeded grassland in estuary meadows in Central Yakutia were conducted in the research and production station Liman FGBN YANIISKH state University named after M.G. Safronov. To create cereals seeded grassland used cultivars of perennial grasses: smooth brome-grass variety Amacan, Siberian wildrye variety of Nyurbinskaya, lakokraski Sitnikova variety Manchaary. Sowing was carried out in the first decade of June, the method of sowing is bloodless, ordinary with rows of 15 cm. Records and observations were carried out according to the generally accepted methods of the Institute of feed. Statistical processing of the data on the productivity was carried out by the method of dispersion analysis of the yield. The highest yield of sown grasses in hay used on estuary grassland in the conditions of the alas formed the cereal mixture from the rump (20 kg/ha) + wildrye (16 kg/ha) and 2.6 t/ha SV, which is higher than the control at 1.5 t/ha. a Based mixtures to Lyman meadows made awnless brome (90,0%) SV, introduced the types of natural herbs (8,0%) ST.

The Effect of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil on Growth and Development of Perennial Grasses

Contamination of agricultural land in Poland by heavy metals is not a general problem but is limited to industrial areas. In regions of long history of industrial emission, of elevated levels of lead, cadmium, zinc and other ions during coal and ore mining and processing, as for example in Silesia, about 10 % of agricultural land may be characterized by exceeded maximum residue limits for Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn ions. Since the maintenance of agricultural areas in those regions is important from an ecological standpoint, the alternative farming activities are needed. Perennial grass biomass production for energy purposes is currently the best solution for majority of agricultural areas not suitable for food production in Poland. Along with increasing knowledge on separation and utilization of heavy metals (HM) during and after biomass processing, phytoremediation of polluted soils will become important and valuable. To detect the effect of soil HM ions concentration on growth and development of selected, tall growing and high biomass yielding perennial grass cultivars, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were registered. The elevated content of Pb, Cd and Zn ions in soil influenced on decrease of: minimal (Fo), maximal (Fm) and variable (Fv) fluorescence level as well as on total complementary area on a diagram of chlorophyll a fluorescence induction curve (Area). Based on detected parameters it was concluded, that the high level of HM ions in soils negatively affected the efficiency of photosynthesis. Therefore, plant growth, as well as development of generative shoots and finally the biomass yield were reduced in some cultivars. Among tested cultivars different reaction for HM ions in polluted soil were noted: from only slightly modified parameters of photosynthesis and unreduced yield (Elytrigia elongata cv. Bamar and Arrhenatherum elatius cv. Wiwena) to significantly reduced Fo, Fv, Fm and biomass yield (Bromus carinathus cv. Broma and Bromus inermis cv. Brudzynska).

Morphological and Growth Characteristics of Perennial Grass Cultivars Grown under Semi-Arid Conditions of the Algerian High Plateaus

Morphological and Growth Characteristics of Perennial Grass Cultivars Grown under Semi-Arid Conditions of the Algerian High Plateaus

New domestic cultivars of perennial grasses used as livestock production

Part of the results of testing of new cultivars of perennial grasses is presented in this paper. New cultivar of English ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was tested, and the cultivars of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) and French ryegrass (Arrhenatherum elkatius L) were reacknowledged. Cultivars are selections of the institute of forage crops, Krusevac, and compared to standard foreign and domestic cultivars. Trial was carried out on four locations: Novi Sad, Krusevac, Zajecar and Zemun, in period 2005-2006. The following traits were monitored: clustering, resistance to flattening, enduring winter, crop density, and in the cutting period also the height of plants was determined. In four cuts the production of green and dry matter was established, and using standard laboratory methods main quality parameters were determined, content of crude cellulose, protein, fat, ashes and NFE. Results were calculated using variance analysis and testing of significance was performed using LSD test. After this test, cultivars were reacknowledged and cultivars introduced to the list of cultivars: Italian ryegrass K 13, red fescue K-14 and French ryegrass K-12, and new cultivar of English ryegrass K-11 acknowledged as the first domestic breeding of this species. Obtained results recommend new cultivars to be introduced into production in grass-leguminous mixtures and grasslands, or pure crops, to be used for cutting, or grazing, as well as for grass seed production where we lack in regard to production.

Testing of new cultivars of perennial grasses in year of sowing

Testing of new cultivars of perennial grasses cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Huds.) was carried out on experimental field of the Institute for Animal Husbandry in year 2005. Trial was set according to random block system, on 10m2, soil type carbonate chernozem. Climatic conditions in year of sowing were at the level of average values for several years for daily temperature, 12,40C compared to 12,10C, and for precipitation difference was even greater 831,6mm compared to average calculated for several years of 645,2mm. Main morphological and phenological traits of plants were investigated, plant growth, height at 1st cut, plant regeneration after 10 days, as well as production of green mass and dry matter. All five cocksfoot cultivars had considerably higher yields per cuts, total (2,12-2,69 t ha-1). Two cultivars of meadow fescue showed no significant difference in yield of dry matter (1,84-2,03 t ha-1), whereas cultivars of tall fescue differed highly significantly in this regard (1,84-1,62 t ha-1). Also, main parameters of plant quality, organic matter, content of crude protein, crude fibre and crude fat in the 2nd cut were determined. Investigated cultivars of cocksfoot and tall fescue differed significantly, whereas cultivars of meadow fescue were very similar. Obtained results were processed using variation statistical methods and mean values were tested using LSD test.

Effect of annual weeds on the growth of perennial grass mixtures in the alpine region of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

In the alpine region of the Tibetan Plateau, five perennial grass cultivars, Bromus inermis (B), Elymus nutans (E), Clinelymus nutans (C), Agropyron cristatum (A), and Poa crymophila (P) were combined into nine communities with different compositions and ratios, B+C, E+A, B+E+A, E+B+C, C+E+A, B+E+C+A, B+C+A+P, B+E+A+P and E+C+A+P. Each combination was sown in six 10 × 10 m plots with three hand‐weeded plots and three natural‐growing plots in a completely randomised design in 1998. Afield experiment studied the performance of these perennial grass combinations under the competitive interference of annual weeds in 3 consecutive years from 1998 to 2000. The results showed that annual weeds occupied more space and suppressed the growth of the grasses due to earlier germination and quicker growth in the establishment year, but this pattern changed in the second and third years. Leaf area indexes (LAIs) of grasses were greatly decreased by the competitive interference of weeds, and the negative effect of weeds on LAIs of grasses declined and stabilised in the second and third years. E+B+C, B+E+C+A, and B+E+A+P possessed relatively higher LAIs (P < 0.05) among all grass combinations and their LAIs were close to five when the competitive interference of weeds was removed. Grasses were competitively inferior to weeds in the establishment year, although their competitive ability (aggressivities) increased throughout the growing season. In the second and third years, grasses were competitively superior to weeds, and their competitive ability decreased from May until August and increased in September. Dry matter (DM) yields of grasses were reduced by 29.8–74.1% in the establishment year, 11.0–64.9% in the second year, and 16.0–55.8% in the third year by the competitive interference of weeds. B+E+C+A and B+E+A+P can produce around 14 t/ha of DM yields, significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the production of the other grass combinations in the second and third years after the competitive interference of weeds was removed. It was preliminarily concluded that removal of competitive interference of weeds increased the LAIs of all grass swards and improved the light interception of grasses, thus promoting the production of perennial grass pastures. The germination stage of the grasses in the establishment year was the critical period for weeding and suppression of weeds should occur at an early stage of plant growth. The grass combinations of B+E+C+A and B+E+A+P were productive and can be extensively established in the alpine regions of the Tibetan Plateau. Two or three growing seasons will be needed before determining success of establishment of grass mixtures under the alpine conditions of the Tibetan Plateau.

Responses of Tall Fescue Cultivars to an Irrigation Gradient

Seasonal availability of water is a major consideration in the management and selection of plant materials for irrigated pastures in the Intermountain West, USA. Objectives were to evaluate the forage yield of 10 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) strains and cultivars across five irrigation levels and to elucidate the effects of the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan‐Jones &amp; Gems) Glenn, Bacon &amp; Hanlin on productivity and trends. A line‐source irrigation system was used in a 2‐yr study. Significant differences were detected among the tall fescue entries for dry matter yield (DMY), and differences were relatively consistent across water levels (WL) as indicated by the nonsignificant cultivar × WL interaction and significant correlations among WL. Trends in DMY across WL were largely curvilinear; however, linear trends were much more predominant during the late summer and fall. Stability parameters, based on regression of cultivar × WL × year means on their respective WL × year means, differed among cultivars in analyses including all harvests but were relatively uniform (b ≈ 1.0) for most cultivars later in the season. Differences in DMY between ‘Ky 31’ tall fescue infected with the Neotyphodium endophyte and its endophyte‐free counterpart confirms earlier reports of the positive effect of this fungal organism on forage yield in tall fescue, particularly in water‐limited environments. Seasonal distribution of yield was primarily determined by water availability during the late summer and fall. The relative consistency in DMY of the cultivars across WL indicates that annual yield averaged across levels of water stress would be a logical criterion for selection of germplasm for irrigated pastures in the Intermountain Region.

Parent-Progeny Relationships for Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Related Characters in Crested Wheatgrass

Improved cultivars of perennial grasses developed for natural resource conservation and forage production on semiarid rangelands of western North America must persist under extreme environmental stress and make efficient use of limited water resources. A close negative relationship has been documented between carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and water use efficiency (WUE) in temperate ( C3) grasses, and preliminary evidence indicates that Δ would be a promising indirect selection criterion to improve WUE in crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner and Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schultes, a widely used grass on semiarid rangelands. We determined the magnitude of genetic variability and parent-progeny relationships for Δ and the correlation of this attribute with forage yield in a genetically broad-based crested wheatgrass breeding population. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were found among clonal and progeny lines for Δ of the leaves and seeds. Broad-sense heritability values f...

The Effect of Perennial Grasses on Growth, Development and Survival of Grasshopper Nymphs (Orthoptera: Acrididae): Implications for Population Management in Roadsides

Growth, development and mortality of nymphs of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.) fed diets of one of 12 species or cultivars of perennial grasses were monitored over a 3-week period in early summer, 1991 and 1992. Mean dry weight of grasshoppers was significantly higher (P < 0.05) on Western wheat grass (cv. S-8580) than any other grass, and lowest on smooth brome grass (cv. Carlton and Signal). Development of grasshoppers was significantly more rapid (P < 0.05) when feeding on Western wheat grass (cv. S-8580) and Intermediate wheat grass (cv. S-9051) than any other grass. Smooth brome grass had the greatest negative impact on grasshopper development. Mortality among grasshoppers fed these grasses was not significantly different over the 21 days. Analysis of historical grasshopper abundance survey data showed that mean grasshopper densities in 15 of 18 years (1975-1992) were significantly lower (P <0.05) in roadsides containing brome grass and alfalfa than in roadsides containing a high proportion of weeds. This relationship also held true for cropland that was adjacent to these respective roadsides. In 11 of 18 years of the adult grasshopper survey, mean grasshopper density was significantly higher (P <0.05) in crops that were next to weedy roadsides compared to those next to brome grass/alfalfa. In no year was the inverse true, that is, grasshopper density in brome grass/alfalfa was never significantly higher than in weedy roadsides. Records from the annual grasshopper abundance survey (1975-1992) indicate that about 30% of roadsides in Saskatchewan are weedy. Grain producers may be able to reduce grasshopper damage if these roadsides were seeded to brome grass or brome grass/alfalfa mixture [

Characterization of Crown Node Elevation in Panicoid Grasses

In Panicoid grasses, elevation of the crown node above the soil surface caused by excessive subcoleoptile internode elongation is detrimental to seedling establishment. We describe a technique to screen grass seedlings for excessive crown node elevation. Seed of 11 perennial grass cultivars were germinated and grown in a plywood box 1.2 X 1.2 X 1.2 m at an irradiance of 1.5 micromole m(-2) sec(-1) at 30 degrees C. A subset of 8 grasses were grown similarly but at an irradiance of 0.75 micromole m(-2) sec(-1). Elevation of crown nodes above the growth media and shoot length (from crown node to leaf tip) were measured 7 days after planting. The crown nodes of 4 Eragrostis species were not elevated above the soil surface, while other species had mean crown node elevations of 1 cm or more. Relative ranking of crown node elevation was similar for a species within each light level, but response to change in light intensity was not consistent across species. Sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K. Lag. ex Steud.)), and kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) exhibited significant crown node elevation in this system. Estimates of genetic variation based on comparison of apomictic and sexual grasses within this group suggest that substantial genetic variation exists for excessive subcoleoptile internode elongation and that progress by selection for lower crown node placement should be possible in most of the grasses studied. This system allows characterization of grasses for extent of crown node elevation and is being used in a recurrent selection protocol to select for lower crown node placement.

Yields of perennial grasses growing in mixtures with annual species and the effect of perennials on total yields

Fifteen perennial grass cultivars were compared in cutting trials in the medium rainfall (about 700 mm/year) area of central New South Wales. The perennial grasses were shown to have different growth patterns. Siro 1146 phalaris (Phalaris aquatica x P. arundinacea), Brignoles cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) and Demeter fescue (Festuca arundinacea) had the highest dry matter yields in late spring and summer. The phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) cultivars Special Select, Sirosa, Sirocco and El Golea had the highest yields in autumn and winter, while Kangaroo Valley perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and the cocksfoot cultivars, Berber, Brignoles and Currie, yielded well in spring. When the total yields of pastures containing perennial grasses and annual species were compared with the total yields of annual species alone, it was found that the perennials generally did not increase yields when present at relatively low plant densities (5-20 plants/m2) and growing with a vigorous annual species component. When present at higher plant densities (over 20 plants/ m2) perennial grasses only increased total yields in autumn and winter when soil moisture was low and annual species did not grow well. The probable effects on animal production of including perennial grasses in pasture mixes are discussed and it is concluded that the perennials are most likely to be beneficial in late spring and summer when annuals become less palatable and have lower digestibility.

Perennial grass cultivars for long leys in the wheat belt of southern NSW

Forty-six cultivars in eleven perennial grass species were assessed in association with subterranean clover in five trials extending over two to four growing seasons. Established stands of several phalaris and cocksfoot cultivars yielded more sown grass herbage and total herbage than Wimmera ryegrass, Australia Commercial phalaris and Currie cocksfoot. The highest yields were from C.P.I.19331 phalaris and G1 35 cocksfoot. G135 was also more resistant than Wimmera ryegrass to the invasion of older stands by barley grass. The herbage yield of the perennial grasses was more stable between years and trials than that of Wimmera ryegrass. The probable utility of these cultivars in the wheat belt and in the adjacent higher-rainfall pastoral zones is discussed.