Cultivar Names Research Articles

Genetic diversity and population structure among cultivars of Saccharina japonica currently farmed in northern China

SUMMARYClose to 50% of the annual production of the brown alga Saccharina japonica, about 2 million tons (fresh weight), is produced through farming in Shandong province, China, principally around Rongcheng. Under artificial selection for phenotypic traits (e.g. color, blade length) cultivated strains (cultivars) face the problems of inbreeding depression, which can be caused by the close relationships of the parental plants. Hence, in an attempt to evaluate genetic variations and relationships among cultivars, 15 major farmed cultivars were selected and sampled from seven major hatcheries and analyzed using 15 microsatellite markers. A total of 94 alleles were found across all samples, with allele numbers ranging from three to 17 per locus. All of the cultivars exhibited relatively high levels of genetic diversity, with mean Nei's genetic diversity (H) and the Shannon's information index (I) of 0.466 and 0.862, respectively. A UPGMA dendrogram grouped all cultivars into three main clusters. However, two of the most commonly farmed cultivars (DB and BN) from different hatcheries failed to cluster together. Instead, differently named cultivars from the same hatchery tended to group together, implying that their high similarities is partly due to the presence of genetic mixing among cultivars within a hatchery or misuse of cultivar's names. Genetic analysis performed by Bayesian model‐based clustering revealed clear differentiation of three major subgroups (LJ‐202 and LJ‐205; LJ‐C033; XS‐2 and XS‐BN) and one admixed group (the remaining ten cultivars). Our results revealed ambiguous genetic relationships among certain cultivars of S. japonica farmed in northern China. A more stringent and prudent regulation should be applied during breeding and production process in the future.

Ethnobotanical survey of bananas (Musaceae) in six districts of East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Hapsari L, Kennedy J, Lestari DA, Masrum A, Lestarini W.2017. Ethnobotanical survey of bananas (Musaceae) in six districts of East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 160-174. Ethnobotanical survey of bananas was conducted in six districts of East Java, Indonesia i.e. Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Banyuwangi, Lumajang, Jember and Malang during 2012-2015. Seventy-nine local cultivar names were recorded in the six districts, including local Javanese names and some possible synonyms among the cultivars. Four genomic groups are represented: AA (13), AAA (16), AAB (24) and ABB (16); 10 specimens are uncertain AA/AAA/AAB. Banana cultivar names given by local communities mostly reflect distinct morphological or perceptual characteristics, as well as uses, although some of the names do not refer to appearance or anything at all. Some cultivars were restricted to particular regions. Bananas play important roles in East Javanese socio-economic and cultural life. All parts of the plant are used: for food, fodder, domestic materials, fibers, shelters, ornamentals, medicines, in rituals and ceremonial events and other miscellaneous uses. Banana plants have deep philosophical meaning; their characteristics are associated with the process of life and provide lessons on life ethics. Conservation of local banana cultivars is needed in the face of negative impacts of commercialism. In-situ/on-farm conservation of bananas is a suitable strategy. Conserving the diverse species and varieties of bananas is necessary to maintain their adaptability and resilience to resist biotic and abiotic stresses.
 Key words: banana, diversity, East Java, ethnobotany, Musa, ritual, uses

The influence of genetic variation on essential oil composition in Rosmarinus officinalis L., the common rosemary

Genetic variation within a species can be reflected in a range of essential oil compositions and concentrations. Elite perennial horticultural crop genotypes are commonly identified using cultivar names. Nine such cultivars (genotypes) of Rosmarinus officinalis L. were grown under homogeneous environmental conditions in the glasshouse. They were treated with an inorganic fertilizer at monthly intervals to promote healthy growth. After eight months the essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation and the composition analysed using GC-MS and 1H NMR. The main chemical constituents of these essential oils were identified. Significant qualitative differences were found between the cultivars. The cultivar 'Haifa' showed significantly higher percentages of β-pinene (8.06%), camphor (33.26%) and eucalyptol (16.99%), whilst 'f.albflorus', 'Severn Sea' and 'Roseus' contained lowest percentages (0.6%), (7.58%) and (4.15%) for the same compounds respectively. 'Blue Rain' gave significantly the highest percentages of borneol (5.63%) and p-cymene (1.93%) compared with 'Roseus' and 'Primley Blue' which showed (0.2%) and (0.46%) respectively. On the other hand, 'f.albiflorus' outperformed significantly in linalool (2.59%) and myrcene (34.29%) compare with all other contents. The major content of camphene (9.36%) and α-pinene (44.02%) found in 'Fota Blue' and 'Severn Sea' consecutively. However, choice of cultivar should be a primary consideration when growing commercial crops of vegetatively propagated herbs for oil production.

On streamlining the Ukrainian names of plants. Information 7. Spelling the names of plant varieties.

Purpose. To analyse the practice of transliteration of the Ukrainian cultivar names and rendering foreign names by means of the Ukrainian language, as well as special aspects of cultivar names spelling in special literature. Results. Cultivar names as a special category require preservation of primary graphics or sound type in the other language. This can be achieved by direct inclusion of the original name to the Ukrainian text or by practical transcribing, but not by transliteration or translation. Otherwise, Ukrainian names should be transliterated for inclusion to the texts in Latin characters. Transcription/transliteration in both directions is performed from the source language, though, as practice shows, in some Ukrainian publications the Russian is wrongly used as an intermediary language. Some national scientific publications ignore the recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants that is not conducive to the success of scientific communication in the globalized world. Conclusions. The foreign names of plant varieties should be entered into the Ukrainian text keeping the original spelling or by means of practical transcription. The loan of foreign names is performed by transcribing directly from the source language; if the language doesn’t have the Latin alphabet, Latinized name transcription is acceptable. Recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants that concern graphic highlighting of the cultivar names in the text enclosing them in single quotation marks and writing each word of a cultivar name with a capital letter should necessarily be applied in the foreign-language publications and extended to the Ukrainian special literature, at least, in terms of the use of single quotation marks. Ukrainian names should be transliterated only in accordance with the regulations.

Ethnobotany of Breadfruit in Vanuatu: Review and Prospects

Breadfruit is a traditional staple crop and an important component of Pacific Island agrosystems. This article reviews documentation related to breadfruit in Vanuatu with a focus on ethnobotanical data recorded from the first contacts with European voyagers and missionaries to the most recent survey conducted on several islands in 2009. Tree management practices, food and non-food uses, conservation techniques, as well as ritual magic intended to increase yields and protect the crop, are described. A database of 539 cultivar names has been compiled. Some lines for future research within the social and biological sciences are proposed.

Consumer behavior and the effects of the supply of french cultivars of potatoes

The present work aimed to analyze the factors that affect the purchase of potatoes in Belo Horizonte city, Brazil, and the effects of the availability of many different French cultivars to this market. In France, there is a large variety of potatoes with different shapes, skin colors and textures and indications for different culinary uses. Therefore, cluster analysis was performed and a mixed effects linear regression model was adjusted to analyze the factors that can influence the purchase of potatoes by consumers. The factors analyzed were the size, skin color and texture and the presence of information about the cultivar name, culinary use and seal of quality. Age, education, region and income were important parameters in determining a groups’ intent to purchase, and factors such as potato shape, skin color and presence of a seal of quality were significantly important in the analysis. The presence of information related to the name of the cultivar and recommended culinary use had no significant effect on purchase intention. Last, the introduction of new French potato cultivars into such markets as Belo Horizonte city should be preceded by an educational process to prepare consumers to receive information regarding the recommended culinary use of potatoes and the final sensory quality of the preparations illustrated with these potatoes.

Compilation of the Checklist for Cultivars of Salix L. (Willow)

The long history of Salix L. cultivation has resulted in selections of cultivars with superior technical and ornamental characteristics. Numerous cultivars have been developed and named over the centuries, but until now, no comprehensive compilation of these records has ever been made. With the expanding domestication of the genus Salix and the active selection of new cultivars, it is increasingly important that we have clear and standardized records documenting the cultivars. In 2013, the International Poplar Commission of the Food and Agriculture Organization (IPC FAO) was appointed as the International Cultivar Registration Authority (ICRA) for willows. The Checklist for Cultivars of Salix was compiled as the first step toward the promotion of a standardized registration process and the establishment of a Cultivar Register for Salix. Eight hundred and fifty four cultivar epithets with accompanying information have been included in the Checklist. The largest group of cultivars—more than 200—is represented by basket selections. This is followed by selections for ornamental plantings and biofuel production. The Checklist aims to promote the uniformity and accuracy of cultivar names of Salix, and provides a baseline for new registrations to ensure that each newly developed cultivar receives a unique, authoritative botanical name.

FURTHER NOTES ON VARIATION WITHIN THE JAPANESE SPECIES, WISTERIA FLORIBUNDA

SummaryThe history of cultivated white, pink and double flowered variants of the polymorphic species Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. is discussed in order to preserve and standardise current usage of cultivar names within W. floribunda worldwide. The new combination Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. f. microphylla (Makino) J. Compton is made here for a plant with very small leaflets.

Evaluation of Tribenuron-Methyl on Sulfonylurea-Resistant Lettuce Germplasm

A sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide resistance allele discovered in prickly lettuce was previously transferred to domestic lettuce with the cultivar name ‘ID-BR1’. ID-BR1 was acquired, and the SU resistance allele was transferred through traditional breeding methods to five common commercial lettuce types: butterhead, crisphead, green leaf, red leaf, and romaine. Field trials were conducted at Salinas, CA during 2011 and 2012 to evaluate POST applications of tribenuron-methyl (tribenuron) on SU-susceptible and SU-resistant lettuce types. Treatments included a nontreated control, pronamide applied PRE at 1,340 g ai ha−1, and tribenuron at 4, 9, and 17 g ai ha−1applied POST. Data collected were: weed control, crop injury estimates (0 = safe, 100 = dead), stand counts, and lettuce yields. Injury to lettuce from tribenuron was high in SU-susceptible lettuce types and low in SU-resistant accessions. With the exceptions of a romaine lettuce line that still may have some susceptible individuals, tribenuron did not reduce yield of SU-resistant lettuce, but did reduce the yield of SU-susceptible lettuce. Suppression of weeds such as common groundsel and annual sowthistle was higher with tribenuron than with pronamide. Tribenuron should be considered for registration as a lettuce herbicide for SU-resistant lettuce to improve current weed management options for that crop.

조경용 철쭉재배품종의 형태적 특성 및 분류기준

본 연구는 조경용으로 주로 이용되는 철쭉재배품종(이하 철쭉류)의 형태적 특성을 조사해 분류기준을 마련하고자 실시되었다. 공시재료로서 철쭉류 생산농가에서 대량 재배되는 주요 철쭉류를 수집하였다. 그 후에 국립종자원의 철쭉 신품종심사를 위한 특성조사요령에 준하여 철쭉류의 질적 양적 형질특성을 조사하여, 철쭉류의 재배품종 분류 및 분류기준을 마련하였다. 현재, 조경용 철쭉류는 재배품종명이 정립되어 있지 않았으므로 생산농가 등에서 사용하는 명칭대로 데이터를 정리하였다. 그 결과, 전남 순천지역에 조경용으로 주로 재배되는 철쭉류는 베니, 대왕, 쓰리, 자산홍, 한철, 산철쭉, 겹산철쭉, 백철쭉, 아까도, 석암 등 10개였다. 이 중에 베니, 대왕, 쓰리 품종은 생산농가에서 영산홍으로 통칭해 불리며, 잎과 꽃의 형태가 유사해 구분이 쉽지 않았다. 특히 베니의 화색은 '밝은 빨강'이었고, 대왕은 '선명한 자주', 쓰리는 '밝은 자주'로 조사되었다. 또한 자산홍과 한철은 그 형태가 비슷하였으나, 한철은 자산홍에 비해 꽃의 반점 발현정도와 잎 앞면의 광택이 강한 편이다. 산철쭉은 다른 철쭉류에 비해 4월 초에 꽃이 일찍 피었다. 겹산철쭉은 산철쭉의 기본종으로 모든 형질이 산철쭉과 유사하였으나, 꽃이 겹꽃으로 피었다. 백철쭉은 꽃이 흰색으로 피어 쉽게 구분되었지만, 잎이 아까도 품종과 비슷하여 두 재배품종의 구분이 쉽지 않았다. 아까도 품종은 다른 철쭉류에 비해 5월 초에 개화시기가 늦었고, 꽃의 직경이 백철쭉, 산철쭉과 함께 넓은 편이었다. 마지막으로 석암 품종은 잎 크기가 다른 재배품종에 비해 비교적 작아 쉽게 구분되었으며, 아까도 품종과 함께 늦게 개화하였다. This study was conducted to examine the morphological characteristics of those Azalea Cultivars(hereinafter, Azalea Cultivars) that are mainly used for landscaping in Korea in order to prepare classification criteria. As testing materials, major Azalea Cultivars cultivated in large quantities by its producing companies were collected. Thereafter, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the traits of Azalea Cultivars were investigated in the way of characteristic investigation for new cultivars of azalea used by the Korea Seed and Variety Service in order to classify them and prepare the classification criteria. Since cultivar names have not been established for Azalea Cultivars for landscaping thus far, the data were compiled using the names used by cultivating companies. According to the results, Azalea Cultivars cultivated in Suncheon, Jeonnam mainly for landscaping were 10 in number; Beni, Daewang, Three, Zasanhong, Hancheol, Sancheoljuk, Gyeobsancheoljuk, Baekcheoljuk, Akado, and Seok-am. Among them, the cultivars Beni, Daewang, and Three could not be easily distinguished from each other because they are commonly called Yeongsanhong by cultivating companies and the shapes of their leaves and flowers are similar to each other. In particular, the flower color of Beni was 'bright red', that of Daewang was 'vivid purple', and that of Three was 'bright purple'. In addition, Zasanhong and Hancheol were similar to each other in shape the degree of expression of spots on the flowers and the gloss on the front side of the leaves of Hancheol were higher and stronger compared to that of Zasanhong. Sancheoljuk flowered in early April, earlier compared to other Azalea Cultivars. Gyeobsancheoljuk is an elementary species of Sancheoljuk and it had double flowers although all other traits were similar to those of Sancheoljuk. Although Baekcheoljuk was easily distinguished because it had white flowers, its leaves were similar to those of Akado the reason why these two cultivars could not be easily distinguished from each other. The cultivar Akado flowered early May later compared to other Azalea Cultivars and its flowers were relatively large in diameter as with Baekcheoljuk and Sancheoljuk. Finally, the cultivar Seok-am was easily distinguished because it had smaller leaves compared to other cultivars and it flowered late as with the cultivar Akado.

조경업체에서의 철쭉재배품종의 혼선 및 이용실태 분석

국내 조경용 철쭉재배품종(이하, 철쭉류)에 대한 조경업체 종사자(설계자 및 시공자, 생산자)간 철쭉류별 혼선 및 이용실태를 분석하였다. 조달청 등의 고시기관에서 고시한 철쭉류 명칭대로 생산농가에 주문 시 어떤 철쭉류가 배달되는지 조사해 철쭉류의 혼선 실태를 분석했다. 또한, 최근 완공된 아파트 3곳의 식재설계 도면에서 철쭉류의 식재설계 상황, 도면상의 철쭉류와 실제 식재된 철쭉류와의 일치 여부를 조사하였다. 고시된 철쭉류 명칭대로 주문한 결과, 영산홍 명칭으로는 베니, 쓰리, 대왕의 3가지 철쭉류가 배달되었고, 자산홍의 명칭으로는 자산홍, 한철의 2가지 철쭉류가 주문되었다. 영산홍은 베니, 쓰리, 대왕 등을 통칭하는 명칭으로 생산자와 주문자간 혼선을 빚었다. 자산홍의 경우에는 한철품종과 형질이 유사하여 생산자가 재배품종을 명확하게 구분하지 못하였거나, 주문자가 쉽게 구분하지 못해 두 재배품종을 구분하지 않고 보냈을 가능성도 있다. 식재설계 도면상 철쭉류 명칭은 고시기관에서 고시한 철쭉류 명칭을 사용하거나, 철쭉, 영산홍 등의 포괄적이고 불분명한 명칭으로 기재되었다. 식재설계 도면에 기재된 철쭉류는 실제 시공현장에서는 전혀 다른 철쭉류가 식재된 경우가 많았다. 이러한 원인은 설계자가 식재설계 도면에 정확한 재배품종명을 기재하지 않고, 시공자는 각 철쭉류의 분류 특성을 정확하게 인지하지 못하고, 비슷한 꽃색이나 구입이 용이한 철쭉류를 시공 현장조건에 맞게 심기 때문일 것이다. This study was conducted to examine the state of confusion about those azalea cultivars(hereinafter, Azalea Cultivars) that are used among practicians in landscaping businesses(designers, constructors, and producers). Which Azalea Cultivars would be delivered when they were ordered to producers using the names of Azalea Cultivars notified by the Public Procurement Service. In addition, the situations of azalea cultivar planting designs in the planting design drawings of three apartments completed recently and whether the Azalea Cultivars on the design drawings were the same as those Azalea Cultivars that were actually planted were examined. When Azalea Cultivars were ordered using the notified names, three Azalea Cultivars; Beni, Three, and Daewang were delivered for the name Yeongsanhong and two Azalea Cultivars; Zasanhong and Hancheol were delivered for the name Zasanhong. Yeongsanhong was perceived as a common name of Beni, Three, and Daewang by producers. Therefore, this caused confusion between producers and purchasers. In the case of Zasanhong, as the traits of Zasanhong are similar to those of the cultivar Hancheol, the producers or purchasers might have been unable to clearly distinguish between the cultivars and thus two cultivars might have been delivered without being distinguished from each other. The names of Azalea Cultivars used in planting design drawings were the names notified by the notifying agencies or comprehensive and unclear names such as azalea and Yeongsanhong. Completely different Azalea Cultivars from those written in planting design drawings were planted in actual construction sites in many cases. These situations should have occurred because designers did not write accurate cultivar names in planting design drawings and constructors could not accurately perceive the classification characteristics of individual Azalea Cultivars but planted those Azalea Cultivars with similar flowers colors or those that could be easily bought to fit the conditions of construction sites.

Cephalotus follicularis cultivars and forms in cultivation ' is there a basis for the current naming protocols?

Over the past few years the author has watched with interest as cultivators of Cephalotus follicularis have attempted to find some points of difference to apply cultivar names, some registered, most not. Unfortunately, in what appears to be a push for commercial gain, the current plethora of cultivar names has reached the point of ridiculous, and one which unfortunately is also gaining popularity with other genera of carnivorous plants

Hyperaccumulative property of Solanum nigrum L. to Cd explored from cell membrane permeability, subcellular distribution, and chemical form

Purpose The aim of this article was to explore the hyperaccumulative property from cell membrane permeability, subcellular distribution, and chemical form of Solanum nigrum L. to Cd compared to the nonhyperaccumulator Solanum melongena L. (cultivar name Liaoqie 3) in the same plant family.

Root system responses of hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. to Cd

Though phytoremediation is an important technology for remedying heavy metal-contaminated soils, hyperaccumulation mechanism, especially in root, is still less known. Pot culture experiment was used to explore the tolerance mechanism of a cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. by determining the main root traits compared to the non-hyperaccumulator Solanum melongena L. (cultivar name Liaoqie 3) in the same plant family. The total root lengths, total root surface areas, and total root volumes of S. nigrum were not significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared to their controls when Cd spikes were lower than 20 mg kg–1. However, the abovementioned three factors of S. melongena were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) when 20 mg kg–1 of Cd was spiked. By contrast, S. nigrum showed stronger tolerance to Cd. In addition, S. nigrum showed all Cd hyperaccumulator characteristics, i.e., a Cd hyperaccumulator. S. melongena was a non-Cd hyperaccumulator. These results indicated that root trait can be a factor of hyperaccumulation because of strong tolerance to Cd.

International Registration of Cultivar Names for Unassigned Woody Genera January 2010–February 2013

International Registration of Cultivar Names for Unassigned Woody Genera January 2010–February 2013

Sheep grazing bladder clover (Trifolium spumosum L.) had similar productivity and meat quality to sheep grazing subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

An accession of bladder clover, a new species to agriculture, was selected for commercial release in Australia with the cultivar name of AGWEST Bartolo. As part of a duty-of-care assessment, we tested the hypothesis that sheep grazing the bladder clover cultivar will have similar liveweight, condition scores and wool production to sheep grazing a widely adopted subterranean clover cultivar (cv. Dalkeith). Further, we hypothesised that sheep grazing bladder clover and subterranean clover will have similar meat quality (after 48 days of grazing) and health as indicated by muscle, liver and kidney panel analysis. The data supported the hypotheses. While there were significant initial differences in liveweight between the two groups of sheep, there were no significant differences in liveweight at later time points during the grazing period and no significant differences in mean daily growth rate between weighing times. There were no differences in wool growth between sheep grazing the bladder or subterranean clover cultivars. Sheep in the subterranean clover plots had significantly higher condition scores after the first 24 days of grazing; however, these differences were not apparent after another 24 days of grazing. There were some differences in indications of animal health; however, there were no significant detrimental effects associated with bladder clover and sheep grazing both species had mean plasma indicators that were deemed ‘healthy’. There were no differences in meat eating quality as estimated by a consumer panel for tenderness, juiciness or flavour. Dry seasonal conditions limited biomass growth and the sheep were removed from the subterranean clover plots on Day 48 of grazing. The sheep grazing the bladder clover plots remained on the plots for a further 26 days. The data indicate that, for the conditions of this experiment, the clovers had the same relative feeding value. Laboratory analysis of herbage from across the clover plots (bulked before analysis) suggest that the bladder clover had higher in vitro digestibility, crude protein and lower fibre than the herbage sample from the subterranean clover plots. The biomass data indicate that the bladder clover cultivar can support more grazing days per ha in a relatively dry season than the subterranean clover cultivar.

Identification of “Duplicate” Accessions within the USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm System Malus Collection

The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), Plant Genetic Resources Unit apple (Malus) collection in Geneva, NY, conserves over 2500 trees as grafted clones. We have compared the genotypes of 1131 diploid Malus ×domestica cultivars with a total of 1910 wild and domesticated samples representing 41 taxonomic designations in the NPGS collection to identify those that are genetically identical based on nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. We calculated the probability of identity for samples in the data set based on allelic diversity and, where possible, use fruit images to qualitatively confirm similarities. A total of 237 alleles were amplified and the nine SSRs were deemed adequate to assess duplication within the collection with the caveat that “sport families” likely would not be differentiated. A total of 238 M. ×domestica and 10 samples of other taxonomic groups shared a genotype with at least one other M. ×domestica individual. In several cases, genotypes for cultivars matched genotypes of known rootstocks and indicated that these accessions may not accurately represent the indicated named clones. Sets of individuals with identical genotypes and similar cultivar names were assigned to sport families. These 23 sport families, comprised of 104 individuals, may have mutational differences that were not identified using the nine SSR loci. Five of the selected markers (CH01h01, CH02d08, CH01f02, G12, GD147) overlap with sets of markers that have been used to fingerprint European apple collections, thus making it possible to compare and coordinate collection inventories on a worldwide scale.

Preliminary assessment of bladder clover (Trifolium spumosum L.) as an annual legume for ley farming systems in southern Australia

Trifolium spumosum L. (bladder clover) is an aerial seeding annual legume that is adapted to fine-textured soils throughout the Mediterranean Basin. This article is the first of two papers that describe the process of domestication of T. spumosum as a new species to commercial agriculture. This paper describes a broad range of investigations into the ecology, agronomy and rhizobiology of this new species. Through a series of five experiments, we have tested the general hypothesis that T. spumosum accessions demonstrate a range of sought-after agronomic traits and offer an alternative to annual Medicago spp. for ley farming systems in the medium to low rainfall areas of the mixed crop/livestock zone of southern Australia. T. spumosum presents seeds at the top of the canopy in heads that do not readily shatter, so seed can be harvested using conventional cereal harvesters instead of the specialist suction equipment required for harvest of seed from annual T. subterraneum and Medicago spp. T. spumosum was found to be relatively fecund and had high levels of biomass production in comparison to the other annual legumes that were tested. The species also demonstrated high levels of within-season hardseededness (remaining hard in summer and softening in autumn) so seedbanks would be protected from summer rainfall events. In addition, T. spumosum showed high levels of between-season dormancy, which allows the species to carry a seedbank through a cropping phase or series of poor seasons. A herbicide experiment showed that clover species varied in tolerances, with T. spumosum the least sensitive of all of the legumes tested to Flumetsulam. A cross-inoculation experiment to measure symbiotic effectiveness revealed that WSM1325 (current clover strain) surpasses WSM409 (previous strain) in its relationship with the annual clovers of contemporary interest, while being highly effective at nitrogen fixation with T. spumosum. The results of this study and an associated investigation into feeding value indicate that T. spumosum offers a productive alternative to annual Medicago spp. on fine-textured soils. Of the T. spumosum accessions tested, the most promising has been released under the cultivar name of AGWEST Bartolo.

Genotypic and phenotypic diversity in Finnish cultivated sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)

The Finnish national sour cherry germplasm collection was established in the end of 1980s following collection missions in Southern Finland. The original plantation consisted of 122 trees representing 77 accessions of locally adapted cherry material. Cultivar names of the collected samples were not known, and they were registered according to the collection site. Phenotypical observations according to the Nordic Genebank instructions were recorded in 1992, 1993 and some repetitions were made in 2003. In 2005 leaf samples were collected from the 52 still remaining accessions for a microsatellite (SSR) DNA marker analysis. DNA analysis distinguished 28 genotypes within the studied material. Two large groups of accessions sharing identical genotype, consisting of 18 and 20 accessions, were detected, one in the amarelle and one in the morello–cultivar group, respectively. Several cultivar group specific SSR markers were found. Clustering analysis of the phenotypical characteristics supported the division into two cultivar groups. Replicate trees of one accession, or accessions representing one SSR genotype, clustered together only occasionally indicating some level of plasticity in the observed descriptors. Our findings indicate that only a few sour cherry clones have been successful and commonly distributed in Finland. The results were taken into account when selecting accessions for long term conservation in the national germplasm collection.

Authenticity of Old Cultivars in Genebank Collections: A Case Study on Lettuce

ABSTRACTEx situ collections in genebanks conserve many old cultivars that had disappeared from mainstream agriculture before modern genebanks were established. The collections incorporated cultivars from many sources, such as botanical gardens and working collections, sometimes with little further information on their origin. Many old cultivars with identical or synonymous names are maintained in multiple collections and often more than once within collections. This research investigates the authenticity of old cultivars in genebanks using a large lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) collection as a case study. Accessions presumed to be identical, based on the cultivar names accompanying the accessions, were compared for their DNA marker profiles, based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Using the genetic similarity of these accessions, the probability of authenticity of the old cultivars maintained in the collection was estimated. Separate analyses were done for different classes of cultivars, on the basis of the year of release or the donor history of the cultivar. The two largest cultivar groups within the collection, Sans Rivale à Graine Blanche and Maikönig, were analyzed in detail. Nonauthenticity of the investigated cultivars appeared to be high. This was especially true for the oldest cultivars, but even for the cultivars released from the 1960s to 1990 it was estimated that approximately 10% was not authentic. Recommendations to improve authenticity of cultivars in ex situ collections were presented.