Cue Lure Research Articles

The responsiveness of Bactrocera jarvisi (Diptera: Tephritidae) to two naturally occurring phenylbutaonids, zingerone and raspberry ketone

The males of different species of Bactrocera and Zeugodacus fruit flies are commonly attracted to plant-derived phenylpropanoids (e.g. methyl eugenol (ME)) or phenylbutanoids (e.g. raspberry ketone (RK)) but almost never to both. However, one particular plant-derived phenylbutanoid, zingerone (ZN), which possesses an intermediate chemical structure between ME and RK, weakly attracts both ME- and RK-responding fruit fly species. Bactrocera jarvisi, an Australian fruit fly species, is weakly attracted to cue lure (an analogue of RK) but strongly attracted to ZN. Here, we investigated the minimum olfactory threshold and optimum sensitivity of B. jarvisi males to ZN and RK as a function of dose, time and sexual maturation. Our results show that B. jarvisi males had a marked preferential response to ZN, with a much lower olfactory threshold and faster response time to ZN than RK. Probit analysis demonstrated that ZN was at least >1600× more potent than RK as a male attractant to B. jarvisi. Although fruit fly male attraction to the phytochemicals is generally associated with sexual maturity, in B. jarvisi immature males were also attracted to ZN. Our results suggest that B. jarvisi males have a fine-tuned olfactory response to ZN, which appears to play a central role in the chemical ecology of this species.

Methyl-isoeugenol, a Highly Attractive Male Lure for the Cucurbit Flower Pest Zeugodacus diversus (Coquillett) (syn. Bactrocera diversa) (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae).

Effective male fruit fly attractants, such as cue lure (CL) and methyl eugenol (ME), are important in the monitoring and management of pest species through lure and kill techniques of trapping and male annihilation. However, some species are only weakly responsive to these lures, making their detection and control difficult. Zeugodacus diversus (Coquillett), a pest of cucurbit flowers in Asia, is weakly attracted to ME. Recently in Australia and Papua New Guinea, the eugenol analogues isoeugenol, methyl-isoeugenol, and dihydroeugenol were found to be effective attractants for species with a weak response to ME and CL, as well as several nonresponsive species. Additionally, studies from the early 1900s indicated that Z. diversus was attracted to isoeugenol. To determine if these eugenol analogues may be more effective attractants for Z. diversus, we field tested them in Bangladesh in comparison to ME, as well as CL and zingerone. Z. diversus was significantly more attracted to all three eugenol analogues than ME, with it most attracted to methyl-isoeugenol. Its attraction to methyl-isoeugenol was 49 times greater than its attraction to ME (respective means 23.58 flies/trap/day (FTD) and 0.48 FTD). Z. diversus was also consistently trapped at methyl-isoeugenol at all trap clearances including when populations were low, whereas it was only trapped at ME at 6 out of the 13 clearances. This study demonstrates that methyl-isoeugenol is a highly attractive lure for Z. diversus and would be a valuable inclusion as an attractant in monitoring and male annihilation programs.

Suppression of female melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, with cue‐lure and fipronil bait stations through horizontal insecticide transfer

AbstractMelon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an important quarantine tephritid fruit fly with resident populations established in Hawai'i, USA. In the male‐annihilation approach, male flies are targeted using dispensers with cue‐lure (C‐L) and insecticides, typically organophosphates. The efficacy of the male annihilation approach is thought to be limited to individual male flies, contacting the lure and the pesticide, after which they die. Alternative classes of insecticides, such as fipronil, have been investigated for use in male‐annihilation. We hypothesized that ingestion of fipronil by male flies could lead to horizontal transfer and mortality in female flies. Horizontal insecticide transfer extends pesticide control beyond the individual contacting the toxicant through indirect contact via food sharing or other mechanisms. We tested the possibility for horizontal transfer of fipronil from male to female Z. cucurbitae through field and laboratory studies. Two repeated field trials were conducted to compare the numbers of female flies collected in fields treated with Amulet C‐L (0.34% fipronil active ingredient) bait stations, sanitation, and spot treatments of GF‐120 Fruit Fly Bait to numbers collected in fields where sanitation and spot‐treatments were used without Amulet C‐L. In fields with Amulet C‐L bait stations in conjunction with sanitation and weekly protein bait spot treatments of GF‐120 Fruit Fly Bait, female captures were significantly lower than those in field plots treated with weekly protein bait spot treatments and sanitation. In subsequent laboratory studies, all females died within 6 h after direct exposure to male flies that had access to Amulet C‐L for 1–4 min. The possibility that male regurgitant could be a mechanism for horizontal transfer and subsequent female mortality was determined by collecting regurgitated droplets from fipronil‐fed male flies and feeding them to males and females. Both male and female flies exposed to regurgitant from fipronil‐fed male flies or droplets containing fipronil had higher mortality than the male and female flies that were exposed to regurgitant or droplets with only the C‐L compound or sugar solution. Thus, female flies do experience mortality from exposure to regurgitant from males that have fed on fipronil laced solutions. This provides evidence of at least one mechanism of horizontal transfer of insecticide in tephritid fruit flies. These findings are discussed in the context of Z. cucurbitae integrated pest management programs in Hawai'i.

Combining Cue-Lure and Methyl Eugenol in Traps Significantly Decreases Catches of Most Bactrocera, Zeugodacus and Dacus Species (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) in Australia and Papua New Guinea.

Male fruit fly attractants, cue-lure (CL) and methyl eugenol (ME), are important in the monitoring and control of pest fruit fly species. Species respond to CL or ME but not both, and there are conflicting reports on whether combining CL (or its hydroxy analogue raspberry ketone) and ME decreases their attractiveness to different species. Fruit fly monitoring programs expend significant effort using separate CL and ME traps and avoiding lure cross-contamination, and combining the two lures in one trap would create substantial savings. To determine if combining lures has an inhibitory effect on trap catch, CL and ME wicks placed in the same Steiner trap were field tested in comparison to CL alone and ME alone in Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG). In Australia, 24 out of 27 species trapped were significantly more attracted to CL or ME alone than the combination ME/CL lure, including the pests Bactrocera bryoniae (Tryon), B. frauenfeldi (Schiner), B. kraussi (Hardy), B. neohumeralis (Hardy), B. tryoni (Froggatt) (CL-responsive), and B. musae (Tryon) (ME-responsive). In PNG, 13 out of 16 species trapped were significantly more attracted to CL or ME alone than the ME/CL combination, including the pests B. bryoniae, B. frauenfeldi, B. neohumeralis, B. trivialis (Drew), Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (CL-responsive) and B. dorsalis (Hendel), B. musae, and B. umbrosa (Fabricius) (ME-responsive). This study shows that combining CL and ME in the one trap in equal parts significantly reduces catches of most species of Dacini fruit flies in Australia and PNG.

Efficacy of trapping systems for monitoring of Afrotropical fruit flies

AbstractThe efficacy of different attractant trap combinations for monitoring of Afrotropical fruit flies was evaluated in commercial fruit production areas and natural areas in the northern parts of South Africa. Five food‐based attractants: three‐component Biolure, a combination of ammonium acetate and trimethylamine, a combination of ammonium acetate and putrescine, torula yeast and Questlure, were evaluated in McPhail‐type traps. Two male lures targeting Ceratitis species: EGO Pherolure and trimedlure, were evaluated in Sensus bucket traps. Three male lures targeting Dacine fruit flies: methyl eugenol, cue lure and zingerone, were evaluated in Moroccan bucket traps. The three‐component Biolure was among the most effective food‐based attractant for females of Ceratitis capitata, C. rosa (R1 and R2), C. cosyra and Bactrocera dorsalis. EGO Pherolure attracted a wider range of Ceratitis species than trimedlure but was equally as effective as trimedlure for males of C. capitata and C. rosa (R1 and R2). Dacine flies were specific in their responses to male lures. Bactrocera dorsalis males responded mainly to methyl eugenol. Males of Dacus species responded to either cue lure or zingerone. Zingerone attracted two cucurbit‐infesting Dacus species: D. frontalis and D. durbanensis. For B. dorsalis, C. capitata and C. cosyra in commercial fruit production areas, patterns of female catches in traps containing food‐based attractants were different to patterns of male catches in male lure‐based traps. Implications of these trapping results are discussed.

Electroantennogram responses of six Bactrocera and Zeugodacus species to raspberry ketone analogues

Environmental contextQueensland fruit fly is a major pest of fruits and vegetables in eastern Australia, sometimes causing complete loss of unprotected crops. Odours that attract fruit flies can help control these pests and this study investigated how six fruit fly species smell these chemicals. The strength of fly responses to tested odours gives insight into the way flies smell and provides information for making better attractants, potentially reducing insecticide use. AbstractThe Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni, Q-fly) is a major horticultural pest in eastern Australia. The deployment of male lures comprises an important component of several detection and control strategies for this pest. A novel fluorinated analogue of raspberry ketone (RK), raspberry ketone trifluoroacetate (RKTA), has been developed with the aim of further improving Q-fly control. RKTA elicited strong electroantennogram (EAG) responses from Q-flies whereas cuelure (CL) and melolure (ML) responses were not significantly greater than a negative control. Further experimentation showed that RKTA also elicited EAG response from five other fruit fly species, included flies known to be strongly attracted to CL (B. neohumeralis, B. kraussi and B. frauenfeldi), weakly attracted to CL (B. jarvisi), or non-responsive to CL (Zeugodacus cucumis), whereas seven other compounds, RK, CL, ML, raspberry ketone difluoroacetate, raspberry ketone monofluoroacetate, anisyl acetone and trimethylsilyl raspberry ketone, elicited only weak responses comparable with a negative control. However, fly EAG responses to RKTA are likely due at least in part to trifluoroethanoic acid, which is a hydrolysis product of RKTA and elicited strong EAG responses from all six species when tested alone. Furthermore, whereas ethanoic acid, methanoic acid and trifluoroethanoic acid all elicited strong EAG responses in Q-flies, the only corresponding RK ester to elicit an EAG response was RKTA, suggesting that RKTA hydrolyses quickly, whereas CL and ML do not. This is in contrast to the idea that CL readily hydrolyses on contact with atmospheric moisture, an assertion that has been made in the literature repeatedly.

Mass Trapping of Fruit Flies (Bactrocera spp.) in Cucumber using Parapheromone in Himachal Pradesh

The plyboard blocks of variable sizes i.e. large (7.5×2.5×1.8cm), medium (5.0×2.5×1.8cm), small (2.5×2.5×1.8 cm) and extra small (1.25×2.5×1.8 cm) and impregnated with a mixture of ethanol, cue lure [4-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone] and malathion (6: 4: 1 v/v) for 48h were evaluated for efficacy in mass trapping fruit flies in cucumber. The large blocks trapped significantly highest number (61.3 males/fortnight), followed by medium, small and extra small sized blocks (35.4, 33.7 and 27.5 males/fortnight, respectively). Fruit fly catches increased with increased length of the blocks. Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), B. tau (Walker) and B. scutellaris (Bezzi) were observed in the trap catches, with the latter being the dominating one, followed by B. tau and B. cucurbitae.

Zingerone and the mating success and field attraction of male melon flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Males of many Dacina (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) fruit fly species are attracted to either methyl eugenol (ME) or cue lure (CL) or its natural analogue raspberry ketone (RK). Recently, the compound zingerone (ZG) has also been shown to attract males of both ME- and CL/RK-responding Bactrocera species, and in the Queensland fruit fly, B. tryoni (Froggatt), males that fed on ZG had a mating advantage over non-fed males. The objective of this study was to determine whether ZG similarly enhanced mating success of CL/RK responding males of the melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) and to assess the relative attractiveness of CL and ZG to Z. cucurbitae males in the field. ZG was provided in 5 different formulations, including that used in the aforementioned work on B. tryoni. Mating trials were conducted in walk-in field cages containing potted plants, and in all cases 80 ZG-fed (treated) males competed with 80 control (non-fed) males for matings with 80 females. Contrary to B. tryoni, ZG did not confer a mating advantage to Z. cucurbitae males: the numbers of matings procured by treated and control males did not differ significantly for any of the 5 ZG formulations tested. A mark-release-recapture study showed that CL-baited traps significantly more Z. cucurbitae males than ZG-baited traps, which were, however, more attractive than control traps lacking any lure.

Does Female Mate Choice Confer Direct Fitness Benefits? Results From a Tephritid Fruit Fly

The melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), exhibits a lek mating system in which males aggregate on plants, weakly defend leaf territories that lack any resources vital to females, and produce pheromone to attract potential mates. Males are attracted to and feed on the plant-borne compound raspberry ketone (RK) as well as its synthetic analogue, cue lure (CL), and studies have demonstrated that females mate preferentially with males fed these chemicals over males denied them. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether females gained direct fitness benefits by mating with CL-fed males, potentially via CL-mediated modifications in male ejaculate composition and quantity that act to enhance female longevity and reproduction. Mating trials were first performed to re-confirm that CL-feeding conferred a mating advantage to males. Then, having detected an advantage, female survival, fecundity, and fertility were compared between females mated to CL-fed males versus nonfed males. In addition, the incidence and duration of successful egg-to-pupa development were compared between the two groups of females. None of the comparisons suggested that fitness was enhanced by mating with a CL-fed male, and one parameter—fertility or egg hatch rate—showed a potential cost to mating with CL-fed males. Thus, mating with CL-fed males does not appear to confer direct fitness benefits to females. Factors potentially confounding interpretation of this finding are noted, and the possible role of a runaway selection process, mediated via RK or CL consumption, in shaping female mate choice in this species is proposed.

Comparison of local fruit flies attractant with imported attractants (Methyl Eugenol & Cue Lure) in guava, peach and bitter gourd orchards in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Studies were carried out for comparison of local fruit fly attractant with imported attractants, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during 2010 and 2011. The trials were conducted in three different localities in different orchards i.e Swat (Peach orchards), Charsada (Bitter gourd) and Kohat (Guava orchards). The experiment was consisted of different attractants i.e. Methyl Eugenol (M.E), Cue Lure (C.L) and protein based product locally developed (PPr-Product) for efficient management of Tephritid species in the field in modified McPhill traps. The trials were laid out in randomized complete block design replicated three times. Findings showed that significant variation was recorded for the captured of fruit flies among different attractants and observational dates in guava, peach and bitter gourd orchards. Methyl eugenol trapped more fruit flies as compared PPr-Product and C.L trap in Guava and Peach orchards whereas higher number of fruit flies was captured by PPr-Product as compared to both C.L and M.E traps in bitter gourd orchards. Higher capture of B. zonata and B. dorsalis in guava and peach orchards was recorded by M.E whereas C.L attracted more B. cucuribitae as compared to M.E traps for Peach, Guava and Bitter gourd orchards. More numbers of B. zonata and B. dorsalis captured by PPr-Product in Bitter gourd. The highest trapped fruit flies in Peach orchards were recorded in mid September. For Bitter gourd orchards, the fruit fly capture increased from March to 1 st September and the highest peak of its species were in September. For Guava orchards, the fruit fly trapped population and its species increased till 1 st July and then decreased thereafter. The PPr-Product traps were found more effective against all three types of female adults flies whereas M.E traps captured more male adults of B. Zonata and B. dorsalis while C.L captured more male adults of B. cucurbitae in Peach, Bitter gourd and Guava orchards. The highest capture of female adults of the three species was obtained by PPr-Product in Guava and Peach orchards.

POPULATION FLUCTUATION OF ADULT MALES OF THE FRUIT FLY, Bactrocera tau Walker (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN PASSION FRUIT ORCHARDS IN RELATION TO ABIOTIC FACTORS AND SANITATION

Fruit fly (Bactrocera tau) is the most destructive pest on some fruits in Indonesia. Monitoring of the pest population is essential as one of the procedures in the IPM concept. The study aimed to investigate the seasonal fluctuation of adult males of B. tau and their damage on passion fruits in relation to abiotic factors. The research was done by a survey method on three plots of passion fruit orchards in Alahan Panjang, West Sumatra, Indonesia from March to December 2005. In plot 1 the farmer practiced sanitation by removing damaged fruits and weeds from the orchard. In the plots 2 and 3 no sanitation was practiced. Each plot was 1 ha in size. The parameters observed were density of adult male B. tau and climatic factors (rainfall per day, number of rainy days, and average day temperature). Empty mineral water bottle traps were used to catch adult males of B. tau. Each plot had 16 traps set up with cue lure as fruit fly attractant. Each trap was baited with 3 ml cue lure on a cotton wick (1 cm diameter). The cotton wick was rebaited at 2-week intervals. The traps were placed on host plants about 1.5 m above the ground. Trapped flies were collected every two weeks and counted. The data were analyzed by correlation analysis. The results revealed that the number of male B. tau<br />in three orchards showed a similar fluctuation during the study period with a major peak in July. The lower numbers of flies captured in plot 1 (with sanitation) compared to the two other plots (without sanitation) were consistent with a lower percentage of damaged fruits in the plot 1 compared to the other two. The percentage of damaged fruits gradually decreased over time to about 20% in plot 1 which is lower than that in the other two<br />plots (30-40%). The number of fruit flies captured with cue lure baited traps correlated positively with all three abiotic factors studied. The seasonal fluctuation of the fruit fly population and the damage to the fruits are necessary to be studied as a procedure<br />in IPM for controlling B. tau.

POPULATION FLUCTUATION OF ADULT MALES OF THE FRUIT FLY, Bactrocera tau Walker (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN PASSION FRUIT ORCHARDS IN RELATION TO ABIOTIC FACTORS AND SANITATION

Fruit fly (Bactrocera tau) is the most destructive pest on some fruits in Indonesia. Monitoring of the pest population is essential as one of the procedures in the IPM concept. The study aimed to investigate the seasonal fluctuation of adult males of B. tau and their damage on passion fruits in relation to abiotic factors. The research was done by a survey method on three plots of passion fruit orchards in Alahan Panjang, West Sumatra, Indonesia from March to December 2005. In plot 1 the farmer practiced sanitation by removing damaged fruits and weeds from the orchard. In the plots 2 and 3 no sanitation was practiced. Each plot was 1 ha in size. The parameters observed were density of adult male B. tau and climatic factors (rainfall per day, number of rainy days, and average day temperature). Empty mineral water bottle traps were used to catch adult males of B. tau. Each plot had 16 traps set up with cue lure as fruit fly attractant. Each trap was baited with 3 ml cue lure on a cotton wick (1 cm diameter). The cotton wick was rebaited at 2-week intervals. The traps were placed on host plants about 1.5 m above the ground. Trapped flies were collected every two weeks and counted. The data were analyzed by correlation analysis. The results revealed that the number of male B. tau<br />in three orchards showed a similar fluctuation during the study period with a major peak in July. The lower numbers of flies captured in plot 1 (with sanitation) compared to the two other plots (without sanitation) were consistent with a lower percentage of damaged fruits in the plot 1 compared to the other two. The percentage of damaged fruits gradually decreased over time to about 20% in plot 1 which is lower than that in the other two<br />plots (30-40%). The number of fruit flies captured with cue lure baited traps correlated positively with all three abiotic factors studied. The seasonal fluctuation of the fruit fly population and the damage to the fruits are necessary to be studied as a procedure<br />in IPM for controlling B. tau.

The exploration of fruit flies Bactrocera (Diptera:Tephritidae) and its parasitoid in Madura Island Regions

Madura is enriched by great diversity despite of its infertile natural condition. This condition influences fruit flies existence and diversity. Purpose of this study was to investigate the diversity and distribution of fruit flies with their host in Madura region. Sampling methods in this study were fruit host collection (rearing) and trapping using Steiner-type trap that were set in 48 locations in several villages in Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, and Sumenep regencies. Steiner traps were combined with 2 different attractants, such as methyl eugenol (ME) and Cue Lure (CL). There were 5 species of fruit flies obtained from trapping and rearing, namely Bactrocera carambolae, B. papayae, B. umbrosa, B. albistrigata, and B. cucurbitae. Results indicate that the distribution, diversity, and abundance of fruit flies were influenced by the diversity of fruit host, air temperature, and relative air humidity. It is also identified two species of parasitoid imago from rotten fruits collection, namely Biosteres vandenboschi and Fopius arisanus.

Mixing Male Lures Results in an Effective Multispecies Bait for TrappingBactrocera(Diptera: Tephritidae) Fruit Flies

Summary Detection of Bactrocera Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies relies on male-specific lures, methyl eugenol and cue lure, which are presented singly in traps. We compared the efficacy of the standard single-lure treatments against mixtures of methyl eugenol and raspberry ketone (a natural analogue of cue lure) deployed in the same trap. No significant differences were found in captures of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) or B. dorsalis (Hendel) male flies over 8 wk intervals between traps baited with a single lure and traps baited with any of the 3 mixtures tested.

IDENTIFIKASI DAN POPULASI LALAT BUAH Bactrocera spp. PADA AREAL TANAMAN CABE, TOMAT, DAN LABU SIAM

ABSTRACT Improvements to the identification techniques adapted to the latest determination key, requires socialization, so that the farmer can determine which plant pests have damaged many crops and causing losses. This study were conducted to determine species of fruit fly Bactrocera spp. and to determine the population of Bactrocera spp. attacking commodities chili, tomato and pumpkin siam. Research carried out by direct surveys on the area which is the center of the fruit and vegetable crops in Tomohon. Each stretch of the plants fruit vegetable crops of chili, tomato and pumpkin siam was laid trap. The number of traps on each observation plots of vegetables or fruit per plant commodities were 5 (five) traps. The bottle trap was placed in the middle of planting vegetables fruit by a diagonal way. Traps of steiner models made of plastic bottles of 1.5 liters of mineral water and a perforated plastic funnel fitted as entrance fruit flies was used in this experiment. The tool is also equipped with a wire as a binder between the traps and wood enforcement to be put in planting fruit vegetables. Cotton was rolled with a diameter of about 3 cm and then tied with thread and put Methyl Eugenol (ME) of 0.25 ml and Cue-Lure (CL) as much as 0.25 ml by using the syringe and then hung in the middle of the bottle trap. Keywords : identification, population, Methyl Eugenol, Cue-Lure

Indonesia

Bogor and its surrounding area is known as one of the region in West Java that has high diversity of horticultural plants that may have an affect on fruit fly diversity. Research on fruit fly diversity is not merely provide information on the species richness of fruit flys but also provide information on its distribution and dispersion. The aim of this research was to investigate the diversity and distribution of fruit flies species and their hosts in Bogor and its surrounding area. Fruit flies were collected from 119 sampling areas in Bogor Cianjur, Bekasi and Depok. Fruit flies were sampled using two methods, i.e. host rearing and trapping. Traps were modified from Lynfield traps and combined with two different attractants, i.e. metil eugenol (ME) and Cue lure (CL). We found 18 species of fruit flies collected from traps and 24 host plants. The result showed that distribution, diversity and abundance of fruit flies was influenced by the diversity of host plants.

Release-Recapture ofBactroceraFruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Comparing the Efficacy of Liquid and Solid Formulations of Male Lures in Florida, California and Hawaii

ABSTRACT Invasive species of Bactrocera fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), particularly B. dorsalis (Hendel) and B. Cucurbitae (Coquillett), pose serious threats to agricultural crops. Detection relies largely on traps baited with the male lures methyl eugenol (ME), which is attractive to B. dorsalis, and cue-lure (CL) or the related chemicals raspberry ketone (RK) and raspberry ketone formate (RKF), which are all attractive to B. Cucurbitae. Currently, ME and CL are applied as liquids to cotton wicks (along with an insecticide), a procedure involving considerable handling time and exposure to pesticides. Recent studies have shown that traps baited with solid dispensers (plugs or wafers) of male lures, which arrive in sealed envelopes ready for use, catch at least as many Bactrocera males as traps baited with liquid lures. The present study compared captures of B. dorsalis and B. Cucurbitae males in traps baited with liquid lures versus traps baited with lure-bearing solid dispensers in Florida, Californ...

Trap Capture of Three Economically Important Fruit Fly Species (Diptera: Tephritidae): Evaluation of a Solid Formulation Containing Multiple Male Lures in a Hawaiian Coffee Field

Invasive fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) pose a global threat to agriculture through direct damage to food crops and the accompanying trade restrictions that often result. Early detection is vital to controlling fruit flies, because it increases the probability of limiting the growth and spread of the invasive population and thus may greatly reduce the monetary costs required for eradication or suppression. Male-specific lures are an important component of fruit fly detection, and three such lures are used widely: trimedlure (TML), cue lure (CL), and methyl eugenol (ME), attractive to Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett); and oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), respectively. In California, Florida, and Texas, the two Bactrocera lures are applied to separate species-specific traps as liquids (with a small amount of the insecticide naled added), whereas TML is delivered as a solid plug in another set of traps. Thus, the detection protocol involves considerable handling time as well as potential contact with a pesticide. The purpose of this study was to compare trap capture between liquid male lures and "trilure" wafers that contain TML, ME, raspberry ketone (RK, the hydroxy equivalent of CL), and the toxicant DDVP embedded within a solid matrix. Field studies were conducted in a Hawaiian coffee (Coffea arabica L.) field where the three aforementioned species co-occur, showed that the wafer captured at least as many flies as the liquid baits for all three species. This same result was obtained in comparisons using both fresh and aged (6-wk) baits. Moreover, the wafers performed as well as the single-lure traps in an ancillary experiment in which TML plugs were substituted for liquid TML. Additional experiments demonstrated explicitly that the presence of ME and RK had no effect on captures of C. capitata males and similarly that the presence of TML had no effect on the capture of B. cucurbitae or B. dorsalis males.

Management of Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) Infesting Gherkin:An Areawide Control Programme Adopted in Peninsular India

An area-wide control (AWC) programme was undertaken for management of melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae(Coquillet), in 3 km2 area in Kashapura village of Gauribidanur taluk, Chickaballapura District, Karnataka State in peninsular India from 52nd week of 2007 to 30th week of 2010. Implementation of the AWC programme included field sanitation, male annihilation technique (MAT) through para-pheromone, Cue lure, and bait application technique (BAT). This AWC programme resulted in steady decline of melon fly population in the grid area, and corresponding reduction in per cent fruit fly infested gherkin fruits. In the AWC (grid) area, flies trapped per day (FTD) led to attaining suppression (1 to 0.1 FTD) and eradication levels (<0.1 FTD), which is acceptable to the Indian gherkin processing industry. Whereas, in the non-grid area, fruit fly populations perpetuated at infestation level (>1 FTD) during majority of weeks under observation.

New distribution and lure records of Dacinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Queensland, Australia, and description of a new species of Dacus Fabricius

AbstractNew distribution records for 42 species of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) in Queensland are presented, resulting from exotic fruit fly monitoring from 1996 to 2011. Summaries of previously known Australian distributions are provided. Fruit flies were collected at cue lure and methyl eugenol traps and reared from host fruit. No new distributions south of Townsville were recorded for the economic species Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schiner, 1868), Bactrocera kraussi (Hardy, 1951) and Bactrocera musae (Tryon, 1927). Minor range extensions are noted for Bactrocera neohumeralis (Hardy, 1951) and Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt, 1897). Bactrocera jarvisi (Tryon, 1927) is recorded being weakly attracted to cue lure in Queensland and the first lure record (one specimen from cue lure) is provided for Dacus (Mellesis) petioliforma (May, 1956). Taxonomic issues with Bactrocera melanothoracica Drew (1989) and Bactrocera unirufa Drew (1989) are discussed. Dacus (Neodacus) coenensis sp. n. is described and illustrated from Cape York Peninsula.