Types Of Cues Research Articles

The Effects of Social Cues in Self-Produced Micro Video Lectures on Parasocial Interaction, Motivational Interest, Extraneous Cognitive Load, and Concept Learning Performance: an Empirical Study in a Junior High School

Background and Aim: Videos are popular in the dissemination of knowledge at scale, which can be seen in various video-based platforms and educational disruption. However, inconsistent results were reported in studies. This research is designed to determine the effectiveness of social cues in self-produced micro video lectures on parasocial interaction, motivational interest, extraneous cognitive load, and concept learning performance and the relationship among them. Materials and Methods: Self-produced videos for learning concepts of morality and the rule of law in junior high schools were used as the treatment. Tests were used to determine concept learning performance and Likert scales were utilized to collect information on the other three variables. 248 students from the eighth grade in a public school were involved in the sample. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze differences among groups, and path analysis as well as was adopted to determine the relationship between variables. Results: There was no significant difference among the four groups on each variable. Parasocial interaction has a significant positive impact on motivational interest, motivational interest has a negative significant impact on extraneous cognitive load, and extraneous cognitive load has a negative significant impact on concept learning performance. Conclusion: The effects of the increment of types of social cues can be ignored in 6-minute self-produced video lectures. Students’ parasocial interaction can influence concept learning performance via the mediation of the cognition process and motivational factors. The extraneous cognitive load decreases with the stimulation of the motivational interest.

Vaping and smoking cue reactivity in young adult non-smoking electronic cigarette users: A functional neuroimaging study.

The rapid growth in the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among non-smoking young adults is concerning, as it raises the potential for chronic vaping and nicotine addiction. A key characteristic of drug addiction is the elevated neural response to conditioned drug-related cues (i.e., cue reactivity). Generalized reactivity to both vaping and smoking cues may signify an increased risk for smoking initiation in non-smoking vapers. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate brain responses to vaping and smoking cues in young adult non-smoking vapers. Sixty-six young adult non-smoking vapers underwent functional MRI while viewing visual cues pertaining to vaping, smoking, and nicotine-unrelated unconditioned reward (i.e., food). A priori region-of-interest analysis combined with exploratory whole-brain analysis was performed to characterize neural reactivity to vaping and smoking cues in comparison to food cues. The medial prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex, regions that play a key role in drug cue reactivity, showed significantly increased neural response to vaping cues compared to food cues. The posterior cingulate cortex additionally showed increased neural responses to smoking cues compared to food cues. Despite not currently smoking combustible cigarettes, young adult vapers exhibited heightened neural susceptibility to both vaping and smoking cues within brain systems associated with cue reactivity. The findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction and smoking initiation risk in this critical population and may contribute to the development of science-based interventions and regulatory measures in the future. The escalating vaping prevalence among US non-smoking young adults is alarming, due to its potential ramifications for nicotine addiction development. Nicotine addiction is characterized by elevated neural response to conditioned nicotine-related cues. Using functional neuroimaging, we showed that young adult non-smoking vapers exhibited heightened neural susceptibility to both vaping and smoking cues within brain systems previously associated with cue reactivity. Such cross-reactivity to both types of nicotine cues may serve as the mechanism underlying nicotine addiction and smoking initiation risk in this population. Our findings may contribute to the development of science-based interventions and regulatory measures addressing the vaping epidemic.

Public information use—are invasive demersal fish species more effective than natives?

Abstract Organisms determine environmental quality using their senses and personal experience (personal information) but can also use byproducts of other individuals’ activities (i.e. public information). The ability to use public information originating from both con- and heterospecifics gives an advantage over individuals relying only on personal information or conspecific cues. The role of public information in invasion ecology is of high concern, as any differences in this aspect between alien and native species may determine the success of the former. Here, we studied 2 pairs of sympatric invasive and native demersal fish species (racer goby Babka gymnotrachelus/European bullhead Cottus gobio; monkey goby Neogobius fluviatilis/gudgeon Gobio gobio) facing 2 types of public cues (associated with antipredatory and foraging behavior). We used them as a model to check if the invaders could use public information from more sources than the natives. Both invaders and the native gudgeon used cues from con- and heterospecifics, exhibiting antipredatory behavior, while the native bullhead failed to recognize such cues from heterospecifics. The monkey goby and both native species were attracted to foraging cues from donors less likely to exert competitive pressure on the observer (i.e. native species rather than potentially more aggressive invaders). On the other hand, the racer goby appeared unable to correctly recognize heterospecific foraging cues. Our results showed that public cues can enable invaders to read threat from a wide range of individuals and to find optimal food patches, which may contribute to their invasion success.

Prey responses to direct and indirect predation risk cues reveal the importance of multiple information sources.

Prey can use several information sources (cues) to assess predation risk and avoid predation with a variety of behavioural responses (e.g., changes in activity, foraging, vigilance, social behaviour, space use, and reproductive behaviour). Direct cues produced by predators and indirect cues from environmental features or conspecific and heterospecific prey generally provide different types of information about predation risk. Despite widespread interest in understanding behavioural antipredator responses to direct and indirect cues, a clear general pattern of relative response strength across taxa and environments has yet to emerge. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies (N = 113 articles and 999 effect sizes taken from a search of over 7500 articles) testing behavioural responses to direct and indirect cues of predation risk, and their combination, across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We further contrasted if effects were moderated by ecosystem type (terrestrial, marine, or freshwater), cue source (predator, conspecific, heterospecific, or environmental feature), or sensory modality (visual, auditory, or chemosensory). Overall, there were strong effects of risk cues on prey behaviour. We found that prey responded more strongly when both types of cues were presented together compared with either cue in isolation, which was driven by changes in prey activity levels but not other behaviours. There was no general pattern in response strength to direct compared with indirect cues. Responses to these cues were moderated by interactions between environment, cue source, and cue sensory modality (e.g., visual cues elicited stronger responses than other modalities, and responses to conspecific chemosensory cues were stronger than those to predator chemosensory cues in aquatic systems). These results suggest that rather than a broad framework of direct and indirect cues, the specific context of the system should be considered in tests and predictions of how prey respond to risk to elucidate general patterns of antipredator responses.

Strength of seasonality and type of migratory cue determine the fitness consequences of changing phenology for migratory animals

Phenological mismatch has been highlighted as a reason why climate change is causing declines of migratory populations. The likelihood of declines due to phenological mismatch might depend on what cues trigger migration. Migrants that use environmental cues (e.g. temperature, resource availability) to trigger migration are often considered to be less vulnerable than migrants that use temporal information (e.g. photoperiod). We developed a proof‐of‐concept model that demonstrates that which cue type performs better in the context of phenological change can depend on differences in seasonal amplitude between the habitats used by a migrant. Environmental cues perform better than temporal cues when the habitat that undergoes a phenological change has a larger seasonal amplitude. This result aligns with observations that populations of short‐distance migrants that use environmental cues are less likely to decline as a consequence of phenological mismatch than long‐distance avian migrants that use temporal cues. Temporal cues perform better than environmental cues when the habitat that undergoes a phenological change has a smaller seasonal amplitude. This result may correspond to empirical scenarios where the more seasonal habitat is associated with variation in precipitation patterns or human actions that are not changing in phenology. In addition to these results, we offer distinctions that will help clarify future work on phenological mismatch. First, we highlight the difference between the cue accuracy (difference between the timing of migration using the cue and optimal migration timing) and the cue efficacy (the difference between the fitness using the cue and the fitness using optimal migration). Second, we recommend considering both how the benefits available from migrating and the benefits that are captured by migrants change with phenological change.

Role of dopamine in reward expectation and predictability during execution of action sequences.

Reward-associated cues serve different functions depending on whether they precede or terminate action sequences. Cues that precede action sequences and signal opportunity for reward could serve as GO signals to initiate the sequence, whereas sequence termination cues could serve as response feedback by signaling reward delivery. Reward expectation during sequence execution depends on these cues and might condition whether behavior is habitual or goal-directed. However, it remains unknown how sequence initiation and termination cues differentially affect reward expectation and contribute to habit learning. Further, while mesolimbic dopamine plays a key role in cue-induced reward expectation and sequence learning, how dynamic changes in dopamine signals differ depending on the response strategy is unclear. Here, we determined how mesolimbic DA signals change over training during cue-mediated sequence learning, depending on the type of cue and the nature of behavioral control. We found sequence initiation and termination cues differentially affect reward expectation during action sequences, with the termination cue contributing to habit and automaticity. Distinct response strategies induced by sequence initiation and termination cues induced differential changes in mesolimbic DA signals that captured variations in reward expectation along sequence execution. Notably, habit-like behavior induced by the sequence termination cue was associated with a rapid shift in DA signals from reward retrieval to the cue. This habit-like behavior was reflected in behavioral inflexibility and attenuated DA reward prediction error signals. Finally, using optogenetics, we provide evidence that phasic DA activity elicited by the sequence termination cue is critical for the development of habit-like behavior.

Mental State Attribution Mediates Exogenous Orienting of Attention Triggered by Gaze Cues, but not Other Social Cues

AbstractWe examined the properties in orienting visual attention that are triggered by social cues (eye gaze or pointing finger) and nonsocial cues (an arrow). Particularly, we investigated whether the mental state of others would be modulated by any social cue. We presented an occluder between the cue and target to manipulate the mental state of an agent in cues (i.e., whether the agent is aware of the target). For Experiment 1, the reaction time (RT) to detect the target was prolonged when the target side was occluded only in the gaze‐cue condition, but not for the arrow or the pointing finger. For Experiment 2, the RT of a discrimination task, which demanded greater cognitive demand, was not prolonged for any cue type. These results suggest that the mental state attribution for the agency of the cue, which is affected by an occluder, is specific to the gaze cue, and suggest that it is under top‐down control that requires cognitive resources.

Mentalistic attention orienting triggered by android eyes

The eyes play a special role in human communications. Previous psychological studies have reported reflexive attention orienting in response to another individual’s eyes during live interactions. Although robots are expected to collaborate with humans in various social situations, it remains unclear whether robot eyes have the potential to trigger attention orienting similarly to human eyes, specifically based on mental attribution. We investigated this issue in a series of experiments using a live gaze-cueing paradigm with an android. In Experiment 1, the non-predictive cue was the eyes and head of an android placed in front of human participants. Light-emitting diodes in the periphery served as target signals. The reaction times (RTs) required to localize the valid cued targets were faster than those for invalid cued targets for both types of cues. In Experiment 2, the gaze direction of the android eyes changed before the peripheral target lights appeared with or without barriers that made the targets non-visible, such that the android did not attend to them. The RTs were faster for validly cued targets only when there were no barriers. In Experiment 3, the targets were changed from lights to sounds, which the android could attend to even in the presence of barriers. The RTs to the target sounds were faster with valid cues, irrespective of the presence of barriers. These results suggest that android eyes may automatically induce attention orienting in humans based on mental state attribution.

The Impact of Cues on Joint Attention in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Eye-Tracking Study in Virtual Games.

Joint attention (JA), a core deficit in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is crucial for social interaction, emotional understanding, and cognitive development. This study aims to compare and analyze the eye-tracking data of ASD and typically developing children (TDC) during virtual games, exploring how different cue types affect JA performance in ASD children. A total of 31 TDC and 40 ASD children participated in the study. Using eye-tracking devices, we recorded the children's eye movements as they played virtual games, selecting the correct target based on cues provided by virtual characters. Our findings revealed that different cue types significantly impacted the game scores of ASD children but had no significant effect on TDC, highlighting a notable disparity between the two groups. ASD children showed a lower fixation frequency, irregular fixation paths, and increased attention to non-target objects compared to TDC. Interestingly, among the three cue types, ASD children exhibited a preference for the third type, leading to longer fixation on the region of interest and higher game scores. These results underscore the importance of cue selection in enhancing JA in ASD children. This study provides novel insights into the JA deficits in ASD children and offers a scientific basis for the development of targeted and individualized intervention programs.

Assemblable 3D biomimetic microenvironment for hMSC osteogenic differentiation

Abstract The suitable simulation of a tissue’s native environment is one of the elemental premises of tissue engineering. Although various attempts have been made to induce human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) into an osteogenic pathway, they are still far from widespread clinical application. Most strategies mainly focus on providing a specific type of cue, far from replicating the complexity of the bone microenvironment. By applying magnetoelectric microspheres composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and cobalt ferrites, functionalized with collagen and gelatin, and packed in a 3D arrangement, a multifunctional platform for hMSC osteogenic differentiation has been developed. This platform is able to perform mechanical stimulation of piezoelectric PVDF, mimicking the bones biophysical electromechanical cues. Surface functionalization with extracellular matrix (ECM) biomolecules and osteogenic media further contribute to this all-round approach. hMSC were cultured in osteogenic-inducing conditions in order to induce them into this pathway and tested for proliferation, surface biomarkers, and gene expression to evaluate their osteogenic commitment.

Social addiction or nicotine addiction? The effect of smoking social motivation on inhibitory control under smoking social cues: Evidence from ERPs

IntroductionPrevious studies and theoretical models suggest that the decreasing effect of smoking-related cues on inhibitory control in individuals who smoke is one of the underlying mechanisms of smoking behavior. However, many studies have overlooked the effects of other types of smoking-related cues, such as social cues. Moreover, previous studies have lacked investigation into whether this decreasing effect is influenced by internal factors. The present study aims to integrate behavioral and electrophysiological indicators to investigate the effect of smoking social cues on inhibitory control in individuals who smoke, as well as the moderating role of social motivations. MethodIn Experiment 1, a visual Go/NoGo paradigm with four types of backgrounds (neutral, neutral social, smoking object, and smoking social backgrounds) was used to record the error rates and reaction times of 32 participants who smoke. In Experiment 2, the Go/NoGo paradigm with two types of backgrounds (smoking object and smoking social backgrounds) was used to record the error rates, reaction times, and amplitudes of the N2 and P3 event-related potentials among 30 participants who smoke with varying degrees of primed smoking social motivation. Results(1) Individuals who smoke had higher commission error rates and larger P3 amplitude under smoking social background than under smoking object background; (2) individuals who smoke with primed high smoking social motivation, rather than low motivation had higher commission error rates and larger P3 amplitude under smoking social background than under smoking object background. ConclusionsSmoking social cues have a greater capacity to decrease inhibitory control in people who smoke than smoking object cues, and this decreasing effect is bolstered by smoking social motivation.

When and why do cuteness cues intensify the power of message framing in promoting pro-environmental behaviors?

Gain and loss message framing has been utilized to encourage consumers’ pro-environmental behaviors in the hospitality and tourism industries. However, little is known about when and why presenting different types of cuteness cues influences the relative effectiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages, despite the commonness of cuteness cues in the service environment. To address this gap, this research examines the interaction effects between message framing (gain vs. loss) and cuteness type (kindchenschema vs. whimsical) on consumers’ pro-environmental responses. Through three cross-cultural studies using the experimental design approach, our results show that when kindchenschema cuteness cues are present, loss-framed (vs. gain-framed) messages generate more favorable pro-environmental responses. In contrast, gain-framed (vs. loss-framed) messages are more effective when whimsical cuteness cues are present. Moreover, results from the mediation analyses revealed that the sense of feeling right is the underlying mechanism explaining these effects. These findings provide critical implications for theory and practice.

Vehicle Ego-Trajectory Segmentation Using Guidance Cues

Computer vision has significantly influenced recent advancements in autonomous driving by providing cutting-edge solutions for various challenges, including object detection, semantic segmentation, and comprehensive scene understanding. One specific challenge is ego-vehicle trajectory segmentation, which involves learning the vehicle’s path and describing it with a segmentation map. This can play an important role in both autonomous driving and advanced driver assistance systems, as it enhances the accuracy of perceiving and forecasting the vehicle’s movements across different driving scenarios. In this work, we propose a deep learning approach for ego-trajectory segmentation that leverages a state-of-the-art segmentation network augmented with guidance cues provided through various merging mechanisms. These mechanisms are designed to direct the vehicle’s path as intended, utilizing training data obtained with a self-supervised approach. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using self-supervised labels for ego-trajectory segmentation and embedding directional intentions within the network’s decisions through image and guidance input concatenation, feature concatenation, or cross-attention between pixel features and various types of guidance cues. We also analyze the effectiveness of our approach in constraining the segmentation outputs and prove that our proposed improvements bring major boosts in the segmentation metrics, increasing IoU by more than 12% and 5% compared with our two baseline models. This work paves the way for further exploration into ego-trajectory segmentation methods aimed at better predicting the behavior of autonomous vehicles.

Resilience to changes in salinity and predator diversity in representative Gulf of Mexico estuarine fish predator-prey interactions

Predators strongly influence ecological communities and subsequent ecosystem function by directly consuming prey individuals and indirectly by inciting alterations in prey behavior, termed non-consumptive effects (NCEs). Gulf of Mexico estuaries support complex food webs structured by numerous species interactions maintained in constant environmental flux from variation in salinity. Environmental variation presents a source of physiological stress for estuarine fish and plays a role in their distributions and subsequent interactions. Here, we present the results of a mesocosm experiment examining if acute changes in salinity disrupt NCEs of different predators on estuarine prey. We exposed Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) to visual and/or olfactory cues from a common estuarine predator, red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), and from a freshwater predator that is a transient species in lower portions of estuaries, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), under either decreasing, constant, or increasing salinity. Killifish decreased shoal size and movement in response to olfactory cues or both visual and olfactory cues compared to when they were exposed to no cues or visual cues, demonstrating variable perceived risk dependent on cue type. Behavioral response did not vary by predator species, implying a generalized response to different fish predators. Prey did not change behavior when exposed to decreasing salinity compared to constant salinity. However, prey movement increased with increasing salinity, indicating that salinity changes may provide cues to search for different habitats instead of a stressor. Our experiment indicates that estuarine predator-prey interactions may be resilient to acute salinity changes given the broad tolerances of euryhaline species.

Different types of textual cues in educational animations: Effect on science learning outcomes, cognitive load, and self-efficacy among elementary students

Different types of textual cues in educational animations: Effect on science learning outcomes, cognitive load, and self-efficacy among elementary students

Estimating orientation in natural scenes: A spiking neural network model of the insect central complex.

The central complex of insects contains cells, organised as a ring attractor, that encode head direction. The 'bump' of activity in the ring can be updated by idiothetic cues and external sensory information. Plasticity at the synapses between these cells and the ring neurons, that are responsible for bringing sensory information into the central complex, has been proposed to form a mapping between visual cues and the heading estimate which allows for more accurate tracking of the current heading, than if only idiothetic information were used. In Drosophila, ring neurons have well characterised non-linear receptive fields. In this work we produce synthetic versions of these visual receptive fields using a combination of excitatory inputs and mutual inhibition between ring neurons. We use these receptive fields to bring visual information into a spiking neural network model of the insect central complex based on the recently published Drosophila connectome. Previous modelling work has focused on how this circuit functions as a ring attractor using the same type of simple visual cues commonly used experimentally. While we initially test the model on these simple stimuli, we then go on to apply the model to complex natural scenes containing multiple conflicting cues. We show that this simple visual filtering provided by the ring neurons is sufficient to form a mapping between heading and visual features and maintain the heading estimate in the absence of angular velocity input. The network is successful at tracking heading even when presented with videos of natural scenes containing conflicting information from environmental changes and translation of the camera.

Presentation of multiple task instructional sets impacts auditory Stroop performance during dual task locomotion.

The auditory Stroop is a modification of the classic Stroop paradigm commonly used in dual-task research when the motor task requires the visual system. Despite its use, there are gaps in our understanding of this tool. For example, in visual/auditory Stroop paradigms, neutral cues irrelevant to the required response, which theoretically cause less interference/facilitation, are used to elucidate effects of visual/auditory demands on neural processes. Specifically, in auditory Stroop paradigms the use and choice of neutral cue words is inconsistent. To address these gaps, we instrumented participants with kinematic markers and a digital microphone and asked them to respond to auditory Stroop cues and neutral cue words consisting of either one or two syllables, while simultaneously performing an unobstructed locomotor task. Two blocks of trials were collected. In one block, participants had prior knowledge that either an auditory Stroop or a neutral word stimulus would be presented (Known); a second block presented both types of cognitive cues in a random order to participants (Mixed). We observed main effects of cognitive task (neutral, incongruent, congruent) and instructional set (Known, Mixed) on response times, but not on center of mass velocity. Also, more time was required to verbally respond to an incongruent compared to congruent or neutral task across all conditions, and neutral task words with one syllable resulted in longer response times compared to two syllable neutral words. We recommend that researchers include neutral cues when using the auditory Stroop test and to carefully consider their neutral word choice.

Similar Quality of Visual Working Memory Representations between Negative and Positive Attentional Templates.

Visual working memory (VWM) plays an important role during visual search, with some theories suggesting an equivalence between working memory representations and guidance from attentional templates. However, recent work has shown that participants can also use 'negative templates', the foreknowledge of distractor-features stored in VWM, to guide attention away from distractors during visual search. These negative templates must also be represented in working memory, but the question remains whether the quality of the working memory representations underlying negative and positive templates are similar, in spite of their opposite impacts on attention. In this study, participants (N = 33) engaged in a visual search task for a shape-defined target after receiving a positive cue (target color), negative cue (distractor color) or neutral cue (non-informative). In 20% of the trials, a color-wheel probe was presented instead of a search array to measure the quality of the cue representation stored in VWM. Our results revealed that participants were more likely to guess in response to neutral cues than negative cues. Yet, the comparison between positive and negative cues showed no significant differences. However, we found no difference in memory precision for the three cue types. More interestingly, the more the VWM quality is boosted by the negative cue, the greater the ability to guide attention away from distractors. Such a pattern of results might map to recent evidence of between-individuals differences in utilization of negative cues. These findings highlight the distinction between attentional templates and simple maintenance in working memory.

Metacognitive processes accompanying the first stages of autobiographical retrieval in the self-memory system

ABSTRACT According to Conway’s view, Autobiographical memory (AM) construction is accompanied by control processes. These processes range from filtering out relevant memories according to the current context, to generating or elaborating appropriate retrieval cues. These processes can be conceptualised as metacognition, the ability to control and monitor cognitive processes. Experimentally, little has been carried out to support the idea that metacognition is involved in AM. To assess this, we designed a task, the Feeling of Retrieval. Participants had to predict whether cue words would facilitate AM access (i.e., fluent access cues) or not (i.e., limited access cues) in a limited time (either 1 (Exp. 2) or 2 (Exp. 1) s). Later, they retrieved memories in response to both types of cues. Results show that cues judged as fluent access led to better AM generation, as illustrated by AM retrieval latency and a subjective measure of the ease with which the AMs were retrieved. These rapid predictions may rely on epistemic feelings and / or other mnemonic cues such as a partial retrieval of information. This metacognitive access to the earliest stages of AM retrieval illustrates the ability to monitor AM processes as proposed by Conway (2005).

Popularity at first sight: Dominant behaviours mediate the link between extraversion and popularity in face-to-face and virtual group interactions.

Although there is robust evidence that being more extraverted is related to higher popularity, only few studies have examined which actual behaviours (e.g., verbal content, body language) might explain this association. The current study examined whether observer-rated dominant behaviours (nonverbal, paraverbal, verbal, and general cues) mediate the relationship between self-rated extraversion and its facets (assertiveness, sociability, and activity) and other-rated popularity in zero-acquaintance settings. In two studies, we analysed data from face-to-face (Study 1, N = 124) and virtual (Study 2, N = 291) group interactions where participants were videotaped while performing a task and subsequently rated each other on popularity. Across studies, extraversion and the facets assertiveness and sociability were consistently associated with higher popularity, while the role of dominant behaviours differed. In Study 1, only two nonverbal behaviours, dominant gestures and upright posture, mediated the association between extraversion and popularity. In Study 2, all four types of behavioural cues mediated the association between extraversion (facets) and popularity. We discuss how these findings provide insights into the mechanisms of attaining popularity at zero acquaintance in diverse social settings.