Cubic Meters Of Wood Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of the Quality and Electrical Energy of Wood Waste Briquettes with Natural (Starch) and Synthetic Adhesives (Synthetic Rubber Adhesive)

On average, small and medium-scale wood processing industries produced at least 2 to 4 cubic meters of wood a day, this production produced 0.25 to 2 m3 of wood waste a day. In fact, this waste can be used as a renewable energy source by processing it into briquettes. This research will produce wood waste briquettes using the pyrolysis method from two types of adhesive, namely starch and synthetic rubber adhesive with a composition ratio of 3:1. Apart from that, the resulting briquettes were tested using a bomb calorimeter to obtain the calorific value, water content, ash content, and volatile matter content, and then compared with the SNI 01-6235-2000 standard. The resulting briquettes were then calculated using mathematical calculations for the potential electrical energy they could generate. From laboratory tests, the calorific value, water content, ash content, and volatile matter content of natural adhesive briquettes were obtained at 5194.44 cal/g, 11.3%, 1.36%, and 40.8%, while synthetic adhesive briquettes respectively had values of 6369.46 cal/g, 4.33%, 2.74%, and 25.54%. From these results, synthetic adhesive briquettes had better calorific value, water content, and volatile matter content compared to natural adhesive briquettes. Apart from that, synthetic adhesive briquettes also had greater energy potential with an energy potential of 7,407 kWh/kg compared to briquettes with natural adhesives which only had a value of 6,041 kWh/kg. Thus it can be concluded that synthetic adhesive briquettes are better quality compared to natural adhesive briquettes because they can generate greater energy, and meet 3 of the 4 test parameters based on SNI while natural adhesive briquettes only meet 2 of the same 4 test parameters

Volume, Biomass, and Carbon Estimates for Commercial Tree Species in a Managed Forest: A Case Study in the Bolivian Amazon

Tropical forest management has a potential role in forest conservation if it is sustainable. This study of a forest under management in Bolivian Amazonia strongly suggests that the management project is not sustainable and that no potential changes in management would be likely to make it so. In a 216.41 ha harvested area, 278 commercial trees from 10 families, 15 genera, and 15 species were measured. The density of commercial species with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 50 cm was 1.28 trees ha−1, and the harvestable commercial volume was 12.40 m3 ha−1. Due to market restrictions, the actual amounts harvested were much lower: 96 trees were harvested with commercial boles totaling 2.7 m3 ha−1. Of the total impact on biomass and carbon (above- and belowground), the logs removed from the area represented only 13.4%, while 86.6% was from losses in the forest as follows: 14.5% from the stumps, crowns, and roots of harvested trees (DBH ≥ 50 cm) plus 72.1% from the trees (DBH ≥ 10 cm) in the forest lost to roads, log landings, and skid tracks and the gap openings caused by felling the harvested trees. The estimated expenses exceeded the gross revenue of the management company (USD 519.15 ha−1), a fact confirmed by the company’s subsequent bankruptcy. The project’s low harvest intensity reduces the environmental impact per hectare but increases the impact per cubic meter of wood harvested because producing a given volume of wood requires disturbing a larger area and because more kilometers of access roads and skid tracks have to be installed to extract a given volume of wood. Because many costs are fixed regardless of harvest intensity, small harvest volume can render such projects financially unfeasible, increasing the likelihood that they will be abandoned and not provide long-term “sustainable” forest protection. However, this does not mean that higher harvest intensity results in sustainability, as other constraints apply to high-intensity projects. We conclude that conservation alternatives to maintain the forest would be more beneficial than management for timber.

Pojava ženki velikog smrekinog likotoča Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann, 1794) na vitalnim stablima kavkaske smreke u Artvinu, Turska

Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann, 1794), which was first discovered in 1966 in Turkey, has established almost in all oriental spruce forests in the Eastern Black Sea region until the late 2000s. In its expanding front it is responsible for killing spruce trees representing millions of cubic meters of wood. In recent years, oriental spruce forests have endemic population of this pest. But extreme climatic conditions that cause extreme weather circumstances may trigger suitable environment that favors D. micans outbreaks. In this study, we aimed to examine tree vitality of naturally infested and uninfested trees in the forest. Field studies were performed at a pure spruce stand in Taşlıca Forest Sub-District, Artvin Directorate of Forestry in 2016. Both infested and uninfested trees were selected in the stand closure. One core per tree was extracted from 30 naturally infested and 30 uninfested oriental spruce trees at the same stand. Core samples were taken at the second week of September. Phloem thickness, recent tree growth rates, diameter of breast height and the average number of xylem cells in a radial file formed until the sampling date were studied. Phloem thickness, recent tree growth rates and number of xylem cells were higher in infested trees. Host selection of D. micans was discussed in relation to characteristics of infested and uninfested trees.

Age matters: Life-stage, tissue, and sex-specific gene expression dynamics in Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

The Eurasian spruce bark beetle (ESBB), Ips typographus, has recently caused catastrophic damage to Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests in Europe, resulting in the loss of more than 100 million cubic meters of wood. Traditional forest management strategies have failed to constrain the growing infestation rate; hence, novel measures must be deployed. A better understanding of ESBB physiology and adaptation to host allelochemicals may provide a platform for future management strategies using molecular tools such as RNA interference. To understand ESBB physiology and adaptation, the current study unraveled the gene expression dynamics of ESBB in different life stages and tissues. We obtained ESBB transcriptomes for different life stages [larvae (L1, L2, and L3), pupa, callow, and sclerotized adult] and male/female tissues (gut, fat body, and head) from callow and sclerotized adult beetles. Differential gene expression analysis (DGE) identified multiple gene families related to detoxification, digestion, resistance, and transport in different life stages and tissues of the beetle. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment revealed 61 critical metabolic pathways enriched across all DGE comparisons. DGE analysis further pinpointed the differential expression of essential genes involved in detoxification, digestion, transport, and defense in various tissues and life stages. RT-qPCR experiments and enzymatic assays corroborated the findings further. The catalogue of differentially expressed genes identified in ESBB could aid better understanding of ESBB physiology and adaptation to hosts and serve as targets for future RNAi-based ESBB management.

Efficiency Assessment of Fully Mechanized Harvesting System through the Use of Fleet Management System

Nowadays the spread of precision forestry has led to the possibility of collecting data related to forest machines for an extended period and with enough precision to support decisions in the optimization of harvesting strategies in terms of technological and environmental efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the effective benefit of automatic data collection through the fleet management system (FMS) of two forest harvesters and two forwarders in pine forests in Poland. The study also aims to determine how the use of FMS can help forest companies to manage their fleet and take advantage of long-term monitoring. Focusing on performance indicators of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, as well as on the engine parameters from the Can Bus data, the exploration of data was performed following a Big Data approach, from the creation of an aggregate dataset, pre-elaboration (data cleaning, exploration, selection, etc.) using GIS and R software. The investigation has considered the machine productivity, in the case of the harvesters, and the specific fuel consumption of each machine studied, as well as the time used by each of them during the different working cycle activities and the total amount of timber processed. The main results indicate an average emission of 2.1 kg of CO2 eq/m3 for the harvesters and 2.56 kg of CO2 eq/m3 for the forwarders, which equates in total to 0.24% of the carbon stored in one cubic meter of wood.

Influence of Thermal Modification and Impregnation with Biocides on Physical Properties of Italian Stone Pine Wood (Pinus pinea L.)

The sudden availability of Italian stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) wood due to the infestation of pathogenic fungi and insects highlighted the need to promote its use as a short supply chain resource in Italy and other Mediterranean countries. However, the durability of stone pine sapwood must be enhanced if outdoor use is to be considered. The impregnability of stone pine wood was studied following the standard EN 351-1:2008, using immersion, vacuum, and high-pressure methods with natural waxes and organic solvent-based and copper-amino-based preservative solutions. The efficacy of the impregnation was determined by calculating the kilos of preservative absorbed per cubic meter of wood and by measuring the penetration depth of the preservative. Thermal modifications were carried out using five different maximum temperatures, and their efficacy was determined by measuring the mass loss and color change. Subsequent to thermal treatments, the wood was exposed to a water-vapor-saturated atmosphere, and the increase in mass was calculated for different periods. Stone pine and Scots pine sapwoods showed similar response to the treatments with the exception of soaking impregnation methods where stone pine showed higher uptake, in particular when Silvanolin was used. Our investigation shows that stone pine can be a suitable short supply chain resource in Italy that, when impregnated, could be tested for outdoor use, exactly as is the case with Scots pine.

From River to Sea: Estimating Wood Cascades

Dams and deforestation have chipped away at the millions of cubic meters of wood that flow through rivers and out to sea.

OFFENSE VERSUS CONTRAVENTION IN NATIONAL FORESTRY LAW

According to a recent legislative amendment, unauthorized felling of trees, including when wood damage is up to five times the average price of one cubic meter of wood, per foot, constitutes a criminal offense. At the same time, a contraventional law is in force and is applying to a similar act. Thus, the question is whether the new rule is sufficiently clear to achieve the purpose of criminal proceedings.

ГЕОІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ СИСТЕМИ В МОНІТОРИНГУ ЛІСОВИХ РЕСУРСІВ

The total area of the forest fund of Ukraine is 10400000 hectares, of which 9600000 hectares are covered with forest vegetation. In total, 15.9 % of the country's area is covered by forests. This figure is growing: in 50 years the area of forests increased by 21 %, almost three times increased stock of wood – it is estimated within 2102 million cubic meters. But this is not enough. Today there are a number of problems connected with forestry, for example: mass destruction of forests, lack of forest development strategy, low level of forest resources use, lack of reliable information about the biomass condition, forest fires. According to the State Agency of Forest Resources of Ukraine, the volume of unauthorized felling has been steadily decreasing for a long time, during 2005-2010. However, already in 2011 it was 25,100 cubic meters, which is 2.2 thousand more than in the previous year, 2007. However, this statistic, too, is mostly about illegal logging by local people, so it reflects very small volumes. The largest number of poached logging is recorded in the Lviv region. For example, in 2018 in the region 12,047 cubic meters of wood were illegally cut, and the figures do not stand still. As a consequence, this situation over time can lead to environmental degradation, increased water and wind erosion, degradation of agricultural land. The forest industry is one of the promising industries in Ukraine, for which it is advisable to use the tools of geographic information systems that provide detailed and necessary information, which greatly simplifies the work in research, analysis and prediction of the dynamics of the forestry fund of Ukraine. With the help of geospatial analysis tools we open up new horizons in the development and organization of forestry production, control and management of forests at all levels. This is why in today's conditions the introduction of geoinformation technologies can not only save money, but also save large areas of the forest fund and hundreds of diligent villages, settlements and cities. The events that took place in April 2020 showed that the lack of active monitoring of burning areas has painful consequences. The fire destroyed almost 40 houses in the resettled villages, Lichmans Srednyaya Rudnya, Nizhnyaya Rudnya and Verkhnyaya Rudnya, 45 buildings were saved, about 5 % of the protected area, 11500 hectares in the southwestern part of the Chernobyl Reserve were affected. These villages in Zhytomyr region were resettled after Chernobyl. More than 2000 people and 120 units of equipment were involved in extinguishing the fireі.

Policy Responses to Addressing the Issues of Environmental Health Impacts of Charcoal Factory in Nigeria: Necessity Today; Essentiality Tomorrow

Worldwide trebled of wood charcoal production over the last 50 years from 17.3 million tons in 1964 to 53.1 million tons in 2014 with sixty-one percent of current global production occurring in Africa, primarily to satisfy the demand for cooking fuel from urban and rural households with 2.7 billion people relying on wood fuels in the global south, while, the rural populace in Nigeria use about 80 million cubic meters of wood fuel annually for household energy. The furnaces of the world are now burning about 2, 000, 000, 000 tons of charcoal a year. When this is burned, uniting with oxygen, it adds about 7, 000, 000, 000 tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere yearly. This tends to make the air a more effective blanket for the earth and to raise its temperature. The effect may be considerable in a few countries. With Nigeria’s population projected to hit 410.6 million by 2050 and 550million by 2070 and consequently, becoming the third most populous country on our planet, and with an increased population growth rate in this part of the global village is alarming and worrisome, couple with rural-urban migration in key producing states, including Kwara, Ogun, Osun, Ondo, Ekiti, Kogi, etc. Whilst demand for charcoal is projected to increase in Nigeria, the availability of woody biomass is declining due to widespread net deforestation and biomass being the only energy source of choice due to large scale poverty and unaffordable prices of other alternatives like gas and electricity. While the human population naturally increases geometrically, the power of the improvements in resources goes up arithmetically leading to disequilibrium. This disequilibrium promotes a lot of crises bordering on economy, security, health, and politics among others. It is a fact that human populations tend to increase much more rapidly than the means of subsistence. Given the increasing demand for charcoal, and decreasing availability of biomass, policies are urgently needed that ensure secure energy supplies for urban and rural households and reduce deforestation. There is potential for charcoal to be produced sustainably in natural woodlands, but this requires supportive policies, economic diversification, and investment in improved eco-stoves. New advocacy and public health movement are needed urgently to bring together governments, international agencies, development partners, communities, and academics from all disciplines to address the effects of charcoal factories on health.

Composite Estimators for Forest Growth Derived from Symmetric, Varying-Length Observation Intervals

Estimates of growth or change in a forest population parameter for a specific length of time, such as cubic meters of wood per hectare per year, are often made from sample observation intervals of different lengths of time. For instance, a basic building block of growth estimators in forest inventory systems is often the annual mean of the first differences of all observations for a particular year, regardless of observation interval length. The aggregate differences between successive observations on re-measured forest sample plots can be viewed as a linear combination, while forest growth is usually assumed to be non-linear. Bias can be assumed to exist whenever a linear combination is used to estimate a specific segment of an underlying non-linear trend. The amount of bias will depend upon the relationship of the intended estimation interval relative to the set of observation intervals. Here, three specific segments, relative to each year of interest, form the bases for a standard set of three estimands. Bias-ratio-adjusted composite estimators for use with observations made on alternative sets of symmetric interval lengths are compared in a simulation against this standard set of estimands. The first estimand has a one-year basis, the second has a five-year mid-interval basis, and the third has a five-year end-of-period basis. For the first and second bases, the initial results clearly show a logical ordering of bias and mean-squared error by observation interval length relative to the target interval length. As expected, some deviance from these clear trends are shown for the end-of-period basis. In the presence of three simple distributions of symmetric measurement intervals, the bias-ratio adjustments and subsequent composite estimators are shown to usually be effective in reducing bias and mean-squared error, while being most obviously effective for the most disparate distribution of intervals and for the end-of-period basis.

Forestry carbon budget models to improve biogenic carbon accounting in life cycle assessment

Currently, wood and wood construction materials have limitations in how carbon fluxes are accounted for in life cycle assessments. The biogenic carbon balance of wood is often considered to be neutral, meaning that the carbon sequestered by biomass through photosynthesis is considered equal to the carbon feedstock in wood that is eventually released throughout its life cycle. Several publications have recently shown that this assumption could lead to accounting errors. This research work aims to improve the biogenic carbon accounting of the forestry phase of the life cycle of softwood products. This involved specifically modelling carbon fluxes as a function of tree species, growing conditions and forest management practices, from Canadian managed forests. A baseline natural forest scenario was run for 1000 years until the carbon stocks were assumed to reach an approximate steady-state, followed immediately by a harvest scenario that was simulated for another 100 years. The ecosystem carbon costs of the harvest activity were calculated for 117 species and region forest landscapes across Canada and expressed per cubic meter of harvested wood. Most landscapes showed net sequestration after 100 years of harvest history. Exceptions to this included outlier landscapes characterized by low average annual temperatures and precipitation where slightly positive values (net emissions) were found. The mean time to ecosystem cost neutrality for each species ranged from 16 to 60 years. Knowing the time since forest management has started on a particular forest landscape now enables managers to obtain an estimate of ecosystem carbon cost per cubic meter of wood harvested for most of Canada's forests and commercial tree species. These ecosystem carbon costs can be used to generate regionalized cradle-to-gate life cycle inventories for harvested wood products across Canada.

Numerical study of timber solar drying with application to different geographical and climatic conditions in Central Africa

This paper presents a numerical investigation of an indirect solar dryer for wood, using an absorber placed directly behind the transparent cover on the top of the dryer with a layer of air separating it from the cover. The floor and north wall are insulated and painted in black. The dryer is very simple to build and electrical energy is only used for the fan. Applications are done on three tropical woods with 50 mm thick most utilized in Central Africa: obeche (Triplochilon scleroxylon), iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) and sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum). Comparisons between the numerical results and those experimentally obtained are given and the performances of this solar dryer are discussed under the weather conditions of seven towns in Central Africa region located in six different countries. Satisfactory agreement between experimental and numerical results is then obtained. With an average initial moisture content ranging between 0.4 and 0.48 kg/kg, the average final water contents are ranged from 0.15 to 0.18 kg/kg after 21 days in Yaoundé during the months of November and December 2004. Modeling was applied from November 1st to the November 30th, to Sapele wood with 50 mm thick and 0.4 kg/kg initial moisture content dried in Bangui, Brazzaville, Douala, Kinshasa, Libreville and Yaoundé until the final moisture content, which can vary from 0.13 to 0.1 kg/kg. Solar energy per cubic meter of wood was ranging from 2 to 4.3 GJ/m3 with a maximal thermal efficiency between 12 and 47%. Ndjamena’s climate is not good to use solar drying because of its low air absolute humidity that gives a fast drop in the moisture content and consequently destroys the wood board quality. Bangui, Brazzaville, Douala, Kinshasa, Libreville and Yaoundé give satisfactory alternative drying conditions using the studied solar dryer. However, it is important to use a solar collector in those six towns in order to reduce the effect of the air absolute humidity and improve the drying kinetic.

Where Does Wood Most Effectively Enhance Storage? Network‐Scale Distribution of Sediment and Organic Matter Stored by Instream Wood

AbstractWe used 48 reach‐scale measurements of large wood and wood‐associated sediment and coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) storage within an 80 km2 catchment to examine spatial patterns of storage relative to stream order. Wood, sediment, and CPOM are not distributed uniformly across the drainage basin. Third‐ and fourth‐order streams (23% of total stream length) disproportionately store wood and coarse and fine sediments: 55% of total wood volume, 78% of coarse sediment, and 49% of fine sediment, respectively. Fourth‐order streams store ~0.8 m3 of coarse sediment and 0.2 m3 of fine sediment per cubic meter of wood. CPOM storage is highest in first‐order streams (60% of storage in 47% of total network stream length). First‐order streams can store up to 0.3 m3 of CPOM for each cubic meter of wood. Logjams in third‐ and fourth‐order reaches are primary sediment storage agents, whereas roots in small streams may be more important for storage of CPOM. We propose the large wood particulate storage index to quantify average volume of sediment or CPOM stored by a cubic meter of wood.

Имитационное моделирование производственного процесса заготовки древесины с помощью сетей Петри

The article describes the approach to a substantiation of a choice of machines systems for wood harvesting, based on simulation modeling of manufacturing processes using Petri nets. Selection of groups of sites with relatively similar conditions from the point of view of technological process of timber harvesting is justified. The results of performed field investigations, modeling and improvement of processes on the example of one model cutting area are given. Simulation results showed that under the conditions of considered cutting area average productivity of forwarder is slightly higher than possible performance of the harvester under given conditions, which leads to forced outages of forwarder, which account for about 12% of time. When modeling, distribution of forwarder' down time and allocation of its working time on the transaction is given. As a result of performed study it was recommended to replace forwarder Komatsu 890.3 by more light and economical forwarder Komatsu 860.4. Simulation performed after making the model changes, showed that in this case forwarder's down time is reduced from 12% to 8%. Taking into account lower costs of buying and maintenance of this forwarder, as well as lower fuel consumption, it was determined that in the case of proposed option, it will possible to reduce the specific costs for procurement of one cubic meter of wood 274.7 to 266.7 RUB, i.e. by 3.1%. Thus, in solution of real industrial problem, the effectiveness of the proposed approach to the assessment of options for the acquisition of systems of machines for wood harvesting has been proven.

GIS-based approach applied to optimizing recommendations of Eucalyptus genotypes

The study of the genotype×environment interaction is a prominent issue, requiring care for recommending improved superior genotypes to certain areas. Experimentally, it is possible to infer that the puzzle of genotype recommendations relies on edaphic and climatic changes over different terrain latitudes and longitudes, and further fluctuates in microenvironments as a result of site variations. Different gene expression is activated or suppressed in accordance with environmental requirements, resulting in phenotypic plasticity of cultivars. The goal of this study was to generate an optimal recommendation of eucalyptus genotypes in a 6846.0km2 using climatic and geographical information. For this purpose, we used 24 clones unevenly distributed in 988 plots over the area, with planting ages between 2.5 and 6.5years. The evaluated trait was production, measured in cubic meters of wood per hectare. Our study area typically has a mid-to-low altitude range (0–390m), rainfall between 599 and 1749mm, temperature from 22 to 25°C, and a series of other bioclimatic variables. For statistical analysis, we used the random regression via mixed-effects models (REML/BLUP) combined with logistic growth models. Among the total number of clones, six proved to be the most suitable to maximize volumetric production in the work area. In addition, a change in the recommendation was verified for clones between 2.5 and 6.5years of age. This study presents an alternate concept of environmental stratification, which to date has been made categorically by evaluating a number of locations. Our study proposes a way to perform quantitative stratum over an entire area, according to the environmental gradient. The optimal selection of genotypes promotes increased wood production without necessarily increasing the planting area, which is extremely desirable because land is a resource that is becoming increasingly scarce. Furthermore, eucalyptus productivity represents an important part of the costs and revenues of the forest enterprise, such that minimal improvements can significantly affect profit margins. The proposed method is easily adapted for use for other crops and domestic animal production.

Life Cycle Impacts and Benefits of Wood along the Value Chain: The Case of Switzerland

SummarySustainable use of wood may contribute to coping with energy and material resource challenges. The goal of this study is to increase knowledge of the environmental effects of wood use by analyzing the complete value chain of all wooden goods produced or consumed in Switzerland. We start from a material flow analysis of current wood use in Switzerland. Environmental impacts related to the material flows are evaluated using life cycle assessment–based environmental indicators. Regarding climate change, we find an overall average benefit of 0.5 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent per cubic meter of wood used. High environmental benefits are often achieved when replacing conventional heat production and energy‐consuming materials in construction and furniture. The environmental performance of wood is, however, highly dependent on its use and environmental indicators. To exploit the mitigation potential of wood, we recommend to (1) apply its use where there are high substitution benefits like the replacement of fossil fuels for energy or energy‐intensive building materials, (2) take appropriate measures to minimize negative effects like particulate matter emissions, and (3) keep a systems perspective to weigh effects like substitution and cascading against each other in a comprehensive manner. The results can provide guidance for further in‐depth studies and prospective analyses of wood‐use scenarios.

A Planning Experimental Investigation on Tobacco Leaves Dryer Using Paddy Husk and Coal

In Viet Nam, the drying technology and techniques for tobacco leaves is one of the most difficulties and plays as key point to get high economic efficiency in tobacco production. To drying for tobacco leaves of 3,500 hectare, for example in Gia Lai province, there needs about 3000 dryers and there is more than 100,000 cubic meter of wood have been burned for drying which equivalent to more than 300 hectare of forest is deforested annually. A designing and manufacturing study for new tobacco dryer to replace the wood fuel by paddy-husk or coal-wood has been implemented. The results indicate that the new dryer using rice-husk or coal can be replaced for the actual drying system used fire wood with the high quality of tobacco leaves and high efficiency. The planning experimental investigation has found the function of the rate of energy consumption and the quality of drying products successful

The Comparative Strategic Analysis Between a Private Forestry and a State Forestry from the Neamţ County, Romania

The forestry’s that make the subject of this study are from different categories, private forestryand state forestry. Their main activity is the production of wood mass that is harvested annually dependingon possibilities. It is different in the case of the two studied forestry’s because of the average age of thespecies. The market, the driving agent of economy, has a major impact on the decisions taken byeconomic agents regarding the assignment of resources, investments, the ways they are used in order to becompetitive. The forests, by the two functions they have, protection and socio-economic protection,represents a national treasure, regardless of the owner. The harvesting and exploitation is performed byeconomic agents that already exist in the forestry after participating in auctions. The contracted companiesare under pressure to negotiate with wood mass suppliers (forestry, which set access to resources) andclients (wood processing companies, which set access to the market) (Bouriaud et al., 2011). This way, inthe case of the studied forestry's, both private and state forestry`s, the access to resources (wood mass) ismade after participating at an auction organized. The economic agents that operate inside of the forestry'sprocess about 8000-20000 m3 per year. The difference between the two forestry`s is given by the amountof wood mass auctioned for each batch, as well as the price offered per cubic meter of wood during theauction.

Transcript abundance of enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis of Eucalyptus globulus genotypes with contrasting levels of pulp yield and wood density

One hundred genotypes of Eucalyptus globulus were ranked according to specific consumption of wood (cubic meters of wood needed to produce 1 ton of pulp). Ten of the most contrasting genotypes were separated in two groups of five clones each; group 1 (G1) with high wood density, high pulp yield, and low specific consumption, and group 2 (G2) with low density, low pulp yield, and high specific consumption. The contrasting genotypes also had significant differences in lignin content, percent syringyl unit composition, and frequency of β-O-4 linkages. Gene expression for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) and ferulate 5-hydrolase (F5H) was analyzed in the contrasting genotypes. In both groups, transcript abundance for CAD, PAL, and 4CL were similar and only F5H presented significant differences between groups, with high values in the best ranked genotypes G1 in comparison to G2. Correlations between traits were estimated for lignin content vs. pulp yield (R2 = 0.97), pulp yield vs. syringyl units (R2 = 0.82), β-O-4 linkages vs. pulp yield (R2 = 0.84), and β-O-4 linkages vs. syringyl units (R2 = 0.97). Correlations between chemical composition and transcript abundance for F5H were calculated, finding correlation values with lignin content (R2 = 0.81), syringyl units (R2 = 0.83), and pulp yield (R2 = 0.81). The measurement of transcript abundance of F5H represents a potential genomic tool for tree improvement programs to select trees with high pulp yield.