Computed Tomography Angiography Spot Sign Research Articles

CT-based radiomics models predict spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage expansion and are comparable with CT angiography spot sign.

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of radiomics, based on non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) images, in predicting early hematoma expansion (HE) in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH). Additionally, the predictive performance of these models was compared with that of the established CTA spot sign. A retrospective analysis was conducted using CT images from 182 patients with SICH. Data from the patients were divided into a training set (145 cases) and a testing set (37 cases) using random stratified sampling. Two radiomics models were constructed by combining quantitative features extracted from NCCT images (the NCCT model) and CTA images (the CTA model) using a logistic regression (LR) classifier. Additionally, a univariate LR model based on the CTA spot sign (the spot sign model) was established. The predictive performance of the two radiomics models and the spot sign model was compared according to the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). For the training set, the AUCs of the NCCT, CTA, and spot sign models were 0.938, 0.904, and 0.726, respectively. Both the NCCT and CTA models demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to the spot sign model (all P < 0.001), with the performance of the two radiomics models being comparable (P = 0.068). For the testing set, the AUCs of the NCCT, CTA, and spot sign models were 0.925, 0.873, and 0.720, respectively, with only the NCCT model exhibiting significantly greater predictive value than the spot sign model (P = 0.041). Radiomics models based on NCCT and CTA images effectively predicted HE in patients with SICH. The predictive performances of the NCCT and CTA models were similar, with the NCCT model outperforming the spot sign model. These findings suggest that this approach has the potential to reduce the need for CTA examinations, thereby reducing radiation exposure and the use of contrast agents in future practice for the purpose of predicting hematoma expansion.

Using Noncontrast Computed Tomography to Improve Prediction of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Expansion.

Noncontrast computed tomography hypodensities are a validated predictor of hematoma expansion (HE) in intracerebral hemorrhage and a possible alternative to the computed tomography angiography (CTA) spot sign but their added value to available prediction models remains unclear. We investigated whether the inclusion of hypodensities improves prediction of HE and compared their added value over the spot sign. Retrospective analysis of patients admitted for primary spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage at the following 8 university hospitals in Boston, US (1994-2015, prospective), Hamilton, Canada (2010-2016, retrospective), Berlin, Germany (2014-2019, retrospective), Chongqing, China (2011-2015, retrospective), Pavia, Italy (2017-2019, prospective), Ferrara, Italy (2010-2019, retrospective), Brescia, Italy (2020-2021, retrospective), and Bologna, Italy (2015-2019, retrospective). Predictors of HE (hematoma growth >6 mL and/or >33% from baseline to follow-up imaging) were explored with logistic regression. We compared the discrimination of a simple prediction model for HE based on 4 predictors (antitplatelet and anticoagulant treatment, baseline intracerebral hemorrhage volume, and onset-to-imaging time) before and after the inclusion of noncontrast computed tomography hypodensities, using receiver operating characteristic curve and De Long test for area under the curve comparison. A total of 2465 subjects were included, of whom 664 (26.9%) had HE and 1085 (44.0%) had hypodensities. Hypodensities were independently associated with HE after adjustment for confounders in logistic regression (odds ratio, 3.11 [95% CI, 2.55-3.80]; P<0.001). The inclusion of noncontrast computed tomography hypodensities improved the discrimination of the 4 predictors model (area under the curve, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.64-0.69] versus 0.71 [95% CI, 0.69-0.74]; P=0.025). In the subgroup of patients with a CTA available (n=895, 36.3%), the added value of hypodensities remained statistically significant (area under the curve, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.64-0.73] versus 0.74 [95% CI, 0.70-0.78]; P=0.041) whereas the addition of the CTA spot sign did not provide significant discrimination improvement (area under the curve, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.70-0.78]). Noncontrast computed tomography hypodensities provided a significant added value in the prediction of HE and appear a valuable alternative to the CTA spot sign. Our findings might inform future studies and suggest the possibility to stratify the risk of HE with good discrimination without CTA.

The Predictive Accuracy of the Delayed Spot Sign for Haematoma Expansion in Spontaneous Supratentorial Intracerebral Haemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Previous studies have shown that spot signs on imaging modalities such as CT perfusion, delayed phase CTA or post contrast CT imaging reportedly have greater ability to predict haematoma expansion (HE) than the traditional CT angiography spot sign. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of the spot sign on delayed imaging modalities in predicting haematoma expansion.Pubmed, Excerpta Medica Database, and the Cochrane library were searched on the 11 November 2019. The search strategy utilised the following terms: CT angiography OR post contrast CT OR CT perfusion OR CT AND intracerebral haemorrhage (or synonyms) AND spot sign OR delayed spot sign OR dynamic spot sign. The area under the summary of receiver operating curves for diagnostic accuracy of delayed spot sign in predicting HE was calculated using bivariate random effects meta-analysis.501 articles were identified, with 10 meeting inclusion criteria. The studies included 711 patients overall, with 272 (38%) demonstrating a spot sign. The presence of a delayed spot sign was associated with HE with a diagnostic odds ratio of 25.4 (12.7-50.9). Pooled sensitivity was 0.81 (0.72-0.88), with a pooled specificity of 0.82 (0.76-0.88). Pooled positive likelihood ratio was 4.30, with a pooled negative likelihood ratio of 0.26. The area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) was 0.88.The delayed spot sign has greater diagnostic accuracy in predicting haematoma expansion than the traditional CT angiography spot sign. Further research could determine the delayed imaging technique that has the greatest diagnostic accuracy.

Does tranexamic acid affect intraventricular hemorrhage growth in acute ICH? An analysis of the STOP-AUST trial.

Trials of tranexamic acid (TXA) in acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have focused on the imaging outcomes of intraparenchymal hematoma growth. However, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) growth is also strongly associated with outcome after ICH. Revised definitions of hematoma expansion incorporating IVH growth have been proposed. We sought to evaluate the effect of TXA on IVH growth. We analyzed data from the STOP-AUST trial, a prospective randomized trial comparing TXA to placebo in ICH patients presenting ≤ 4.5h from symptom onset with a CT-angiography spot sign. New IVH development at follow-up, any interval IVH growth, and IVH growth ≥ 1mL were compared between the treatment groups using logistic regression. The treatment effect of TXA against placebo using conventional (> 6mL or 33%), and revised definitions of hematoma expansion (> 6mL or 33% or IVH expansion ≥ 1mL, > 6mL or 33%, or any IVH expansion, and > 6mL or 33% or new IVH development) were also assessed. Treatment effects were adjusted for baseline ICH volume. The analysis population consisted of 99 patients (50 placebo, 49 TXA). New IVH development at follow-up was observed in 6/49 (12%) who received TXA and 13/50 (26%) who received placebo (aOR: 0.38 [95% CI: 0.13-1.13]). Any interval IVH growth was observed in 12/49 (25%) who received TXA versus 26/50 (32%) receiving placebo (aOR: 0.69 [95% CI: 0.28-1.66]). IVH growth ≥ 1mL did not differ between the two groups. Using revised definitions of hematoma expansion, no significant difference in treatment effect was observed between TXA and placebo. IVH may be attenuated by TXA following ICH; however, studies with larger cohorts are required to investigate this further. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01702636.

Early Minimally Invasive Parafascicular Surgery for Evacuation of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the Setting of Computed Tomography Angiography Spot Sign: A Case Series.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and the role of surgery is uncertain. Spot sign on computed tomography angiography (CTA) has previously been seen as a contraindication for minimally invasive techniques. To demonstrate the use of minimally invasive parafascicular surgery (MIPS) for early evacuation of sICH in patients with spot sign on CTA. Retrospective review of patients presenting to a US tertiary academic medical center from 2018 to 2020 with sICH and CTA spot sign who were treated with MIPS within 6 h of arrival. Seven patients (6 men and 1 woman, mean age 54.4 yr) were included in this study. There was a significant decrease between preoperative and postoperative intracerebral hemorrhage volumes (75.03 ± 39.00 cm3 vs 19.48 ± 17.81 cm3, P = .005) and intracerebral hemorrhage score (3.1 ± 0.9 vs 1.9 ± 0.9, P = .020). The mean time from arrival to surgery was 3.72 h (±1.22 h). The mean percentage of hematoma evacuation was 73.78% (±21.11%). The in-hospital mortality was 14.29%, and the mean modified Rankin score at discharge was 4.6 (±1.3). No complications related to the surgery were encountered in any of the cases, with no abnormal intraoperative bleeding and no pathology demonstrating occult vascular lesion. Early intervention with MIPS appears to be a safe and effective means of hematoma evacuation despite the presence of CTA spot sign, and this finding should not delay early intervention when indicated. Intraoperative hemostasis may be facilitated by the direct visualization provided by a tubular retractor system.

EFFECTIVENESS OF CT ANGIOGRAPHY AND CT PERFUSION IMAGING PERFORMED ON 16-SLICE CT SCANNER IN PREDICTION OF ACUTE INTRACRANIAL PARENCHYMAL HEMATOMA PROGRESSION: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of computed tomography (CT) angiography (CTA), CT Perfusion (CTP) spot signs, and CTP parametric maps obtained from the examinations performed on a 16-slice CT for predicting acute intraparenchymal hematoma (AIPH) progression. Methods: Thirty-one patients who presented to the emergency department with acute neurological symptoms and were diagnosed with AIPH on initial head CT examination were included in this study. The patients were administered CTA and CTP within 3 hours of the diagnosis of AIPH and follow-up head CT 24 hours after the first diagnosis. Diagnostic performance of spot signs in CTA and CTP, abnormality presence in CTP parametric maps, and the relationship between them and hematoma progression were investigated. Results: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, negative predictive and accuracy values in predicting hematoma progression were 85.7%, 95.8%, 95.8%, 85.7%, and 93.5% for CTA spot sign; 71.4%, 95.8%, 83.3%, 92% and 83.9% for CTP spot sign; 14.3%, 87.5%, 100%, 87.5% and 70.9% for all CTP parametric maps, respectively. CTP parametric maps could not be created due to motion artifacts in 19.4% of patients. Conclusion: The spot sign is a valuable finding that predicts hematoma progression on CTA and CTP examinations performed on a 16-slice CT device. On the other hand, perfusion maps obtained from CTPs are less effective in predicting hematoma progression. Motion artifacts can be seen with a significant frequency in AIPH cases and may prevent the formation of parametric perfusion maps. Limitations of CT equipment and methods should be considered when deciding on the correct method to predict the hematoma progression.

Identifying risk factors of intracerebral hemorrhage stability using explainable attention model.

Segmentation of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) helps improve the quality of diagnosis, draft the desired treatment methods, and clinically observe the variations with healthy patients. The clinical utilization of various ICH progression scoring systems has limitations due to the systems' modest predictive value. This paper proposes a single pipeline of a multi-task model for end-to-end hemorrhage segmentation and risk estimation. We introduce a 3D spatial attention unit and integrate it into the state-of-the-art segmentation architecture, UNet, to enhance the accuracy by bootstrapping the global spatial representation. We further extract the geometric features from the segmented hemorrhage volume and fuse them with clinical features such as CT angiography (CTA) spot, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and age to predict the ICH stability. Several state-of-the-art machine learning techniques such as multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machine (SVM), gradient boosting, and random forests are applied to train stability estimation and to compare the performances. To align clinical intuition with model learning, we determine the shapely values (SHAP) and explain the most significant features for the ICH risk scoring system. A total of 79 patients are included, of which 20 are found in critical condition. Our proposed single pipeline model achieves a segmentation accuracy of 86.3%, stability prediction accuracy of 78.3%, and precision of 82.9%; the mean square error of exact expansion rate regression is observed to be 0.46. The SHAP analysis reveals that CTA spot sign, age, solidity, location, and length of the first axis of the ICH volume are the most critical characteristics that help define the stability of the stroke lesion. We also show that integrating significant geometric features with clinical features can improve the ICH progression scoring by predicting long-term outcomes. Graphical abstract Overview of our proposed method comprising of spatial attention and feature extraction mechanisms. The architecture is trained on the input CT images, and the first step output is the predicted segmentation of the hemorrhagic region. The output is fed into a geometric feature extractor and is fused with clinical features to estimate ICH stability using a multilayer perceptron (MLP).

Computed Tomography Angiography Spot Sign, Hematoma Expansion, and Functional Outcome in Spontaneous Cerebellar Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

The computed tomography angiography spot sign is associated with hematoma expansion, case fatality, and poor functional outcome in spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, no data are available on the spot sign in spontaneous cerebellar ICH. We investigated consecutive patients with spontaneous cerebellar ICH at 3 academic hospitals between 2002 and 2017. We determined patient characteristics, hematoma expansion (>33% or 6 mL), rate of expansion, discharge and 90-day case fatality, and functional outcome. Poor functional outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 4 to 6. Associations were tested using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Three hundred fifty-eight patients presented with cerebellar ICH, of whom 181 (51%) underwent a computed tomography angiography. Of these 181 patients, 121 (67%) were treated conservatively of which 15 (12%) had a spot sign. Patients with a spot sign treated conservatively presented with larger hematoma volumes (median [interquartile range]: 26 [7–41] versus 6 [2–13], P=0.001) and higher speed of expansion (median [interquartile range]: 15 [24–3] mL/h versus 1 [5–0] mL/h, P=0.034). In multivariable analysis, presence of the spot sign was independently associated with death at 90 days (odds ratio, 7.6 [95% CI, 1.6–88], P=0.037). With respect to surgically treated patients (n=60, [33%]), 14 (23%) patients who underwent hematoma evacuation had a spot sign. In these 60 patients, patients with a spot sign were older (73.5 [9.2] versus 66.6 [15.4], P=0.047) and more likely to be female (71% versus 37%, P=0.033). In a multivariable analysis, the spot sign was independently associated with death at 90 days (odds ratio, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.1–4.3], P=0.033). In patients with spontaneous cerebellar ICH treated conservatively, the spot sign is associated with speed of hematoma expansion, case fatality, and poor functional outcome. In surgically treated patients, the spot sign is associated with 90-day case fatality.

Recommendations for Research Assessing Outcomes for Patients With Anticoagulant-Related Intracerebral Bleeds.

Intracerebral bleeds related to anticoagulant use have a poor prognosis and substantial risk of disability and death. Recent publications evaluating replacement or reversal therapies for anticoagulants lack consistency in controlling for key factors that significantly influence outcomes. In an effort to guide future research by providing a framework to improve consistency and reduce the potential for confounding in this dynamic and highly time-dependent brain insult, we provide here a brief overview of variables we consider critical in studies evaluating the risk and the reversal of anticoagulant therapies in anticoagulant-related intracerebral bleeds. Hematoma expansion stands out as one of the few potentially modifiable risk factors and its early control could mitigate secondary brain injury, and it, therefore, requires careful categorization. In addition to the baseline demographic, clinical, and radiological predictors of hematoma expansion, we specifically highlight time-dependent factors such as the time from the last dose, time from symptom onset and time to treatment, the computed tomography angiography spot sign, and the limitation of early care as especially critical predictors of outcomes in anticoagulant-related intracerebral bleeds. Intracerebral hemorrhage is a condition that requires fast diagnosis and treatment, especially when associated with anticoagulants. The advent of therapies with rapid reversal of anticoagulation open the opportunity to assess the scale to which faster reversal of anticoagulation modifies hematoma expansion and clinical outcomes. Thus, comprehensive assessment and reporting of these important potential confounding factors, particularly the critical time variables, is crucial to improving research and treatment of intracerebral hemorrhages.

Prevalence and the predictive performance of the dynamic CT-angiography spot sign in an observational cohort with intracerebral hemorrhage.

The CT-angiography (CTA) spot sign is a predictor of hematoma expansion (HE). We have previously reported on the use of dynamic CTA (dCTA) to detect spot sign, and to study its formation over the acquisition period. In this study, we report the frequency of dCTA spot sign in acute intracerebral hemorrhage, its sensitivity and specificity to predict HE, and explore the rate of contrast extravasation in relation to hematoma growth.We enrolled consecutive patients presenting with primary intracerebral hemorrhage within 4.5 hours. All patients underwent a dCTA protocol acquired over 60 seconds following contrast injection. We calculated frequency of the dCTA spot sign, predictive performance, and rate of contrast extravasation. We compared extravasation rates to the dichotomous definition of significant HE (defined as 6 mL or 33% growth).In 78 eligible patients, dCTA spot sign frequency was 44.9%. In 61 patients available for expansion analysis, sensitivity and specificity of dCTA spot sign was 65.4% and 62.9%, respectively. Contrast extravasation rate did not significantly predict HE (Odds Ratio 15.6 for each mL/min [95% confidence interval 0.30–820.25], P = .17). Correlation between extravasation rate and HE was low (r = 0.297, P= .11). Patients with significant HE had a higher rate of extravasation as compared to those without (0.12 mL/min vs 0.04 mL/min, P = .03).Dynamic CTA results in a higher frequency of spot sign positivity, but with modest sensitivity and specificity to predict expansion. Extravasation rate is likely related to HE, but a single measurement may be insufficient to predict the magnitude of expansion.

Prognostic Value of Non-Contrast CT Markers and Spot Sign for Outcome Prediction in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage under Oral Anticoagulation.

Introduction: In patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), several non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) markers and the spot sign (SS) in computed tomography (CT) angiography (CTA) have been established for the prediction of hematoma growth and neurological outcome. However, the prognostic value of these markers in patients under oral anticoagulation (ORAC) is unclear. We hypothesized that outcome prediction by these imaging markers may be significantly different between patients with and without ORAC. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the predictive value of NCCT markers and SS in patients with ICH under ORAC. Methods: This is a retrospective study of the database for patients with ICH at a German tertiary stroke center. Inclusion criteria were (1) patients with ICH, (2) oral anticoagulation within the therapeutic range, and (3) NCCT and CTA performed on admission within 6 h after onset of symptoms. We defined a binary outcome: modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤ 3 = good outcome versus mRS > 3 = poor outcome at discharge. The predictive value of each sign was assessed in uni- and multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Of 129 patients with ICH under ORAC, 76 (58.9%) presented with hypodensities within the hematoma in admission NCCT, 64 (52.7%) presented with an irregular shape of the hematoma, 60 (46.5%) presented with a swirl sign, 49 (38.0%) presented with a black hole sign, and 46 (35.7%) presented with a heterogeneous density of the hematoma. Moreover, 44 (34.1%) patients had a satellite sign, in 20 (15.5%) patients, an island sign was detected, 18 (14.0%) patients were blend-sign positive, and 14 (10.9%) patients presented with a CTA spot sign. Inter-rater agreement was very high for all included characteristics between the two readers. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the presence of black hole sign (odds ratio 10.59; p < 0.001), swirl sign (odds ratio 14.06; p < 0.001), and satellite sign (odds ratio 6.38; p = 0.011) as independent predictors of poor outcome. Conclusions: The distribution and prognostic value of several NCCT markers and CTA spot sign in ICH patients under ORAC is comparable to those with spontaneous ICH, even though these parameters are partly based on coagulant status. These findings suggest that a similar approach can be used for further research regarding outcome prediction in ICH patients under ORAC and those with spontaneous ICH.

Calculation of Prognostic Scores, Using Delayed Imaging, Outperforms Baseline Assessments in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Background and Purpose- Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are often subject to rapid deterioration due to hematoma expansion. Current prognostic scores are largely based on the assessment of baseline radiographic characteristics and do not account for subsequent changes. We propose that calculation of prognostic scores using delayed imaging will have better predictive values for long-term mortality compared with baseline assessments. Methods- We analyzed prospectively collected data from the multicenter PREDICT study (Prediction of Hematoma Growth and Outcome in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage Using the CT-Angiography Spot Sign). We calculated the ICH Score, Functional Outcome in Patients With Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage (FUNC) Score, and modified ICH Score using imaging data at initial presentation and at 24 hours. The primary outcome was mortality at 90 days. We generated receiver operating characteristic curves for all 3 scores, both at baseline and at 24 hours, and assessed predictive accuracy for 90-day mortality with their respective area under the curve. Competing curves were assessed with nonparametric methods. Results- The analysis included 280 patients, with a 90-day mortality rate of 25.4%. All 3 prognostic scores calculated using 24-hour imaging were more predictive of mortality as compared with baseline: the area under the curve was 0.82 at 24 hours (95% CI, 0.76-0.87) compared with 0.78 at baseline (95% CI, 0.72-0.84) for ICH Score, 0.84 at 24 hours (95% CI, 0.79-0.89) compared with 0.76 at baseline (95% CI, 0.70-0.83) for FUNC, and 0.82 at 24 hours (95% CI, 0.76-0.88) compared with 0.74 at baseline (95% CI, 0.67-0.81) for modified ICH Score. Conclusions- Calculation of the ICH Score, FUNC Score, and modified ICH Score using 24-hour imaging demonstrated better prognostic value in predicting 90-day mortality compared with those calculated at presentation.

Abstract TP338: The Dynamic CT Angiography Spot Sign: Prevalence, Predictive Value, and Rate of Contrast Extravasation

Introduction: Hematoma expansion is a predictor of poor clinical outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The CT angiography (CTA) spot sign is a validated predictor of hematoma expansion, but its predictive performance is modest. This is in part because traditional “static” CTA can miss delayed spot signs, depending on the timing of image acquisition. Dynamic CTA (dCTA) can detect delayed spot sign formation and allows calculation of contrast extravasation rate. However, the predictive performance of a delayed “dynamic spot” and the relationship between rate of extravasation and hematoma expansion are not known. Our primary objective was to calculate the prevalence and predictive performance of the dynamic spot sign with dCTA. Our secondary objective was to determine whether the rate of contrast extravasation predicts significant hematoma expansion. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 79 patients who presented with primary ICH and underwent dCTA within 6 hours from onset. Primary outcomes were the prevalence of dCTA spot sign and its predictive performance for significant hematoma expansion (increase in hematoma by 6mL or 33% from baseline). For the secondary objective, we calculated the rate of contrast extravasation as the slope of the time curve from the first appearance of contrast at a spot sign to the maximal volume of contrast in 19 acquisitions over 60 seconds. We assessed the relationship between rate of extravasation and hematoma expansion using Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of the dCTA spot sign was 45.6% (95% CI, 34.5-56.6%). Significant HE was seen in 58.1% (18/31) of spot-positive patients versus 29.0% (9/31) of spot-negative patients (P=0.04). The sensitivity and specificity of the dCTA spot sign in predicting significant HE was 67% and 63%, respectively. Median rate of extravasation was 0.0022 mL/min in patients with hematoma expansion vs 0.0013 mL/min in those without (p=0.05). Conclusion: Dynamic CTA had a higher spot sign prevalence than conventional CTA. While the sensitivity in predicting expansion was higher with dCTA, the specificity was lower, possibly due to a lower risk of expansion with delayed spot signs. The rate of extravasation was roughly double in patients with hematoma expansion.

Computed Tomography Angiography Spot Sign as a Predictor of Hematoma Expansion and Outcome in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Computed Tomography Angiography Spot Sign as a Predictor of Hematoma Expansion and Outcome in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Administration of high-dose four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for Xa inhibitor reversal to prevent expansion of intracranial hemorrhage with computed tomography angiography spot sign: a case report

Administration of high-dose four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for Xa inhibitor reversal to prevent expansion of intracranial hemorrhage with computed tomography angiography spot sign: a case report

Eliminating vascular interference from the Spot Sign contributes to predicting hematoma expansion in individuals with spontaneous cerebral hemorrhages.

The computed tomography angiography (CTA) Spot Sign is an effective means of predicting hematoma expansion (HE) in the context of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We investigated whether continuous CTA source images could differentiate the Spot Sign and blood vessels in the hematoma, and whether it would improve Spot Sign accuracy as an HE predictor. We screened for the presence of CTA Spot Sign in individuals affected by spontaneous ICH within 24h of symptom development. Based on our findings, we determined the sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values of this sign as a predictor of HE both on its own and following the exclusion of blood vessels. In addition, a receiver-operating characteristic approach was used to assess the accuracy of Spot Sign with and without elimination of vascular interference. A total of 265 patients were included in this study. The Spot Sign was observed in 100 patients, including in 29 patients wherein it was confirmed to be blood vessels as determined based upon continuous CTA source images. With respect to predicting HE, Spot Sign sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values were 57%, 71%, 48% and 78%, respectively. Following the exclusion of blood vessels, these values were 57%, 87%, 68% and 81%, respectively. Spot Sign area under the curve after excluding blood vessels was 0.718, which was higher than that of the Spot Sign (0.638). After continuous CTA, source images are used to exclude blood vessels in the hematoma, the Spot Sign is thus more accurate in predicting HE.

Hematoma Expansion Predictors: Laboratory and Radiological Risk Factors in Patients with Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Prospective Observational Study

BackgroundIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is considered a devastating neurologic emergency and carried a higher morbidity and mortality rates. Early hematoma expansion (HE) is considered one of the poor prognostic factors after ICH. Consequently, determination of the possible risk factors for HE could be effective in early detection of high-risk patients and hence directing management course aiming to improving ICH outcome. MethodsOne-hundred and thirty-six spontaneous ICH patients were included and prospectively evaluated for the presence of HE. Demographic, laboratory, and certain radiological factors were studied and compared between those with HE and those without, the in-hospital mortality rates were assessed as well. ResultsHE was observed in 30% of the studied cohort, those who developed HE had more neurologic impairment (Glasgow coma scale, median 9; National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, median 34), and higher in-hospital mortality rate (53.6%) than those without HE. HE was related to the presence of higher red blood cell distribution width (RDW), reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), and Ca levels. Among the radiological factors, hematoma density (heterogeneous), and shape (irregular) are highly related to the occurrence of HE. The computed tomography angiography (CTA) spot sign among patients with ICH was associated with HE development. ConclusionsAbnormal RDW; low cholesterol, LDL, and Ca level; heterogeneous density, irregular shape hemorrhage, and presence of CTA spot sign were associated with the development of HE in the setting of spontaneous ICH.

Independent Validation of the Hematoma Expansion Prediction Score: A Non-contrast Score Equivalent in Accuracy to the Spot Sign.

The computed tomography angiography (CTA) spot sign is widely used to assess the risk of hematoma expansion following acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, not all patients can receive intravenous contrast nor are all hospital systems equipped with this technology. We aimed to independently validate the Hematoma Expansion Prediction (HEP) Score, an 18-point non-contrast prediction scale, in an external cohort and compare its diagnostic capability to the CTA spot sign. We performed a retrospective analysis of the predicting hematoma growth and outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage using contrast bolus CT (PREDICT) Cohort Study. Primary outcome was significant hematoma expansion (≥ 6mL or ≥ 33%). We generated a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve comparing the HEP score to significant expansion. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV/NPV) for each score point. We determined independent predictors of significant hematoma expansion via logistic regression. A total of 292 patients were included in primary analysis. Hematoma growth of ≥ 6mL or ≥ 33% occurred in 94 patients (32%). The HEP score was associated with significant expansion (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.30). ROC curves comparing HEP score to significant expansion had an area under the curve of 0.64 (95% CI 0.57-0.71). Youden's method showed an optimum score of 4. HEP Scores ≥ 4 (n = 100, sensitivity 49%, specificity 73%, PPV 46%, NPV 75%, aOR 1.99, 95% CI 1.09-3.64) accurately predicted significant expansion. PPV increased with higher HEP scores, but at the cost of lower sensitivity. The diagnostic characteristics of the spot sign (n = 82, Sensitivity 49%, Specificity 81%, PPV 55%, NPV 76%, aOR 2.95, 95% CI 1.61-5.42) were similar to HEP scores ≥ 4. The HEP score is predictive of significant expansion (≥ 6mL or ≥ 33%) and is comparable to the spot sign in diagnostic accuracy. Non-contrast prediction tools may have a potential role in the recruitment of patients in future intracerebral hemorrhage trials.

BAT Score Versus Spot Sign in Predicting Intracerebral Hemorrhage Expansion

The BAT score is a novel prediction score of hematoma expansion based on noncontrast computed tomography (CT) and consists of the blend sign, hypodensities, and time interval from onset to CT. This study aimed to compare the BAT score and the spot sign on CT angiography in a cohort of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Eligible patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage were analyzed retrospectively. The BAT score and the spot sign were assessed according to the criteria described in previous studies. Receiver operating curve analysis was used to assess the performance of the BAT score and the spot sign in hematoma expansion prediction. In 225 included patients, 34 (15.1%) had a BAT score ≥3. The spot sign was shown in 68 (30.2%) patients. Hematoma expansion was identified in 56 (24.9%) patients. In multivariate analysis, both BAT score ≥3 and presence of spot sign were independently correlated with hematoma expansion. BAT score ≥3 had 0.41 sensitivity and 0.93 specificity, and spot sign had 0.64 sensitivity and 0.81 specificity. The area under the curve of BAT score ≥3 and area under the curve of spot sign were 0.673 and 0.727, respectively (P= 0.386). The BAT score based on noncontrast CT is a good predictor of hematoma expansion. When CT angiography spot sign is unobtainable, the BAT score can be used to predict hematoma expansion.

Abstract WP437: The CT Angiography Spot Sign, Hematoma Expansion and Functional Outcome in Spontaneous Cerebellar ICH

Background: The CT angiography (CTA) spot sign is associated with hematoma expansion, mortality and poor functional outcome in supratentorial and pontine spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, no studies are available on the spot sign in patients with spontaneous cerebellar ICH. We therefore aim to assess its association with hematoma expansion and outcome in cerebellar ICH. Methods: We investigated consecutive patients with spontaneous cerebellar ICH treated non-surgically at three academic hospitals between 2002 and 2017. We determined patient characteristics, presence of the CTA spot sign, baseline hematoma volumes, hematoma expansion (&gt;33% or &gt;6ml), speed of expansion (baseline hematoma volume/time onset-CT scan) and in-hospital and 90-day mortality and functional outcome. Associations were tested using uni- and multivariable logistic regression. Results: We included 358 patients with cerebellar ICH of which 181 (51%) underwent a CTA. Of these 181 patients, 60 (33%) were treated surgically and therefore excluded from this study. This resulted in 121 patients of which 15 (12%) had a CTA spot sign. In univariable analyses, patients with a CTA spot sign presented with larger hematoma volumes [median (IQR): 22 (7-41) vs. 6 (3-14), p=0.005], higher rates of hematoma expansion [50% vs. 24%, p=0.167] and higher speed of expansion [median (IQR): 9 (21-2) vs. 2 (5-0), p=0.015]. Patients also had higher mortality at discharge [80% vs. 18%, p=&lt;.001] and 90-days [80% vs. 26%, p=&lt;0.001] and higher rates of poor functional outcome (mRS 4-6) at discharge [93% vs. 63%, p=0.020] and 90-days [93% vs. 53%, p=0.006]. In multivariable analyses correcting for age, sex and speed of expansion, the presence of the CTA spot sign is independently associated with 90-days mortality [OR 3.9, 95%CI 1.5-12.9] and 90-days poor functional outcome [OR 4.1, 95%CI 1.2-21.0]. Conclusions: In patients with spontaneous cerebellar ICH, the CTA spot sign is associated with hematoma expansion, speed of hematoma expansion, mortality, and poor functional outcome. This may assist physicians in the risk stratification of patients with spontaneous cerebellar ICH.