CS Method Research Articles

Conditional Scenario Spectra (CSS) for Hazard-Consistent Analysis of Engineering Systems

Objective assessment of the seismic response of engineering systems is achievable through estimating the rate of exceedance (risk) of the engineering-demand parameters (EDPs), which are usually obtained by performing dynamic analyses with incrementally scaled seed ground motions. However, assigning rates of occurrence to such EDPs is difficult because the input ground motions are inconsistent with those that go into the hazard estimation. The Conditional Scenario Spectra (CSS) are a set of realistic ground-motion spectra with assigned rates of occurrence that reproduce the hazard at a site over various hazard levels and over a period range. The CSS methodology is an improvement over the CS method in that it includes the additional step of adjusting the rates to ensure the consistency of the target hazard. In this article, a step-by-step procedure for estimating the CSS is presented. The analysis of a structural system illustrates the uses of the CSS set for assessing EDPs over a wide range of demand intensity so that the estimation of the risk of these EDPs can be accomplished with ease.

Position‐aided fast millimetre‐wave beam training with compressive sensing

A novel position-aided fast millimetre-wave beam training using compressive sensing (PAF-CS) is proposed. In particular, the position information is used to obtain the angle-of-arrival, and this operation can facilitate beam alignment with significantly reduced system overhead. Aiming to resolve the position uncertainty, the PAF-CS method first identifies a critical area by using the statistical information of the position error, and finds the best beams by using CS method. Theoretical analysis and simulation validate the superiority of the PAF-CS method.

西南地区土壤侵蚀<sup>137</sup>Cs法研究进展

西南地区土壤侵蚀<sup>137</sup>Cs法研究进展

CARVER+Shock method and its application in a catering company in Poland

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the practical implementation of the CARVER+Shock (CS) method and describe the following steps of vulnerability assessment on the basis of a catering company, and to confirm that it can be successfully applied by the restaurant for better preparation regarding potential, intentional contamination. Design/methodology/approach The research method is a case study, including examining the company’s documentation and the interview with the company owner. The analysis refers to the following seven attributes: criticality, accessibility, recuperability, vulnerability, effect, recognizability and shock. Findings The practical application of CS method in company allows indicating the most vulnerable phases of the catering process. The values of “recuperability,” “effect” and “shock” are increasing along with the development of the catering process. The lowest risk of threat is observed at the first phases of the catering process, and the most risky were those connected with the preliminary consumption phase and with the final phase, which is arranged in the place of the event. The attributes “recognizability” and “effect” have the greatest influence on the outcome. The closer the food gets to the consumer, the higher is the risk of intentional contamination, and the harder it is to reverse its effects. Originality/value In the scientific literature, there is a gap observed in the subject of applying the CS method. This is the first case study presentation referring to its application in catering processes in Poland.

Sintering characteristic and microwave dielectric properties of ultra-low loss Li2Mg3TiO6 ceramic prepared by reaction-sintering process

Microwave dielectric properties and microstructures of ultra-low loss Li2Mg3TiO6 ceramic prepared by reaction-sintering method (RS) and conventional solid-state reaction method (CS) have been investigated. The XRD patterns and SEM images revealed that the single phase of Li2Mg3TiO6 and uniform morphology are obtained by both RS and CS methods at the optimal sintering temperatures. In order to further investigate the effects of different sintering methods on the microwave dielectric properties of Li2Mg3TiO6 ceramics, the oxide polarizabilities and packing fraction were calculated based on the Rietveld refinement. The calculation results revealed that the RS method was more beneficial to the microwave dielectric properties of Li2Mg3TiO6 ceramics in comparison with CS method. Excellent microwave dielectric properties for Li2Mg3TiO6 ceramics with enhanced Q × f value of 157,036 GHz could be obtained using RS method sintered at 1250 °C for 6 h.

Thoracoscopic partial resection without using a stapler. (complete republication).

Thoracoscopic partial pulmonary resection for small peripheral nodules without using a stapler has been introduced to our hospital. After partial resection was performed with electrocautery, two different methods of surface sealing were used: a coagulation method (C method) with Soft Coagulation alone, and a coagulation-suturing method (CS method) with Soft Coagulation combined with continuous suturing. The clinical outcomes of the two methods were retrospectively compared in this study. The C method was used in 19 lesions of 18 cases, and the CS method was used in 20 lesions of 19 cases. Primary lung cancer was the most frequent diagnosis (22 lesions of 21 cases). There were no differences between the two groups in the size and depth of the lesions. Operative time was longer with the CS method than with the C method. Postoperative air leakage was a complication in 4 cases with the C method, and one of them required re-do surgery, whereas only one case with the CS method had temporary air leakage. Postoperative computed tomography showed cavitation in 3 C method cases and 5 CS method cases, all without related symptoms. There were no local recurrences at resected sites. In conclusion, the C method was technically easy to perform, but air leakage may be prolonged after surgery. The CS method may have the advantage of causing less air leakage than the C method, but mastering the technique is important to shorten operative time.

P1.08-053 Thoracoscopic Partial Resection for Peripheral Pulmonary Nodules without Using Stapler

Advances in radiologic studies, such as high resolution computed tomography (HRCT), have enabled frequent detection of small lung nodules. Accordingly, opportunity for sublobar resections for small lesions has increased. Recently, we have introduced thoracoscopic partial resection for peripheral pulmonary small nodules without using stapler to reduce the cost of operation. After detecting the peripheral nodules, partial resection was performed with electrocautery and two different methods of surface sealing were followed. Coagulation method (C method) with SOFT COAG alone and Coagulation-suturing method (CS method) with SOFT COAG combined with continuous suturing by an absorbable barbed suture. The clinical outcome of the two methods was retrospectively compared in this study. C method was performed in 19 lesions of 18 cases and CS method was performed in 17 lesions of 16 cases. Primary lung cancer was most frequent as 19 lesions of 18 cases. There was no significant difference between the two groups in size and depth of the lesions. Operation time was significantly longer in CS method than in C method. Postoperative air leakage was complicated to 4 cases in C method and one of them needed re-do surgery, whereas only one case in CS method had temporary air leakage. Postoperative computed tomography revealed cavitation in 3 cases of C method and in 4 cases of CS method all without related symptoms. There was no local recurrence in resected sites. C method was technically easy to perform, but air leakage may be possibly prolonged after surgery. CS method may have an advantage of less air leakage than C method, but technical learning is important to shorten operation time.

Using chaos analysis for evaluating the quality of F-PIV measurements in a bubble column

A new approach is proposed for evaluating the quality of fluorescent particle image velocimetry (F-PIV) measurements for different superficial gas velocities (UG) in a bubble column (1.0m long×0.145m i.d.) using chaos analysis. The 2D velocity fields of a F-PIV system were obtained in a 0.145×0.10m area located 0.552m above the gas distributor. Four thousand pairs of images were obtained at a frequency of 4.2Hz at nine radial positions for superficial gas velocities (UG) of 0.158, 0.528, 2.106 and 4.212×10−2m/s. Using the standard cross-correlation (SCC) approach, PIV quality was analyzed for the velocity module and its components by investigating the cross-correlation coefficient (CCC), the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the uncertainty (CS method) estimated by correlation statistics. Moreover, it was possible to extract the velocity fluctuation series for chaos analysis (correlation dimension, DML, and standard deviation of the correlation integral, DevML). The effect of the quality of F-PIV measurements evaluated by chaos analysis is based on the noise limitation in amplitude and normalization of the integral correlation distances. The results presented similarities in the behavior of the PIV uncertainty and chaotic parameters along the radius for all UG investigated. For this reason, chaos analysis can be used in other PIV processing settings where quality indicators, such as uncertainty, SNR and CCC, do not exist. Thus, it was possible to use this analysis to gain a better understanding of the nonlinear interactions in a bubble column as well as the performance of a PIV post-processing filter in order to reduce the effect of noise.

Improving the refueling cycle of a WWER-1000 using cuckoo search method and thermal-neutronic coupling of PARCS v2.7, COBRA-EN and WIMSD-5B codes

The fuel loading pattern optimization is an important process in the refueling design of a nuclear reactor core. Also the analysis of reactor core performance during the operation cycle can be a significant step in the core loading pattern optimization (LPO). In this work, for the first time, a new method i.e. cuckoo search algorithm (CS) has been applied to the fuel loading pattern design of Bushehr WWER-1000 core. In this regard, two objectives have been chosen for finding the best configuration including the improvement of operation cycle length associated with flattening the radial power distribution of fuel assemblies. The core pattern optimization has been performed by coupling the CS algorithm to thermal-neutronic codes including PARCS v2.7, COBRA-EN and WIMSD-5B for earning desired parameters along the operation cycle. The calculations have been done for the beginning of cycle (BOC) to the end of cycle (EOC) states. According to numerical results, the longer operation cycle for the semi-optimized loading pattern has been achieved along with less power peaking factor (PPF) in comparison to the original core pattern of Bushehr WWER-1000. Gained results confirm the efficient and suitable performance of the developed program and also the introduced CS method in the LPO of a nuclear WWER type.

Preparation for ultra-low loss dielectric ceramics of ZnZrNb2O8 by reaction-sintering process

Microwave dielectric properties and microstructures of novel high-Q ceramics ZnZrNb2O8 prepared by new sintering method of reaction-sintering method (RS) and conventional solid–state reaction method (CS) have been investigated. The XRD patterns and SEM reveal that both of RS and CS methods present single phase of ZnZrNb2O8 and uniform morphology at their optimal sintering temperature. In order to evaluate the effects of difference sintering methods on the microwave dielectric properties of ZnZrNb2O8 ceramics, the theoretical dielectric constant, packing fraction and bond valence were calculated based on the Rietveld refinement method. The calculation results reveal that the RS method was more beneficial to the microwave dielectric properties of ZnZrNb2O8 ceramics in contrast with CS method. Excellent microwave dielectric properties for ZnZrNb2O8 ceramics with enhanced Q × f value of 76, 400 GHz could be obtained using RS method sintered at 1175 °C for 4 h.

High yield and facile microwave-assisted synthesis of conductive H2SO4 doped polyanilines

The microwave-assisted synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) was performed using ammonium persulphate (APS) as oxidizing agent in 0.5 M–2.5 M concentration range of aqueous sulphuric acid (H2SO4) at 93 W applied microwave power of 10 min duration. The microwave (MW) synthesized PANIs had 3 times higher yield in comparison to PANI samples prepared using a classical method, CS (0 W MW power) at the same temperature for 10 min synthesis duration period. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and UV–Vis spectroscopies confirmed the formation of PANI structure in all products. The influence of H2SO4 acid dopant on the spin concentration of MW and CS H2SO4 doped PANI samples were examined by EPR spectroscopy, while the morphological characteristics were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD results showed amorphous phases in both MW and CS H2SO4 doped PANI samples. Conductivity measurements revealed ∼1.5 times higher conductivity values for MW H2SO4 doped PANI samples in comparison with PANI samples prepared by the CS method under same condition. The influence of sulfate anion in comparison to chloride anion as a dopant on morphological, dopant levels and conductivity properties of MW PANI samples were also investigated.

The Effects of Using the International Versus Comprehensive System Rorschach Norms For Children, Adolescents, and Adults

ABSTRACTCurrently, there is some debate about whether to use Comprehensive System norms (CS; Exner, 2003) or the Composite International Reference Values (CIRV; Meyer, Erdberg, & Shaffer, 2007) when interpreting Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM; Rorschach, 1921) protocols administered with the CS method. The goal of this study is to assist clinicians in making this decision by providing information about the effects of choosing one option or the other. Accordingly, this research evaluates the effects of using the CS versus CIRV norms with children, adolescents, and adults. First, we identified 43 variables for which the CS and the CIRV for children and adolescents differ from each other by at least a Cohen's d value of .50. Next, we evaluated whether these divergent variables are the same as those previously identified as divergent for the adult population. Results showed that for both children and adolescents, as well as for adults, relying on CS norms versus CIRV would result in interpretations that are more pathological in terms of (a) perception and thinking, (b) psychological resources and cognitive and emotional abilities, and (c) representations of human relationships. A discussion on the clinical effects of using one versus the other set of norms follows.

Sliding-MOMP Based Channel Estimation Scheme for ISDB-T Systems

Compressive sensing based channel estimation has shown its advantage of accurate reconstruction for sparse signal with less pilots for OFDM systems. However, high computational cost requirement of CS method, due to linear programming, significantly restricts its implementation in practical applications. In this paper, we propose a reduced complexity channel estimation scheme of modified orthogonal matching pursuit with sliding windows for ISDB-T (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting for Terrestrial) system. The proposed scheme can reduce the computational cost by limiting the searching region as well as making effective use of the last estimation result. In addition, adaptive tracking strategy with sliding sampling window can improve the robustness of CS based methods to guarantee its accuracy of channel matrix reconstruction, even for fast time-variant channels. The computer simulation demonstrates its impact on improving bit error rate and computational complexity for ISDB-T system.

A Simple and Robust Subsonic Boundary Layer Method to Be Used with the Panel Method for Wing Calculations Using a Wing Strip Approach

This paper will present the development of a simple subsonic boundary layer method suitable to be used coupled with panel methods in order to estimate the aerodynamic characteristics, including viscous drag and maximum lift coefficient, of 3D wings. The proposed method does not require viscous-inviscid iterations and is based on classical integral bi-dimensional boundary layer theory using Thwaites and Head ́s models with bi-dimensional empirical corrections applied to each wing strip being therefor robust and efficient to be used in the early conceptual stage of aircraft design. Presented results are compared to the Modified CS Method in an IBL scheme and experimental data and are shown to provide good results.

Using 10AFC to further improve the efficiency of the quick CSF method.

The contrast sensitivity function (CSF) provides a fundamental characterization of spatial vision, important for basic and clinical applications, but its long testing times have prevented easy, widespread assessment. The original quick CSF method was developed using a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) grating orientation identification task (Lesmes, Lu, Baek, & Albright, 2010), and obtained precise CSF assessments while reducing the testing burden to only 50 trials. In this study, we attempt to further improve the efficiency of the quick CSF method by exploiting the properties of psychometric functions in multiple-alternative forced choice (m-AFC) tasks. A simulation study evaluated the effect of the number of alternatives m on the efficiency of the sensitivity measurement by the quick CSF method, and a psychophysical study validated the quick CS method in a 10AFC task. We found that increasing the number of alternatives of the forced-choice task greatly improved the efficiency of CSF assessment in both simulation and psychophysical studies. The quick CSF method based on a 10-letter identification task can assess the CSF with an averaged standard deviation of 0.10 decimal log unit in less than 2 minutes.

Performance characteristics of loci method for measuring cardiac troponin I on the dimension EXL

ObjectiveTo define the performance characteristics of the LOCI® method for cardiac troponin I on the Dimension EXL system. Designs and methodsThree different levels of commercial control (mean concentrations 0.426, 1.42, and 18.64µg/L) were used for the imprecision study, quantifying separately within-run and between-run over 20 days. The limit of blank (LoB) and limit of detection (LoD) were assessed with 20 replicates of a sample without troponin I. Linearity was assessed by regression analysis. In addition, we studied inaccuracy, carry-over and limit of quantitation and conducted a method comparison with the Stratus CS (n=69). The reference interval was determined in 146 healthy blood donors using non-parametric method. ResultsThe within-run imprecision (coefficient of variation [CV], %) obtained at each level was 2.4, 1.4% and 2.2%, while the between-run imprecision (CV,%) was 3.3%, 2.9% and 2.5%. Total imprecision was 4.06%, 3.3% and 3.4% for each control level. The limit of quantitation which corresponds to the troponin I concentration at which CV=10% was 0.05µg/L. Method comparison with the Stratus CS assay produced the equation: Dimension EXL=−0.002698+1.0233⁎(Stratus CS) with a confidence interval from −0.01562 to 0.00626 for the intercept and (0.979 to 1.0875) for the slope. The 99th percentile obtained for the reference population was 0.047µg/L. ConclusionsThe LOCI method for cardiac troponin I on the Dimension EXL meets all guidelines recommended criteria referring to limit of quantitation, imprecision and shows excellent transferability with the Stratus CS method.

A CS decomposition for orthogonal matrices with application to eigenvalue computation

We show that a Schur form of a real orthogonal matrix can be obtained from a full CS decomposition. Based on this fact a CS decomposition-based orthogonal eigenvalue method is developed. We also describe an algorithm for orthogonal similarity transformation of an orthogonal matrix to a condensed product form, and an algorithm for full CS decomposition. The latter uses mixed shifted and zero-shift iterations for high accuracy. Numerical examples are presented.

Developing an Alternative Rorschach Administration Method to Optimize the Number of Responses and Enhance Clinical Inferences.

Variability in the number of Rorschach responses (R) has stimulated controversy among clinicians and researchers for many years, and recent research reveals that R is much more variable than previously thought. Because R is correlated with other scores, its excessive variability may reduce the reliability, validity and clinical utility of these other scores. We present two experimental studies and additional results from other clinical datasets with the aim of developing a new administration procedure to diminish variability in R by reducing the number of very short and long records. In the first experiment, protocols were obtained using standard Comprehensive System administration or an alternative where we encouraged a second response if only one was given to a card and allowed only four responses on each card. This alternative method reduced the proportion of short records but produced an undesirable number of long records. To minimize the proportion of long records, in a second experiment, we added an instruction to give two or maybe three responses per card when introducing the test. Comparisons to CS administrations revealed that this procedure reduced variability in R by limiting the proportion of both short and long records. This reduced range was largely retained in an outpatient sample of older respondents with schizophrenia and a mixed clinical sample. Thus, we recommend this method of optimizing the range of R, which has since been included with very minor changes in the Rorschach Performance Assessment System. Alternative administration method successfully eliminated overly short and excessively long records. Utility is potentially increased by greatly reducing both short records that often lack reliability and validity, as well as long records that consume an excessive amount of examiner administration and scoring time. Psychometric properties and the ability to apply parametric statistics are likely increased across variables given that the distribution of R is more normal. Re-administration due to inadequate R is almost never needed. Results are consistent with the conclusion that this alternative procedure reduces examiner variability by offering simple, but explicit instructions for encouraging sufficient productivity. Overall variability of R produced using the refined alternative procedure was significantly less than that produced using the traditional CS method, although more in line with Exner's (2003) normative expectations. Suggests that when using the alternative method, R becomes less of a confound for all other scores that are moderately to highly correlated with R. Also demonstrated that the reduced variability of R and the reduced number of less useful short and long records are generalized to clinical samples. Additional research (Reese, Viglione, & Giromini, 2014) provides support for these conclusions with child clinical samples.

STEP-BY-STEP CS METHOD AND IT’S APPLICATION IN CRYPTANALYSIS OF STREAM CIPHERS

"Wu characteristic set method" is a main algebraic method for computing zeros of polynomial systems.In this paper,we investigate an improved CS method for boolean polynomial equation systems solving.Based on our previous works and the special properties of Boolean ring,we introduce a step-by-step CS method—SSTDCS for Boolean polynomial equation systems solving and prove the correctness of the method.We implement the algorithm with C language and SZDD software package,and we test the efficiency of the algorithm by applying it to algebraic analysis of a class of stream ciphers.The experimental results show that they are quite efficient and stable for some examples.

CONSTRUCTION OF GENERAL SUBSUMPTIVE SOLUTIONS OF BOOLEAN EQUATIONS VIA COMPLETE-SUM DERIVATION

Boolean-equation solving permeates many diverse areas of modern science. To solve a system of Boolean equations, one usually combines them into an equiva lent single Boolean equation {f (X) 0} = � whose set of solutions is exactly the same as that of the origin al system of equations. One of the general classes of solutions for Boolean equations is the subsumptive general solution, in which each variable is express ed as an interval decided by a double inequality in terms of the succeeding variables. The solution validity depends on the satisfaction of a required consisten cy condition. In this study, we introduce a novel m ethod (henceforth called the CS method) for producing sub sumptive Boolean-equation solutions based on deriving the complete sum (CS(f (X)) �� of the pertinent Boolean function f (X) � . The complete sum CS(f (X)) � is a disjunction of all prime implicants of f (X) �� and nothing else. It explicitly shows all informat ion about f (X) � in the most compact form. We demonstrate the proposed CS solutions in terms of four examples, covering Boolean algebras of different sizes and using two p rominent methods for deriving CS(f (X)) � . Occasionally, the consistency condition results in a collapse of the underlying Boolean algebra into a smaller subal gebra. We also illustrate how an expansion tree (typically reduced to an acyclic graph) can be used to deduce a complete list of all particular solutions from the subsumptive solution. The present CS method yields correct solutions, since it fits into the frame of the most general subsumptive solution. Among competing subsumptive methods, the CS method strikes a reasonable tradeoff between the conflicting requirements of less computational cost and more compact form for t he solution obtained. In fact, it is the second bes t known method from both criteria of efficiency and c ompactness of solution.