Degradation Of Crystal Violet Dye Research Articles

Enhancement of photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic degradation of chitosan-ZnSnO3 nanocomposite for environmental remediation of emerging pollutants

In this study, the sonocatalytic, photocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic activity of chitosan-ZnSnO3 nanocomposites (CS-ZnSnO3 NCs) against crystal violet dye were investigated. By using a variety of contemporary techniques, the crystalline phase, purity, crystal structure, shape, elemental composition, particle size, thermal properties, functional groups, and optical absorption properties of the synthesized CS-ZnSnO3 NCs were studied. By examining the variation in dye absorbance under a UV spectrophotometer, the catalytic activity of CS-ZnSnO3 NCs on crystal violet dye has been observed. The degradation efficiency of crystal violet dye was found to be 43 %, 80 %, and 97 % for sonocatalytic, photocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic activity of CS-ZnSnO3 NCs after 75 min, respectively. The effect of pH analysis demonstrates that maximum degradation is obtained at pH 10 and the reusability study reveals the stability of the CS-ZnSnO3 catalyst. The degradation of crystal violet dye follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics and the rate constant for the sonophotocatalysis is higher than the individual catalysis processes. The prepared CS-ZnSnO3 can be utilized as a sonophotocatalyst for the degradation of crystal violet dye in an environmental remediation procedure to treat wastewater.

Optical, dielectric and photocatalytic properties of Ag-doped Sr1−xAgxFe12O19 and CV dye degradation under visible light irradiation

In the present study, a series of silver-doped strontium hexaferrite (Sr1−xAgxFe12O19) were fabricated by microemulsion route. The influence of dopant (Ag) on the structural, dielectric, optical and photocatalytic properties was analyzed, which were characterized by XRD, Raman, SEM, FTIR and UV–visible techniques along with photoluminescence and dielectric measurements. The XRD and Raman studies display the M-type hexagonal ferrite formation with a P63/mmc space group with an average crystallite size of 25–32 nm. For Ag-doped SrFe12O19, the UV–visible absorption coefficient showed a substantial red shift, leading to the reduction of the bandgap to 3.2–2.6 eV. The PL spectra reveal that highly doped materials displayed lower re-combination and enhanced charge-separation (e--h+). With dopant concentration, the dielectric loss decreased, while AC conductivity and dielectric constant increased. The photocatalytic activity was studied by degradation of the crystal violet (CV) dye under visible light irradiation and up to 86% dye degradation was achieved for Sr1−xAgxFe12O19 versus SrFe12O19 (54%) in 120 min. Moreover, the stability was confirmed by consecutive cycles and doped material showed higher stability and reusability versus undoped. The effect of different scavengers was also studied to evaluate the dye degradation mechanism. In view of enhanced optical and catalytic properties, the Sr1−xAgxFe12O19 could be employed for the remediation of dyes in textile effluents under solar light irradiation, which will make the process economical versus UV light-based photocatalytic processes.

Modulation of optical and structural properties of CoFe2O4/ZnO@CNTs for photocatalytic removal of crystal violet and phenol

Abstract Photo-catalysis is a versatile method that is used to remediate water pollution and other issues related to the environment. Metal ferrite with a spinel structure, which is frequently used as a photocatalyst, is another solution for the remediation of environmental pollution. In this work, nanoparticles of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and zinc oxide (ZnO) were prepared by sol-gel and co-precipitation methods, respectively. CoFe2O4/ZnO (CF/ZnO) and its ternary nanocomposite with CNTs (CF/ZnO@CNTs) were fabricated by a wet-chemical approach. The prepared materials were characterized by different characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–visible spectroscopy for the structural, functional group, and optical study respectively. Band gap values calculated for the prepared materials (CF, CF/ZnO, and CF/ZnO) were 2.45 eV, 3.37 eV, and 2.18 eV, respectively. Crystal violet and phenol were used for the evaluation of the photocatalytic efficiency of the prepared samples. In case of crystal violet photocatalytic degradation of the CF, ZnO and CF/ZnO was 21.43 %, 46.43 %, and 66.62 %, respectively. Whereas, CF/ZnO@CNTs outperformed all catalysts with 97.61 % degradation of crystal violet dye. The degradation of phenol by CF/ZnO and CF/ZnO@CNTs was 53.70 % and 83.33 %, respectively. The CF/ZnO@CNTs exhibit excellent photodegradation activity than other photocatalysts used. It is because of heterojunction fabrication and the presence of CNTs as they increase the life span of photo-generated species and enhance the surface area of the catalyst.

Catalytic oxidative degradation of crystal violet dye using NanoCopper oxide encapsulated zeolite catalyst

A new active zeolite supported copper catalyst was developed from coal fly ash (FA) by immobilization of copper nanoparticles. Zeolite (Zeo) was created by FA via acid and hydrothermal synthesis methods. The metal salt CuCl2 was reduced to copper nanoparticle by using (nithyakalyani) Catharanthus roseus leaf extract. The formed copper nanoparticle was encapsulated into the zeolite framework by mechanical stirring followed by calcination at 550 °C. The prepared CuO-Zeo catalyst has been defined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. Catalytic activity of the synthesized CuO-Zeo catalyst was investigated by crystal violet dye degradation by wet catalytic method in the presence of H2O2. Effect of catalyst dosage, catalyst variation, dye content, volume of H2O2 and pH were studied. It was observed that the catalytic activity of bare Zeo is negligible and is enhanced by copper encapsulation and also the efficiency of the catalyst is tested and 95% is maintained. The work highlights the design and development of green catalyst from waste material FA.

Green Development of Titanium Dioxide Using Astragalus boeticus for the Degradation of Cationic and Anionic Dyes in an Aqueous Environment

Wastewater discharge from the textile industry poses significant health problems for humans. As a result, the effluent waters are often rich in dyes, whose low natural decomposition capacity makes their treatment complex, thus contributing to environmental degradation. It becomes imperative to implement effective solutions for treating these contaminated waters, with a primary goal: to make them fit for human consumption. The present study focuses on the development of green TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NP) using titanium (IV) isopropoxide as a precursor, along with the extract of Astragalus boeticus (A.B). These green TiO2 nanoparticles have been developed for use as highly efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of two types of dyes: Reactive Yellow 161 (RY161), an anionic dye, and Crystal Violet (CV), a cationic dye. The structural, microstructural, and optical properties of the synthesized material were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and UV-Vis methods. The results of these analyses revealed that the nanoparticles have a size of approximately 68 nm, possess an anatase structure, exhibit a spherical surface morphology, and have a band gap of 3.22 eV. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized material demonstrated a 94.06% degradation of CV dye in a basic environment (pH = 10) within 30 min, with an initial CV concentration of 10 mg/L and a catalyst mass of 1 g/L. Additionally, it achieved a 100% degradation of RY161 dye in an acidic environment (pH = 4) within 90 min, with an initial RY161 concentration of 30 mg/L and a catalyst mass of 1 g/L. Furthermore, the recycling study indicated that the green TiO2 NPs catalyst could be effectively reused for up to five cycles. These experimental findings suggest that the developed TiO2 catalyst holds significant potential as an eco-friendly solution for remediating aqueous media polluted by both anionic and cationic dyes.

Phyto-fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ficus religiosa and its potential application in degradation of crystal violet dye

Herein zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have been synthesized via a facile, environment friendly, and low-cost green synthesis method. The prepared metal oxide was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), SEM/EDX (scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray), volumetric analysis, and zeta potential measurements. The photocatalyst was then employed for the degradation of crystal violet (CV) dye under UV illumination (high-pressure Hg lamp 125 W). It was observed that phyto-fabricated ZnO nanoparticles exhibited high degradation efficiency towards CV dye as 95% of dye was degraded in 60 min of irradiation. The study also implies that phyto-fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles resulted in enhanced degradation efficiency of the photocatalyst.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye and high-performance electrochemical supercapacitor applications of hydrothermally synthesised magnetic bifunctional nanocomposite (Fe3O4/ZnO)

The present investigation employed a facile hydrothermal approach for the fabrication of Fe3O4/ZnO dual-functional magnetic nanocomposite. Supercapacitor and visible-light-driven photocatalytic applications of the material were explored. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis/DRS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer were used to analyse the nanocomposite’s structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties. The FE-SEM analysis demonstrated that the surface morphology of Fe3O4, ZnO, and the Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposite consisted of nanoparticles, nanoflakes, and nanoparticles adhered to the nanoflakes, respectively. The maximum specific capacitance of the electrode based on the Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposite was measured to be 736.36 Fg−1 at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1. The electrode also demonstrated remarkable cycling stability, retaining 86.5% of its capacitance even after 3000 cycles. The Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposite was found to have an optical bandgap of 2.7 eV, an average particle size of 22.5 nm, and a saturation magnetization of 68.7 emu g−1. The photocatalysis experiment was conducted using the optimised settings, which included a pH of 7.0, a dye concentration of 30 mg l−1, a catalyst dose of 1 g l−1, and a contact time of 120 min. The Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited a notable degradation efficiency towards crystal violet dye upon exposure to visible light, achieving a degradation efficiency of 96.9%. This performance surpassed that of pure ZnO, which attained a degradation efficiency of 70.2%. The nanocomposite exhibited a rate constant of 2.80 × 10−2 min−1, which was found to be notably higher than that of pure ZnO (0.8 × 10−2 min−1), as determined through modelling (pseudo-first order linear fit). The radical scavenger experiments indicated that the superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals are the primary reactive species. The Fe3O4/ZnO photocatalyst can be effectively isolated using a bar magnet. Remarkably, the photocatalytic efficiency of the material remained almost entirely intact even after undergoing four cycles of recycling. In addition, this research opens up exciting new possibilities for use in fields like energy storage and pollution control.

Insights into the structural, morphological, and electronic characteristics of ZnO nanoflowers: implications for efficient photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye

Insights into the structural, morphological, and electronic characteristics of ZnO nanoflowers: implications for efficient photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye

A Post‐Spinel NaFeSnO4 as Novel Narrow Band Gap Photocatalyst for Visible Light Assisted Decomposition of Crystal Violet Dye

AbstractSnO2 is a wide bandgap photocatalyst, and Fe2O3 is susceptible to the recombination of photocharges produced is heterogenized in the form of NaFeSnO4. NaFeSnO4 with post‐spinel structure having one‐dimenisonal (1D) channel is explored first time as photocatalyst. Phase purity and structure of NaFeSnO4 was examined using X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Particle morphology, light absorption behavior, band‐gap energy estimation and surface area of NaFeSnO4 were evaluated using various instrumental techniques. Extent of charge separation and charge transfer was investigated using photoluminescence (PL) analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Photocatalytic performance of NaFeSnO4 was examined for degradation of crystal violet dye by irradiating visible light. The photocatalytic properties of NaFeSnO4 are compared with the precursor oxides Fe2O3 and SnO2. It has been demonstrated first time that NaFeSnO4 is an efficient visible light active photocatalyst than Fe2O3 and SnO2 for degradation of crystal violet dye.

Cationic and anionic cross-assisted synergistic photocatalytic removal of binary organic dye mixture using Ni-doped perovskite oxide

Organic dyes present in industrial wastewater are the major contributor to water pollution, which harm human health and the environment. Photocatalytic dye degradation is an effective strategy for water remediation by converting these organic dyes waste into non-harmful by-products. Therefore, in this study, Ni-doped LaFeO3 (NLFO) perovskite nanoparticles were extensively explored for photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes and their mixture. The NLFO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by surfactant assisted hydrothermal method under controlled Ni doping. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) revealed the variation in size (40–70 nm) of orthorhombic crystalline LFO nanoparticles with Ni doping and hence the size of microspheres (0.78. to 1.78 μm). The kinetic studies revealed that the LaFe0·6Ni0·4O3 performed well by providing degradation efficiency of 99.2% in 210 min, 99.1% in 100 min, and 98.4% in 70 min for Crystal Violet (CV), Congo Red (CR), and their mixture with rate constant of 0.019, 0.039, and 0.055 min−1 respectively. The radical scavenger tests indicated the synergetic contributions of O2− and •OH− active radicals in faster degradation of CV and CR dye mixture. The stepwise fragmentation of dye molecule during the photocatalytic degradation identified from the LCMS indicates the degradation of CV dye through de-alkylation and benzene ring breaking, whereas azo bond cleavage and oxidation lead to low molecular weight intermediates for CR dye, which all together helped to degrade their dye mixture (50 mg L−1 and 100 mg L−1) in significantly lesser time (70 min). Overall, the Ni-doped LFO microsphere consisting of nanoparticles acts as a superior catalyst for the more efficient and faster degradation of binary dye mixture.

Hybrid collagen–cellulose–Fe3O4@TiO2 magnetic bio-sponges derived from animal skin waste and Kenaf fibers for wastewater remediation

Water pollution from synthetic dyes and oil spills has a significant impact on the environment and living species. Here, we developed a low-cost, environmentally friendly and easily biodegradable magnetic hybrid bio-sponge nanocomposite from renewable resources such as collagen and cellulose (Kenaf fibre cellulose–collagen, KFCC). We loaded it with magnetic bimetallic Fe3O4@TiO2 (BFT) NPs to produce a photocatalyst material (KFCC-BFT) for the treatment of colored wastewater as well as a sorbent for oil–water separation. The characterization of the bimetallic BFT NPs by XRD, HRTEM and VSM showed the deposition of TiO2 particles onto the surface of Fe3O4 with lattice interlayers spacing of 0.24 and 0.33 nm for Fe3O4 and TiO2, respectively with ferromagnetic property. The UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra result indicated that the band gap energy of bio-sponges decreases with the increase of the bimetallic moiety. The photocatalytic efficiency of the as-prepared magnetic hybrid bio-sponge in the degradation of crystal violet dye was up to 91.2% under visible light conditions and 86.6% under direct sunlight exposure. Furthermore, the magnetic hybrid bio-sponge was used to separate motor oil from water (> 99%) and had a high oil sorption capacity of 46.1 g/g. Investigation of the recyclability and reusability performance for 9 cycles revealed that the bio-sponge had a high sorption capacity for up to 5 cycles. Our results suggest that the bio-polymer-supported BFT hybrid nanocomposite is a cost-effective and easily biodegradable photocatalyst and has great potential for real-field environmental remediation applications.

Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using peppermint tea (Mentha piperita) dregs extract and their photocatalytic performance

AbstractZinc oxide (ZnO) is a n‐type semiconductor with a wide band gap of 3.37 eV and a large excitation binding energy of 60 meV. ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) is considered as one of the best photocatalyst for the degradation of pollutants in water since it has large surface area to enhance the photocatalytic activity. This article aims to study the feasibility of using the agricultural waste of peppermint tea dregs extract with zinc nitrate hexahydrate as salt precursor to synthesis ZnO NPs through a simple, low cost, greener and environmentally friendly method. The qualitative phytochemical screening of peppermint tea dregs extract revealed the presence of flavonoids which can be served as the reducing and stabilizing agent in the synthesis of ZnO NPs. Various analytical techniques such as FTIR, UV–vis, XRD, FESEM, EDX and PSA confirmed the presence of ZnO NPs. The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized ZnO NPs showed a 95.03% degradation of crystal violet dye within 4 h of sunlight exposure.

Polyaniline/Manganese-Cobalt ferrite nanocomposite as an efficient material for crystal violet dye degradation under sunlight irradiation

In the present work, the polyaniline (PANI) and Mn0.25Co0.75Fe2O4 (MCF) nanocomposites with varying weight percentage of MCF (0, 10, 20, 50, 100) were synthesized for the degradation of the crystal violet dye under solar radiation. The PANI/MCF nanocomposites were synthesized via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline. The XRD and FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of pure phase for all the samples. The crystallite size for MCF and PANI/MCF have been found in the range of 20–30 nm. FTIR spectra showed all the prominent peaks of MCF and PANI. PANI/MCF nanocomposite with 10 and 20 wt% of MCF showed maximum degradation efficiency. The degradation efficiency for PANI/MCF nanocomposites with 10 and 20 wt% are 77% and 89%, respectively in 75 min of reaction time. It is attributed to the formation of heterogeneous photocatalysts having lower values of optical band gap. The degradation rate constant for PANI/MCF nanocomposites with 10 and 20 wt% of MCF is maximum with values 0.5 and 0.7 min−1, respectively.

Microbial Decolorization of Crystal Violet Dye by a Native Multi-Metal Tolerant <i>Aeromonas caviae</i> MT-1 Isolate from Dye-Contaminated Soil: Optimization and Phytotoxicity Study

In the recent past, one of the main environmental issues is the contamination of textile dye wastes. The toxicity of dyes poses adverse effects on the flora and fauna of the ecosystem. The present study aimed to isolate bacteria that decolourize crystal violet dye, optimization of various environmental factors for effective decolourization, and phytotoxicity analysis. Out of 13 isolated bacteria, a single isolate was able to grow at 250 mg/L crystal violet dye concentration in a synthetic medium and identified as Aeromonas caviae MT-1 strain (accession number; LC720408) using morphological, biochemical and molecular analyses. Presumably, this is the first report of crystal violet dye decolourization by a native Aeromonas caviae isolate. In this study, after a 72-hour incubation period, a maximum of 98.0% dye decolourization was observed at neutral pH and 35°C with 5% v/v bacterial culture under static culture conditions. Dye decolourization was inhibited to a significant degree by the rising of its concentration. UV-Vis spectra analysis of samples before and after decolourization showed the possible degradation of crystal violet dye by A. caviae. The strain MT-1 was also tolerant to toxic heavy metals like arsenic, lead, and chromium. Phytotoxicity tests revealed that decolourized dye products inhibited Vigna radiata growth less than the un-decolourized dye solution. The findings revealed that a native multi-metal tolerant A. caviae MT-1 isolate could decolourize crystal violet dye rapidly, and possibly have the ability for extensive treatment of dyecontaminated waste.

The highly efficient green synthesis of nanostructured ZnFe2O4 photocatalysts by using Ziziphus mauritiana and Salvadora persica extracts for the photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet in sunlight

The current study is aimed to investigate the photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dyes solution in the presence of modified ZnFe2O4 photocatalysts by Ziziphus mauritiana and Salvadora persica extracts in sunlight. Regardless of the extracts used, the modified ZnFe2O4 catalysts demonstrated excellent photocatalytic degradation. However, the catalysts modified using Salvadora persica extract achieved superior photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye. ZnFe2O4 with Salvadora persica yielded smaller particles with a larger surface area, smaller band gap energy and a better distribution of differently sized particles than by using Ziziphus mauritiana. This photocatalyst also demonstrated stability, being able to be reused at least five times with minimal loss of catalytic ability, falling from 91% at the first iteration to 85% by the fifth reuse. These materials were prepared easily using an environmentally friendly method.

Synthesis of Graphene oxide/Porphyrin Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye

AbstractA novel nanocomposite was synthesized by covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)porphyrinatoiron (III) chloride (Fe−THPP) via an ester linkage. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by various techniques such as XPS, Raman spectroscopy, BET, IR, UV‐Visible, TGA, SEM, and EDX. The synthesized nanocomposite exhibited appreciable interaction with crystal violet (CV) dye with a detection limit of 2.6×10−6 μg/mL and binding constant of 35.93×103 ppm−1 which ensured the high concentration of CV dye on the surface of synthesized photocatalyst. The nanocomposite was effectively utilized in the photo‐degradation of CV dye under visible light irradiation. The photo‐degradation efficiency was remarkably high (93.45 %) with a low catalytic dosage of 0.4 mg/L within 80 minutes. The nanocomposite exhibited good stability and reusability and thereby can be used in the photocatalytic degradation processes to treat wastewater.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye under Visible Light by Fe-Doped TiO2 Prepared by Reverse-Micelle Sol-Gel Method.

A reverse-micelle sol-gel method was chosen for the preparation of Fe-doped TiO2 samples that were employed in the photodegradation of the crystal violet dye under visible light irradiation in a batch reactor. The dopant amount was varied to assess the optimal photocatalyst composition towards the target dye degradation. The photocatalysts were characterized through a multi-technique approach, envisaging XRPD and QPA as obtained by Rietveld refinement, FE-SEM analysis, DR UV-vis spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms measurement at -196 °C, ζ-potential measurement, and XPS analysis. The physical-chemical characterization showed that the adopted synthesis method allows obtaining NPs with uniform shape and size and promotes the introduction of Fe into the titania matrix, finally affecting the relative amounts of the three occurring polymorphs of TiO2 (anatase, rutile and brookite). By increasing the Fe content, the band gap energy decreases from 3.13 eV (with undoped TiO2) to 2.65 eV (with both 2.5 and 3.5 wt.% nominal Fe contents). At higher Fe content, surface Fe oxo-hydroxide species occur, as shown by DR UV-vis and XP spectroscopies. All the Fe-doped TiO2 photocatalysts were active in the degradation and mineralization of the target dye, showing a TOC removal higher than the undoped sample. The photoactivity under visible light was ascribed both to the band-gap reduction (as confirmed by phenol photodegradation) and to dye sensitization of the photocatalyst surface (as confirmed by photocatalytic tests carried out using different visible-emission spectra LEDs). The main reactive species involved in the dye degradation were determined to be positive holes.

Starch-assisted synthesis of WO3 nanoparticles for degradation of crystal violet dye

In the present study, WO3 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesised via starch-assisted co-precipitation approach and crystal violet (CV) dye was selected as a model pollutant to examine the photocatalytic efficiency of synthesised samples. The XRD of samples verified monoclinic phase with a crystallite size of 24 and 32 nm for starch-assisted WO3 (WS1) and without starch WO3 (WS0) NPs, respectively. SEM and FESEM analysed the morphology of synthesised samples and the average particle size of 108 nm is obtained for WS1. The bandgap value of WS1 has been calculated to be about 2.69 eV. According to obtained result, about 97% of CV dye degrades in the presence of WS1 under sunlight after 150 min with a rate constant of 0.01532 min−1.

Growth of villi-microstructured bismuth vanadate (Vm-BiVO4) for photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye.

In this work, villi-microstructured Au-loaded BiVO4 photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, Raman, UV-Vis-DRS, PL, SEM and EDX techniques. The presence of metallic Au on the surface of Vm-BiVO4 support boosts the photocatalytic performance to degrade toxic crystal violet dye. The enhanced activities were attributed to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Au which efficiently broadens the visible light response. SPR increases the electron population in Vm-BiVO4 and forms a Schottky barrier at the interface between Au and Vm-BiVO4 which enhances the separation efficiency of photoinduced charges. Various factors affecting photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet (CV) were studied to find optimum conditions. In addition, a radical trapping study indicates that ˙O2 - is the main active species in the degradation process of cationic CV dye. All photocatalytic degradation reactions were monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometry (PerkinElmer/λ-365).

Fabrication and characterization of TiO2/CuS nanocomposites (Cu = 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 M) utilized for the photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye

Fabrication and characterization of TiO2/CuS nanocomposites (Cu = 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 M) utilized for the photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye