Crystal Length Research Articles

Apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He date dispersion: First insights from machine learning algorithms

Numerous parameters impact apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He (AHe) thermochronological dates, such as radiation damage, chemical content, crystal size and geometry, and their knowledge is essential for better geological interpretations. The present study investigates a new method based on advanced data mining techniques, to unravel the parameters that could play a role in He retention and thus on AHe date. The purpose is to decipher which factors influence the AHe date dispersion, and to exclude the impact of other parameters on helium retention. As an example, we use a dataset previously collected on apatite from basements rocks, sampled in French Brittany, where all samples underwent the same thermal history, and for which were reported a set of physical and chemical parameters. The dataset includes dimension and geometry, He, U, Th, Sm and major and trace element content for ∼35 crystals. The algorithm ranks the parameters according to their influence on helium retention, using predictive trees, which are commonly used in computing sciences. After looking at 100 simultaneous predictions, we compared the predicted and measured He content for each analyzed apatite crystal. For this particular case, the predictions confirmed the prominent role of the parent nuclides in the He production, as AHe dates can be predicted accurately with these parameters (especially U and Th). Additionally, the predictions without knowledge of the apatite chemical composition and dimension provided better results than using all available parameters (median error of 14% instead of 18%). Therefore, for this specific study, the apatite chemistry and crystal dimensions do not influence significantly He retention nor AHe date dispersion. Nevertheless, detailed inspection of analysis results suggests which parameters have the most discrimination ability, which in this study include crystal length, height, and Mn content. The latter may reveal an eventual influence on alpha damage annealing kinetics. Finally, this approach shows that some grains could never achieve good predictions, indicating that for these crystals the input parameters are not enough to predict the He content. We propose that such crystals are statistically different from the remaining dataset, and this suggests that machine learning has a strong potential to correct errors, or to detect anomalies.

New perspectives on segmented crystal calorimeters for future colliders

Crystal calorimeters have a long history of pushing the frontier on high-resolution electromagnetic (EM) calorimetry for photons and electrons. We explore in this paper major innovations in collider detector performance that can be achieved with crystal calorimetry when longitudinal segmentation and dual-readout capabilities are combined with a new high EM resolution approach to Particle Flow in multi-jet events, such as e+e+→ HZ events in all-hadronic final-states at Higgs factories. We demonstrate a new technique for pre-processing π0 momenta through combinatoric di-photon pairing in advance of applying jet algorithms. This procedure significantly reduces π0 photon splitting across jets in multi-jet events. The correct photon-to-jet assignment efficiency improves by a factor of about 3 when the EM resolution is improved from 15 to 3%/√E. In addition, the technique of bremsstrahlung photon recovery significantly improves electron momentum measurements. A high EM resolution calorimeter increases the Z boson recoil mass resolution in Higgstrahlung events for decays into electron pairs to 80% of that for muon pairs. We present the design and optimization of a highly segmented crystal detector concept that achieves the required energy resolution of 3%/√E, and a time resolution better than 30 ps providing exceptional particle identification capabilities. We demonstrate that, contrary to previous detector designs that suffered from large neutral hadron resolution degradation from one interaction length of crystals in front of a sampling hadron calorimeter, the implementation of dual-readout on crystals permits to achieve a resolution better than 30%/√E⊕ 2% for neutral hadrons. Our studies find that the integration of crystal calorimetry into future Higgs factory collider detectors can open new perspectives by yielding the highest level of combined EM and neutral hadron resolution in the PFA paradigm.

Cascaded Second Harmonic Generation with a Half-Order Periodical Orientation

We demonstrate theoretically cascaded fourth and second harmonics generation in a periodically oriented nonlinear crystal with a half-order of the periodical orientation. We consider a cascaded process in which four photons of the fundamental harmonic are initially converted into an intermediate photon of the fourth harmonic, which parametrically decays at the second stage into two photons of the second harmonic. We show that fractional phase matching can be achieved by using an asymmetric periodically poled grating. To describe the propagation and transformation of light inside a nonlinear crystal, the quantum spatial Heisenberg equations have been applied, using which the average numbers of photons of the fourth and second harmonics have been calculated as functions of the nonlinear crystal length.

Effect of a uniformly rotating crystal length on radiation-convective heat transfer in the Chokhralsky method

Radiation-convective heat transfer from silicon crystals to the environment was investigated with the Chokhralsky method. The systems of equations of thermogravitation and mixed convection in the term vortex, stream function and temperature were solved numerically by the finite element method. The influence of crystal rotation on the spatial forms of convective flows of the surrounding gas and on non-stationary temperature fields in the gas and in the crystals was studied. Calculations were made for crystals of different lengths. The calculations were performed with the Prandtl number equal to 0.68 (argon) and the Grashof number 16000, typical for a real technological process.

Gray-box modeling of 300 mm diameter Czochralski single-crystal Si production process

More than 95% of 300 mm diameter single-crystal silicon ingots, the raw material for semiconductors, are produced by the Czochralski process. The demand for improving yield, throughput, and control performance has been increasing. The present study developed a gray-box model that can predict controlled variables from manipulated variables with higher accuracy than the conventional first-principle model (Zheng et al., 2018), aiming at realizing model predictive control of the Czochralski process. The proposed gray-box model used a statistical model to predict the temperature gradient of the crystal at the solid–liquid interface Gcry, which was constant in the first-principle model. The crystal length and the melt temperature are used as the input variables to predict Gcry. The prediction accuracy of the proposed gray-box model was compared with that of the first-principle model using real process data obtained during the production of four silicon ingots. The results demonstrated that the proposed model reduced the root mean square errors of the crystal radius, the crystal growth rate, and the heater temperature by 94.1%, 62.7%, and 70.6% on average, respectively.

Towards the Continuous Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO@Mg2Al-CO3 Core-Shell Composite Nanomaterials.

Core-shell Zinc Oxide/Layered Double Hydroxide (ZnO@LDH) composite nanomaterials have been produced by a one-step continuous hydrothermal synthesis process, in an attempt to further enhance the application potential of layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanomaterials. The synthesis involves two hydrothermal reactors in series with the first producing a ZnO core and the second producing the Mg2Al-CO3 shell. Crystal domain length of single phase ZnO and composite ZnO was 25 nm and 42 nm, respectively. The ZnO@LDH composite had a specific surface area of 76 m2 g−1, which was larger than ZnO or Mg2Al-CO3 when produced separately (53 m2 g−1 and 58 m2 g−1, respectively). The increased specific surface area is attributed to the structural arrangement of the Mg2Al-CO3 in the composite. Platelets are envisaged to nucleate on the core and grow outwards, thus reducing the face–face stacking that occurs in conventional Mg2Al-CO3 synthesis. The Mg/Al ratio in the single phase LDH was close to the theoretical ratio of 2, but the Mg/Al ratio in the composite was 1.27 due to the formation of Zn2Al-CO3 LDH from residual Zn2+ ions. NaOH concentration was also found to influence Mg/Al ratio, with lower NaOH resulting in a lower Mg/Al ratio. NaOH concentration also affected morphology and specific surface area, with reduced NaOH content in the second reaction stage causing a dramatic increase in specific surface area (> 250 m2 g−1). The formation of a core-shell composite material was achieved through continuous synthesis; however, the final product was not entirely ZnO@Mg2Al-CO3. The product contained a mixture of ZnO, Mg2Al-CO3, Zn2Al-CO3, and the composite material. Whilst further optimisation is required in order to remove other crystalline impurities from the synthesis, this research acts as a stepping stone towards the formation of composite materials via a one-step continuous synthesis.

Growth of 1, 3, 5 - Triphenylbenzene single crystal by modified vertical Bridgman method and its characterization for scintillation application

1, 3, 5-triphenylbenzene (TPB) single crystal (length 100 mm and diameter 10 mm) has been successfully grown for the first time by the modified vertical Bridgman technique (VBT). This method is developed for the growth of crystals (changing the translation system using gear setup), with enhanced quality. Physical, optical and scintillation properties such as crystalline nature, thermal stability, transmittance, radioluminescence and lifetime were investigated. The polished TPB sample has a good transmission (80%) in the wavelength range between 300 and 1500 nm. The thermal properties of the grown crystal were analyzed by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. Measurements of the refractive index of TPB crystal were made using the prism coupling method at five different wavelengths in the range between 407 and 1551 nm. Birefringence study reveals that the grown crystal has good optical homogeneity. Scintillation properties such as radioluminescence using Sr-90 as a source and decay time were also investigated.

Broadband Mie driven random quasi-phase-matching

High-quality crystals without inversion symmetry are the conventional platform to achieve optical frequency conversion via three wave-mixing. In bulk crystals, efficient wave-mixing relies on phase-matching configurations, while at the micro- and nano-scale it requires resonant mechanisms that enhance the nonlinear light-matter interaction. These strategies commonly result in wavelength-specific performances and narrowband applications. Disordered photonic materials, made up of a random assembly of optical nonlinear crystals, enable a broadband tunability in the random quasi-phase-matching (RQPM) regime and do not require high-quality materials. Here, we combine resonances and disorder by implementing RQPM in Mie-resonant spheres of a few microns realized by the bottom-up assembly of barium titanate nano-crystals. The measured second harmonic generation (SHG) reveals a combination of broadband and resonant wave mixing, in which Mie resonances drive and enhance the SHG, while the disorder keeps the phase-matching conditions relaxed. This new phase-matching regime can be described by a random walk in the SHG complex plane whose step lengths depend on the local field enhancement within the micro-sphere. Our nano-crystals assemblies provide new opportunities for tailored phase-matching at the micro-scale, beyond the coherence length of the bulk crystal. They can be adapted to achieve frequency conversion from the near-ultraviolet to the infrared ranges, they are low-cost and scalable to large surface areas.

Few-cycle pulses tunable from 3 to 7 µm via intrapulse difference-frequency generation in oxide LGN crystals.

An ultrashort mid-infrared (IR) source beyond 5 µm is crucial for a plethora of existing and emerging applications in spectroscopy, medical diagnostics, and high-field physics. Nonlinear generation of such sources from well-developed near-IR lasers, however, remains a challenge due to the limitation of mid-IR crystals. Based on oxide La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14 (LGN) crystals, here we report the generation of femtosecond pulses tunable from 3 to 7 µm by intrapulse difference-frequency generation of 7.5 fs, 800 nm pulses. The efficiency and bandwidth dependences on pump polarization and crystal length are studied for both Type-I and Type-II phase-matching configurations. Maximum pulse energy of ∼10nJ is generated at 5.2 µm with a conversion efficiency of ∼0.14%. Because of the few-cycle pump pulse duration, the generated mid-IR pulses are as short as about three cycles. These results, to the best of our knowledge, represent the first experimental demonstration of LGN in generating mid-IR ultrashort pulses.

Features of crystal structures and thermo‐mechanical properties of weberites RE3NbO7(RE=La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) ceramics

AbstractThe features of crystal structures, thermo‐mechanical properties and their dominant mechanisms of weberites RE3NbO7were studied as high‐temperature oxides. We concentrated on connections between structures and thermo‐mechanical properties, the influences of bond lengths, lattice distortion degrees and microstructures on these properties were estimated. The shortening of bond length and increment of bonding strength would lead to the increase of mechanical properties. The Vickers hardness (4.5‐7.8 GPa) and toughness (0.5‐1.6 MPa·m1/2) of weberites RE3NbO7are enhanced by grain refinement and increment of bond strength, while crystal structures, bond lengths, and lattice distortion degrees influenced their Young's modulus (100‐170 GPa). Nano‐indentation was applied to test the influence of microstructures on modulus and hardness. The dominant mechanisms for mechanical properties and thermal conductivity were proposed, which was conducive to properties tailoring and engineering applications of weberites RE3NbO7oxides.

High Efficiency Emission of Eu2+ Located in Channel and Mg‐Site of Mg2Al4Si5O18 Cordierite and Its Potential as a Bi‐Functional Phosphor toward Optical Thermometer and White LED Application

AbstractEu2+ activated Mg2Al4Si5O18 cordierite phosphor is prepared by sol gel synthesis. The reduction process is carried out in a vacuum atmosphere. X‐ray diffraction, luminescence, decay times, quantum yield and emission thermal stability are studied. The emission from Eu2+ ions at different lattice sites, such as magnesium vacancies and inside the interstate channels, are identified and discussed. Considerations on crystal field strength and bond length allow to assign the blue emission band peak at 445 nm to Eu2+ ions located inside the interstitial channel, while the red band centered at 615 nm is related to Eu2+ ions on Mg site. It is found that the Mg2Al4Si5O18:Eu2+ phosphor excited by UV shows broad emission from 375 to 700 nm with high quantum efficiency (60%). The emission of Eu2+ in Mg2Al4Si5O18 has very good thermal stability, at 100 °C the intensity reaches 97% relative to the emission measured at room temperature. The investigations show that cordierite can be used as a temperature sensor with relative sensitivity of 0.45% at 400 °C. Moreover, the fabricated light‐emitting diode composed of 365 nm near‐UV chip and Mg2Al4Si5O18:Eu2+ phosphor exhibits bright white light with CIE coordinates (0.32, 0.34) for correlated color temperature of 6282 K and color rendering index of 82.

TOF Benefits and Trade-offs on Image Contrast-to-Noise Ratio Performance for a Small Animal PET Scanner

Recently, time-of-flight (TOF) scanners have become a mainstream in positron emission tomography research particularly owing to their ability to improve the image contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). As the scintillation photon transport directly affects the coincidence time resolution, decreasing crystal length can be considered to improve timing performance even at the cost of sensitivity loss. This would also improve the radial spatial resolution and reduce the cost of the scintillator material, particularly in clinical scanners. Hence, this article investigates the tradeoffs between TOF, crystal length, and scan time with the goal of using TOF to compensate for CNR degradation caused by decreasing the scintillator volume in a highly pixelated scanner. To do this, a TOF model of the LabPET II small animal scanner was developed. The contrast recovery coefficient (CRC) and CNR performance were investigated through a factorial design. This was followed by assessing when TOF gain may be advantageous in small animal imaging. Results show that decreasing crystal length by 2 mm improves CRC performance for such a scanner while CNR can be fully recovered by increasing scan time. It was also observed that the same CNR can be reached for a shorter acquisition time if faster TOF resolution is achieved. This article concludes with a summary of the trade offs to optimize the CNR.

Effect of Mg Shallow Doping on Structural and Magnetic Properties of LiFePO4 Triphylite

We examine the structural and magnetic properties of Mg shallow-doped LiMg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1−x</sub> PO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${x} =0.01$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , 0.05, and 0.1) samples synthesized by the conventional solid-state reaction route. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction patterns shows the crystal structure and bond lengths of LiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> and Fe(Mg)O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> . The Néel temperature ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${T} _{\text {N}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), spin reorientation temperature ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${T} _{\text {S}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), Curie–Weiss temperature, and effective moment decreased owing to the decrease in superexchange interactions with increasing Mg <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> ions. The Mössbauer spectra of samples below <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${T} _{\text {N}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> were fitted with asymmetrical eight absorption lines, whereas above <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${T} _{\text {N}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> were fitted with symmetrical doublet. The change in the value of electric quadrupole splitting and its slop of magnetic susceptibility at <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${T} _{\text {S}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> suggests that spin reorientation related to the orbital angular moment contributes to the magnetic properties by spin–orbit coupling. The value of isomer shift of samples at all temperatures was Fe <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> ion states and it decreased with increasing Mg <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> ion owing to decrease in charge density at the Fe nucleus due to the presence of Mg <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> ions on the FeO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> site.

Theory of fifth-harmonic generation in cubic centrosymmetric crystals

We derive wave equations for fifth-harmonic generation in cubic centrosymmetric crystals in direct and indirect processes when an incident electric field propagates along a cubic axis. We elucidate the dependence of fifth-harmonic fields on crystal length and polarization directions of an incident field. We also devise a method to measure elements of a fifth-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor in the transparent regime by measurement of fifth-harmonic intensity from crystals of different lengths.

Leaky wave in high-power AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs semiconductor lasers

Lasers based on AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures operating in the spectral range of 1.0 − 1.1 μm are investigated in order to optimise cladding layers. The effect of the thickness and composition of the cladding layers on the leakage of radiation from the laser waveguide is analysed. It is shown that for cladding thicknesses of 0.86 − 1.24 μm, it almost does not affect the output optical power. The effect of the crystal length and reflectivity of the laser mirrors on the leaky wave is demonstrated.

High-efficiency terahertz wave generation in aperiodically poled lithium niobate by cascaded difference frequency generation

In this work, we propose a high-efficiency terahertz (THz) wave-generation approach by cascaded difference frequency generation (CDFG) with an aperiodically poled lithium niobate (APPLN) crystal at cryogenic temperature. The APPLN crystal with desirable poling periods along the crystal length determines phase mismatches of each-order CDFG, resulting in a decrement of phase mismatches in cascaded Stokes processes and an increment of phase mismatches in cascaded anti-Stokes processes simultaneously. This is in contrast with previous works on CDFG, where the THz wave was generated with irreversible phase mismatches in cascaded Stokes and anti-Stokes processes. The variations of phase mismatches enhance the evolution of optical spectra in cascaded Stokes processes and restrain the evolution of optical spectra in cascaded anti-Stokes processes, yielding unprecedented energy efficiencies in excess of 30% from optical waves to THz waves with APPLN. The unprecedented energy efficiencies in this work are theoretical results without THz wave absorption at a temperature of 10 K. Compared with the maximum THz intensity from traditional CDFG using periodically poled lithium niobate, the maximum THz intensities are enhanced by 2.5 and 2.8 times using APPLN with stepwise changing and gradually changing poling periods, respectively.

Composition and characteristics of trabecular bone in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.

Bone strength depends on multiple factors such as bone density, architecture and composition turnover. However, the role these factors play in osteoporotic fractures is not well understood. The aim of this study was to analyze trabecular bone architecture, and its crystal and organic composition in humans, by comparing samples taken from patients who had a hip fracture (HF) and individuals with hip osteoarthritis (HOA). The study included 31 HF patients and 42 cases of HOA who underwent joint replacement surgery between 1/1/2013 and 31/12/2013. Trabecular bone samples were collected from the femoral heads and analyzed using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, micro-CT, and solid-state high-resolution magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopy. No differences in proton or phosphorus concentration were found between the two groups using 1H single pulse, 31P single pulse, 31P single pulse with proton decoupling NMR spectroscopy, in hydroxyapatite (HA) c-axis or a-axis crystal length. Bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), and bone mineral density (BMD) were higher in the HO group than in the HF group [28.6%±10.5 vs 20.3%±6.6 (p=0.026); 2.58mm-1±1.57 vs 1.5mm-1±0.79 (p=0.005); and 0.39g/cm2±0.10 vs. 0.28g/cm2±0.05 (p=0.002), respectively]. The trabecular separation (Tp.Sp) was lower in the HO group 0.42mm±0.23 compared with the HF group 0.58mm±0.27 (p=0.036). In the HO group, BMD was correlated with BV/TV (r=0.704, p<0.001), BMC (r=0.853, p<0.001), Tb.N (r=0.653, p<0.001), Tb.Sp (-0.561, p<0.001) and 1H concentration (-0.580, p<0.001) in the HO group. BMD was not correlated with BV/TV, Tb.Sp, Tb.Th, Tb.N, Tb.PF, 1H concentration or HA crystal size in the HF group. Patients with HO who did not sustain previous hip fractures had a higher femoral head BMD, BV/TV, and Tb.N than HF patients. In HO patients, BMD was positively correlated with the BV/TV and Tb.N and negatively correlated with the femoral head organic content and trabecular separation. Interestingly, these correlations were not found in HF patients with relatively lower bone densities. Therefore, osteoporotic patients with similar low bone densities could have significant microstructural differences. No differences were found between the two groups at a HA crystal level.

Development and validation of a two-dimensional population balance model for a supercritical CO2 antisolvent batch crystallization process

In this study, a two-dimensional population balance model with solvent removal kinetics has been developed to predict the dynamic behavior of carbamazepine form II crystals produced by a supercritical CO2 antisolvent batch crystallization process. The model was simulated and validated using experimental crystal size distribution data (CSD). The model was able to accurately predict the behavior of CSD with a change in process operating conditions. The model was also applied to study the time evolution of aspect ratio, average crystal length, and solute concentration in the solution. Finally, solvent removal kinetics were modeled to evaluate the solvent content and drying temperature of the drying gas during the solvent removal process. The developed mathematical model and the presented results suggest the ability of the discussed approach to make suitable model predictions, which can significantly reduce the number of experimental trials required for process design, optimization, and control.

Highly Conducting and Flexible Radical Crystals.

Together with high conductivity, high flexibility is an important property required for next generation organic electronic components. Both properties are difficult to achieve together especially when the components are crystalline because of the intrinsic high brittleness of organic molecular crystals. We report an organic radical crystal system that has both high flexibility and high conductivity. The crystal consists of 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene radical cation (BPEA.+ ) units, and shows flexibility under pressure with high conductivity in ambient condition exhibiting average conductivity of 2.68 S cm-1 when normal linear shape, as well as 2.43 S cm-1 when bent. The structural analysis reveals that both a short π-π distance (3.290 Å) between BPEA.+ units that are aligned along the crystal length direction, and the presence of PF6 - counter ions induce flexibility and high electrical conductivity.

Highly Conducting and Flexible Radical Crystals

AbstractTogether with high conductivity, high flexibility is an important property required for next generation organic electronic components. Both properties are difficult to achieve together especially when the components are crystalline because of the intrinsic high brittleness of organic molecular crystals. We report an organic radical crystal system that has both high flexibility and high conductivity. The crystal consists of 9,10‐bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene radical cation (BPEA.+) units, and shows flexibility under pressure with high conductivity in ambient condition exhibiting average conductivity of 2.68 S cm−1 when normal linear shape, as well as 2.43 S cm−1 when bent. The structural analysis reveals that both a short π–π distance (3.290 Å) between BPEA.+ units that are aligned along the crystal length direction, and the presence of PF6− counter ions induce flexibility and high electrical conductivity.