Cryptosporidium Research Articles

Cryptosporidia in AIDS: Another Treatment Strikes Out

Chronic diarrhea and weight loss caused by intestinal infection with Cryptosporidia parvum can be a major problem in AIDS patients. A number of agents

Identification of enteric pathogens in HIV-positive patients with diarrhoea in northern India.

Enteric pathogens associated with chronic diarrhoea in HIV-positive patients were studied. The study was conducted during January 1995-December 1998. Stool specimens from all diarrhoea patients (n = 26) were examined microscopically for ova and parasites using wet preparations and stained smears. Stool samples from diarrhoea patients were also cultured on appropriate media to isolate enteric bacterial pathogens. Of the 59 patients, 26 (44%) had prolonged diarrhoea for more than 4 weeks. Enteric pathogens were detected in 19 (73%) of the 26 patients: 17 patients harboured a single pathogen, and 2 patients had mixed pathogens. The detection rate of emerging parasites, including Isospora, Cryptosporidium, Blastocystis hominis, and Strongyloides stercoralis as a single agent, was significantly higher than conventional pathogens (50% vs 19.2%; p < 0.05). Only one patient harboured both conventional and emerging pathogens (Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium). Isospora belli was detected in 8 (31%) of the 26 diarrhoea patients: in 7 (27%) patients as a single agent and in one patient with S. stercoralis. Cryptosporidium was identified in 3 (11%) diarrhoea patients: in 2 (8%) patients as a single agent and in one patient with E. histolytica, followed by B. hominis in 2 (8%) patients. E. histolytica was most commonly isolated (3/26; 11.5%), followed by Giardia lamblia, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni (one patient each). Parasitic pathogens were frequently associated with HIV-positive patients with diarrhoea in northern India. I. belli was the most frequent parasite isolated, followed by Cryptosporidium. Stools of all HIV-positive patients with diarrhoea should thoroughly be investigated to identify aetiologic agents for proper management.

Salmonellosis and Unpasteurized Orange Juice

Add salmonella to Escherichia coli O157:H7 and cryptosporidium as enteric pathogens associated with consuming unpasteurized acidic fruit juices such as

Cryptosporidium in the water — Are horses to blame?

Cryptosporidium in the water — Are horses to blame?

Cryptosporidium in cats—Additional evidence for C. felis

Cryptosporidium in cats—Additional evidence for C. felis

Does MAC Prophylaxis Prevent Cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidium parvum can cause severe, protracted, and occasionally fatal diarrhea in patients with AIDS. No clearly effective therapy is available

Cryptosporidiosis Stunts Childhood Growth

In normal adults, Cryptosporidium parvum infection causes a memorable, albeit self-limited, episode of diarrhea. Childhood infection with this pathogen has been associated with delayed weight gain in the first month after primary infection. This 2-year community-based longitudinal study in Lima, Peru, examined weight …

EPA Watch: Agreement targets Cryptosporidium in drinking water

EPA Watch: Agreement targets Cryptosporidium in drinking water

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp'm dogs with diarrhoea seen at the Veterinary Hospital of UEL, PR

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp'm dogs with diarrhoea seen at the Veterinary Hospital of UEL, PR

Management of the HIV-Infected Patient

Primary HIV-1 Infection, D. Cooper and G. Kaufmann General Approach to HIV-1 Infection, M. French The Pathogenesis of HIV Infection, S. Lewin and D. Ho The Use of the Laboratory in the Diagnosis and Management of HIV, C. Birch and D.E. Dwyer Antiretroviral Drugs, S. Crowe Antiretroviral Therapy: Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions, S.E. Bellibas, M. Homma, and F. Aweeka Treatment of HIV Infection, R. Murphy The HIV Infected Woman, A. Kesson and K. Clezy Paediatric HIV Disease, R. McKinney and R. van Dyke Neurologic Manifestations of HIV Infection, B.J. Brew Psychiatric Disturbances and HIV Infection, F. Judd and A. Mijeh Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection, D. Greenspan and J. Greenspan Evaluation and Management of Respiratory Complications of HIV Infection, A. Morris and L. Huang Rheumatological Manifestations of HIV Infection, B. Kaye Cardiovascular Disease and HIV Infection, A. Aggarwal An Approach to Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disease in HIV, W. Seivert Hematologic Manifestations of HIV Infection, A. Street and S. Milliken Nutritional and Endocrine Consequences of HIV Infection and Treatment, M. Hellerstein Infectious Cutaneous Complications of HIV Disease, M. Whitfeld Palliative Care in the HIV Setting, B. McDonald Cytomegalovirus Infection, C. van der Horst and D. Wohl Bacterial Infection and HIV Infection, A. Street Tuberculosis and HIV Infection, C. Carpenter, C. Benson, and R.Chaisson Management and Prevention of Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex Infections, J. Hoy Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia, P. Frame and A. Wilkin Toxoplasma gondii Infection and AIDS, C. Katlama Cryptoccal infection in AIDS Patients, S. de Wit and N. Clumeck Candidiasis and HIV Infection, M. Goldman and J. Wheat Histoplasmosis, Apergillosis, and Miscellaneous Mycoses, and AIDS, M. Goldman and J. Wheat Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Isospora and Microsporidial Infections and AIDS, C. Petersen Other Parasitic Infections, P. Cahn, R. Badaro, and H. Freilij Herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus infections in HIV-infected individuals, C. Estcourt and A. Mindel Neoplasia and HIV infection, A. Reier and R. Mitsuyasu Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for Occupational and Non-Occupational HIV Exposure, J.L. Gerberding and A. Mijeh HIV Infection and Injecting Drug Use, A. Wodak and J. Hoy Management of the HIV Infected Patient in a Developing Country, K. Ruxnogtham, N. Kumarasamy, S. Soloman , and M. Newell Advice to the HIV-Infected Traveller, T. Ruff and D. O'Brien Index

Government: Cryptosporidium, finally

Government: Cryptosporidium, finally

EPA Watch: Cryptosporidium may not be included in ICR

EPA Watch: Cryptosporidium may not be included in ICR

Relieving Biliary Obstruction in AIDS

Aids cholangiopathy, whether caused by CMV, cryptosporidium, microsporidium, MAC or KS, seldom responds well to medical treatment alone. ERCP

When Drinking Water Becomes Hazardous to the Public’s Health:The Threat of Cryptosporidium

When Drinking Water Becomes Hazardous to the Public’s Health:<i>The Threat of Cryptosporidium</i>

From Wisconsin to Nepal: Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and microsporidia

From Wisconsin to Nepal: Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and microsporidia

AIDS-related cholangiopancreatographic changes.

The cholangiographic and pancreatographic appearances of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated cholangitis were evaluated in 26 patients. Twenty-four patients were diagnosed by retrograde cholangiography or endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERC or ERCP). One patient was diagnosed by T-tube cholangiography and another patient by transhepatic cholangiography. The radiographic findings ranged from intrahepatic ductal abnormalities with or without involvement of the extrahepatic biliary tree (eight patients) to irregularities and strictures involving the ampulla of Vater or the intrapancreatic portion of the common bile duct (CBD) with proximal dilatation (18 patients). Significant strictures involving the juxta-ampullary pancreatic duct were identified in six of 12 patients. Twenty-one of the 26 patients had associated infections which included: Cryptosporidium (CS), Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Microsporidium (MSP), and Isospora (ISP). Three patients were operated upon for acute acalculous cholecystitis. In each instance, organisms were identified in both the bile duct and the inflamed gallbladder.

Ocurrence of Escherichia Coli, rotavirus, picobirnavirus and Cryptosporidium Parvum in a postweaning diarrhoea focus in swinw

Ocurrence of Escherichia Coli, rotavirus, picobirnavirus and Cryptosporidium Parvum in a postweaning diarrhoea focus in swinw

Cryptosporidium infection in farm cats in the Glasgow area.

Cryptosporidium infection in farm cats in the Glasgow area.

Detection of HIV-1 protein and nucleic acid in enterochromaffin cells of HIV-1-seropositive patients.

Diarrhea contributes significantly to the morbidity and mortality of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Up to 50% of AIDS patients have diarrhea, and an etiologic agent for this cannot be identified in all of them. Recent evidence suggests that enterochromaffin cells may be infected by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and may contribute to the unexplained diarrhea. To test this hypothesis further, endoscopic biopsies of duodena from 22 HIV-1 seropositive patients [17 with diarrhea (> 500 g/day and > 3 bowel movements/day), five without diarrhea] and from 15 normal controls (no HIV risk factors) without diarrhea were studied. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded 5-microns sections were examined by immunocytochemistry, using a monoclonal antibody to the HIV-1 gp41 protein, and by in situ hybridization with a full-length biotinylated HIV-1 DNA probe. Positive staining for gp41 was detected in crypt cells, consistent with the location, size, and morphology of enterochromaffin cells, in 11 of 17 HIV-1-seropositive patients with diarrhea, and in none of five without diarrhea. Nucleic acid hybridization staining was performed in five of the 11 patients who had positive gp41 staining; all showed HIV nucleic acid sequences in similar cells. All three of the five patients with positive staining for HIV nucleic acid sequences had diarrhea for which no etiologic agent for diarrhea could be found, and one each had cryptosporidia or microsporidia. No staining was observed in any of the samples from normal control tissues. These results suggest that HIV-1 may infect enterochromaffin cells and possibly alter their function. This, in turn, may contribute to the diarrhea associated with AIDS.

Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in Surface Water Supplies

[This corrects the article on p. 2610 in vol. 57.].