Cryptolaemus Montrouzieri Research Articles

The importance of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Col., Coccinellidae) in the control of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hom., Coccoidea) under specific conditions

AbstractOn potted orange trees, infested with the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso), in a greenhouse the predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant was released in 3 predator: prey ratios (1:10, 9 beetles; 1:15, 6 beetles; and 1:30, 3 beetles).The effect of C. montrouzieri on populations of the citrus mealybug was also compared with Nephus reunioni Furs (Col., Coccinellidae) and a chemical (methidathion) under controlled temperature (25–30°C) and relative humidity (55–70%), where mealybugs were maintained on pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata (Duch.)). Five adults beetles of each predator were released. Methidathion was applied at a concentration of 0.1%.In this study the predator C. montrouzieri effectively reduced mealybug populations. The predator: prey ratio 1:15, 6 in most cases, resulted in lower mealybug populations. When compared with N. reunioni, C. montrouzieri caused a significant reduction in mealybug populations. In most cases, significant differences were not detected between C. montrouzieri and methidathion. This indicates the effectiveness of the predator C. montrouzieri in the control of the citrus mealybug populations.

Studies on Mealybugs and their Natural Enemies in Ber Orchards

Ber ( Zizyphus mauritiana (L.)) has been found attacked by four mealybug species viz. , Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), Planococcus citri (Risso), P. lilacinus (Ckll.) and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) around Bangalore. A total of 11 natural enemies on N. viridis , three on P. citri and two on P. lilacinus were recorded. Attempts were also made to use the exotic natural enemies like Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. and Leptomastix dactylopii How to suppress the mealybug population in ber orchards. The local parasitoids and predators appeared in large number and were mainly responsible for the suppresion of N. viridis and P. citri on ber.

Predators with a future as bioagents against glasshouse pests

As a result of the application of Encarsia formosa, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Bacillus thuringiensis, and of the decreased use of pesticides, we have observed the spontaneous appearance of natural enemies not normally present in Bulgarian glasshouses. Clitostethus arcuatus has proved a competitive species with E. formosa on Nicotiana glauca, green capsicum and Hibiscus syriacus, attacked by Trialeurodes vaporariorum. On cucumber and capsicum plants infested respectively by Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri was established after spontaneously entering an experimental glasshouse. Some trials were carried out with the polyphagous bug Podisus maculiventris under laboratory conditions. It was able to use larvae of T. vaporariorum, M. persicae and A. gossypii as prey. On this basis, it seems quite promising to include this predator in IPM programmes as an additional bioagent against certain glasshouse pests during the autumn-winter-spring period.

Research on and use of biological methods of pest control in glasshouse crops in Poland

In 1966/1967, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and the hymenopteran parasite Encarsia formosa were introduced into Poland. This introduction led to extensive research on the principles and practical use of biological and integrated programmes of pest control in glasshouse crops. Additional species were later introduced (Macrolophus costalis, Amblyseius mckenziei, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Cycloneda limbifer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri), and research was also undertaken on local species such as Aphidoletes aphidimyza and Aphidius matricariae. At present, after 25 years of research, modem and effective mass rearing of natural enemies has been organized, and they are applied over 600 ha of glasshouse crops. For correct development of biological methods in glasshouses, new introductions, research, and mass rearing of new species are necessary.

The impact of the predator, Cryptolaemus Montrouzieri Mulsant, on pesticide-resistant populations of the striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) on guava in India

The striped mealybug, Ferrista virgata (Ckll.) has become a very serious pest of guava in India. Since the insecticides are ineffective, an attempt was made to suppress F. virgata with an introduced coccinellid, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant C. montrouzieri and other local natural enemies especially Aenasius advena Comp. and Scymnus coccivora Ayyar effectively controlled F. virgata in guava orchards.

Pesticide side-effects on arthropod natural enemies: A database summary

The literature on pesticide side-effects on arthropod natural enemies has greatly expanded since the 1950s. A database (SELCTV) of this literature has been developed for characterization, analysis and use in decision-making for pest control and environmental impact assessment. Currently, the database holds some 12 600 records containing pesticide side-effects information for over 600 species of natural enemies and 400 agricultural chemicals. Each database record is composed of 40 fields. A record includes information on the natural enemy species tested, the chemical pesticide and its attributes, the conditions of pesticide exposure and associated natural enemy response, and the literature source of the information. In addition to characterizing the literature, all pesticide/natural enemy response data were translated to a scale ranging from 1 (0% effect) to 5 (90–100% effect). Lethal and sublethal effects are presented for many species, pesticide and test method data groupings. Some general trends from the database are that predators are less susceptible and more variable in response to pesticides than parasitoids. Some species very tolerant to pesticides are the spider, Lycosa pseudoannulata, the coccinellid, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, and the chrysopid, Chrysopa carnea. Insecticides are the most toxic pesticide class to predators and parasitoids, followed by herbicides, acaricides and fungicides, respectively. Among insecticide classes, a trend of increasing toxicity to natural enemies is present from the early inorganics to the synthetic pyrethroids. More recent microbials and insect growth regulators seem less toxic and more selective. Differences in the susceptibility trends among pests, predators and parasitoids are discussed.

Residual Toxicity Following Dilute or Low-Volume Applications of Insecticides Used for Control of California Red Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) to Four Beneficial Species in a Citrus Agroecosystem

Impact of field-weathered residues of four pesticides (carbonyl, chlorpyrifos, mediation, and parathion) applied as either low-volume or dilute treatments was evaluated for four beneficial species ( Phylis felines detach, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Multan, Eugenius stipulates Athias-Henriot, and Metaphycus hellholes (Compeer)). Chemical assays indicated generally rapid dissipation of materials (9- to 150- fold decrease in 7 d). In general, low-volume applications resulted in greater pesticide residue levels and greater natural enemy mortality than did dilute treatments. Of the four species evaluated, C. montrouzieri was the least affected by residues; only carbonyl caused high initial mortality. For the remaining three species, mortality dropped below 50% after 3 d for dilute treatments and after 3-27 d for low-volume applications.

Effect of Low Holding Temperature During Pupal Instar on Adult Emergence, Pre-Oviposition and Fecundity of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera)

The effect of exposing 1, 3 and 5 days old pupae to 10°C for periods of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days on the emergence, pre-oviposition and fecundity of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant was studied. The emergence was delayed significantly when 1 and 3 days old pupae were subjected to 10°C for 28 days when compared to 5 days old pupae. The initiation of oviposition was delayed with the prolongation of holding time. The fecundity of females emerging from 5 days old pupae subjected to 10°C for 21 days was found to be significantly higher than in any other treatment.

Effects of temperature and host-plant on regulation of glasshouse mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) populations by introduced parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

AbstractIntroduction of parasitoids gave improved biological control of Planococcus citri (Risso) in a large glasshouse stocked with a variety of ornamental plants, supplementing that achieved by the predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant. Following parasitoid release, there was evidence of pest population regulation on guava and coffee bushes with reduced and stabilized mealybug numbers and stable percentage parasitism. The mean temperature during one sampling period was significantly correlated with the percentage parasitism two months later, indicating that temperature has a major impact on parasitoid efficiency. Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) was responsible for about 90% of the parasitism observed; the remainder was by Leptomastix dactylopii Howard. The effects of supplementary inoculative releases of Leptomastidea abnormis were variable, but resulted in increased percentage parasitism only when the number released contributed significantly to those already established. No evidence of pest population regulation was found on Aristolochia or Passiflora vines nor on potted Gesneriaceae plants of the genera Streptocarpus and Saintpaulia. Peak mealybug populations on these last plants coincided with periods of new growth, fruiting or flowering. Host-plant quality thus seems to be a major factor inducing mealybug outbreaks.

Field Evaluation of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muts. in the Suppression of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) on Grapevine

The coccinellid predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Muls.) was multiplied in large numbers and adult beetles were released against Maconellicoccus hirsutus in three localities in Karnataka. The release of predatory beetles gave excellent control of the grape mealybug within 75 days.

ANAGYRUS SACCHARICOLA TIMBERLAKE (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE) AND OTHER BIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH SACCHARICOCCUS SACCHARI (COCKERELL) (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) IN AUSTRALIA

AbstractThe encyrtid parasite Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake was introduced into Australia from Hawaii in 1953 as a biological control agent of Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell), the pink sugarcane mealybug, but was believed not to have become established. However, a recent survey has shown it to be widespread in the principal sugarcane growing areas of Queensland and New South Wales. Other natural enemies of S. sacchari include the fungus Aspergillus parasiticus Spear and the insect predators, Cacoxenus perspicax (Knab), Coccodiplosis sp., Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and Oplobates woodwardi Gross. S. sacchari was attended by the ants Paratrechina probably vaga (Forel), P. prob. bourbonica (Forel), Camponotus prob. chloroticus Emery, Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander), Pheidole megacephala (F.) and Iridomyrmex sp.

Residual Toxicity of Acaricides to Three Beneficial Species on California Citrus

Impacts of field-weathered residues of nine acaricides (amitraz, avermectin + oil, chlorobenzilate + oil, cyhexatin, dicofol, fenbutatin-oxide, oil, oxythioquinox, and propargite) on survival of selected beneficial arthropods of citrus ( Aphytis melinus DeBach, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, and Euseius stipulatus Athias-Henriot) were evaluated in two field trials. Concurrent with bioassays, foliar residue analyses were performed and were correlated with mortality. With the exception of moderate (causing amitraz > oxythioquinox > cyhexatin > chlorobenzilate + oil > propargite (least persistently toxic).

Toxicity of different fungicides to adult Cryptolaemus montrouzieri mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Toxicity and persistence of eight fungicides (carbendazim, tridemorph, mancozeb, captafol, triadimefon, Bordeaux mixture, sulphur w.p. and sulphur dust) to Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant adults was assessed by calculating the median lethal time (LT) values in days, following probit analysis. While tridemorph 0·05% was the safest, triadimefon 0·05% was most toxic with greater persistence. Hence the spraying of tridemorph 0·05% and the release of the predator could be simultaneous.

Residual toxicity of different insecticides to the adultCryptolaemus montrouzieriMulsant (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera)

Abstract Studies on the toxicity and persistence of eight insecticides and one acaricide to adult Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant are presented. Dichlorvos 0.1% was found to be the safest insecticide; synthetic pyrethroids were highly toxic and more persistent The adults of the predator exhibited toxicity to dicofol, an acaricide. Hence, the spray of dichlorvos 0.1% can be integrated with the release of the predator. The safety of the insecticides was assessed by calculating the median lethal time (LT) values in days following probit analysis.

The identity and distribution of the genus Maconellicoccus Ezzat (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in africa

AbstractSince Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), a pest of many plants including Hibiscus, was introduced into Egypt in 1908, probably from the Oriental Region, it has spread to much of tropical Africa. There is little information available on its control, but the encyrtid Anagyrus kamali Moursi is known to give good control in Egypt. The ladybird Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant is a voracious feeder on M. hirsutus in Egypt, but it does not survive the Egyptian winter, although it may be useful in the tropical areas. M. perforatus (De Lotto) is synonymized with M. hirsutus, and the distribution and host-plants of this species in Africa are discussed. A lectotype is designated for M. ugandae (Laing), a species now known to occur throughout tropical Africa, especially on coffee and cocoa. It is illustrated and redescribed and compared with M. hirsutus. M. bardus De Lotto, known from South Africa only, is excluded from the study because it probably belongs to the genus Chorizococcus.

Technique for Evaluating Residual Toxicity of Pesticides to Motile Insects

A-general method useful in evaluating residual toxicity of pesticides to motile arthropod species while minimizing pesticide fumigation effects is described. Data obtained using the method are presented. Both the pesticide tolerance to acephate and longevity are compared for adults of the citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton); Aphytis melinus DeBach, an aphelinid parasitoid; and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, a coccinellid predator.

Residual Toxicity of Four Insecticides Used for Control of Citrus Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Three Beneficial Species in a Citrus Agroecosystem

Impact of field residues of four insecticides (acephate, dimethoate, formetanate hydrochloride and sabadilla) commonly used in California for control of citrus thrips ( Scirtothrips citri ) was evaluated for three species of natural enemies ( Aphytis melinus, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri , and Euseius stipulatus ) that are important biological control agents on citrus. Foliage samples were collected at regular intervals from pesticide-sprayed trees, and analyses for toxic extracuticular residues and bioassays for 48-h acute effects were performed. Of the three species tested, E. stipulatus appeared the most susceptible and C. montrouzieri the least susceptible. Acephate had the longest residual impact on A. melinus and C. montrouzieri; formetanate had the longest impact on E. stipulatus . Mortalities in the dimethoate treatment occurred for a shorter period of time than in the acephate treatment for all species. A. melinus mortalities in the formetanate treatment were similar to those in the dimethoate treatment Mortalities of C. montrouzieri in the formetanate treatment were very low. Sabadilla residues showed little toxicity to the species tested.

Influence of pyrethroid ester, oxime ether, and other central linkages on insecticidal activity, hydrolytic detoxification, and physicochemical parameters

The relative potency to target and nontarget insects of ester pyrethroids and the analogous oxime ethers, and the degree of synergism of the esters with tributyl phosphorotrithioate, provide a useful guide to the importance of esterase detoxification in species specificity. These criteria indicate that esterase detoxification is a more important component of pyrethroid tolerance in Chrysopa carnea and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri larvae than in Exochomus flavipis larvae and Musca domestica adults. Studies with 3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-cyclopropylacetate and the corresponding 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl ester, their oxime ether analogs, and permethrin and its thiol ester and amide analogs provide evidence that the high insecticidal activity of some ester and E-oxime ether pyrethroids, relative to that of the corresponding thiol ester and amide, is more closely associated with the dipole moment and polarizability of the central linkage and its resistance to esterase detoxification than with bond lengths or lipophilicities conferred by a specific linkage. Pentafluorobenzyl tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate is very effective in the vapor state for house fly control.

Effect of Pesticide Residues on the Natural Enemies of Citrus Mealybug12

The toxic residual activities of four pesticides, phosmet, carbaryl, diazinon and dimethoate, were tested against natural enemies of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso). Species tested included four parasites, Pauridia peregrina Timberlake, Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault), Leptomastix dactylopii Howard, and Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault), and two predators, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and Sympherobius barberi (Banks). These natural enemies were exposed 24 h to pesticide residues on leaves of commercially treated citrus at intervals of 1, 9, 16, 23, and 30 days posttreatment to determine their susceptibility to and the persistence of toxic residues. Phosmet and carbaryl had significantly high toxic residual activity up to 30 days posttreatment against the majority of natural enemies tested. Diazinon and dimethoate toxic residue activity decreased significantly in 9 days against the majority of species tested.

Defensive alkaloids of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)

The chemical defensive system of the ladybird Cryptolaemus montrouzieri consists mainly of three related alkaloids. Two of these have been identified as cis-1-(6-methyl-2-piperidyl)propan-2-one (3) and 1-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3,3,1]nonan-3-one (2); the third is very unstable and readily isomerizes to (3).