Cryomodule Research Articles

Loss of insulation vacuum tests on an EuXFEL cryomodule

Many Free Electron Lasers (FEL) are nowadays based on linear superconducting accelerators (linacs). The typical layout of such a linac consists of a number of cryomodules (CMs) arranged in strings. Each cryogenic circuit in a string is protected by safety valves (SVs) in case of failure of the system or a catastrophic event. A typical worst-case scenario considers the venting of the insulation vacuum, causing a fast and uncontrolled warm up of the cryogenic circuits. Such venting can for example take place across a pump port belonging to a string. The amount of heat deposited on each circuit is a very important parameter to correctly size the safety devices.This paper describes the tests performed at DESY on an EuXFEL cryomodule to evaluate the heat input to the three cryogenic circuits of the CM while venting the insulation vacuum. Test results are given with a particular focus of their application to long strings.

Submacropulse electron-beam dynamics correlated with higher-order modes in a Tesla-type cryomodule

Experiments were performed at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility to elucidate the effects of long-range wakefields (LRWs) in TESLA-type superconducting rf cavities. In particular, we investigated the higher-order modes (HOMs) generated in the eight cavities of a cryomodule (CM) due to off-axis steering with correctors located ~4 m upstream of the CM. We have observed correlated submacropulse centroid slews of a few-hundred microns and centroid oscillations at ~240 kHz in the rf BPM data after the CM. The entrance energy into the CM was 25 MeV, and the exit energy was 100 MeV with 125 pC/b and 400 pC/b in 50-bunch pulse trains. These experimental results were evaluated for machine learning training aspects which will be used to inform the commissioning plan for the Linac Coherent Light Source-II injector CM.

Online Detuning Computation and Quench Detection for Superconducting Resonators

Superconducting cavities are responsible for beam acceleration in superconducting linear accelerators. Challenging cavity control specifications are necessary to reduce radio frequency (RF) costs and to maximize the availability of the accelerator. Cavity detuning and bandwidth are two critical parameters to monitor when operating particle accelerators. Cavity detuning is strongly related to the power required to generate the desired accelerating gradient. Cavity bandwidth is related to the cavity RF losses. A sudden increase in bandwidth can indicate the presence of a quench or multipacting event. Therefore, calculating these parameters in real time in the low-level RF (LLRF) system is highly desirable. A real-time estimation of the bandwidth allows for a faster response of the machine protection system in the case of quench events, whereas the estimation of cavity detuning can be used to drive piezoelectric tuner-based resonance control algorithms. In this article, a new field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based estimation component is presented. Such a component is designed to be used either in continuous wave (CW) or pulsed operation mode with loaded quality factors between $10^{6}$ and $10^{8}$ . Results of this component with free-electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH), European X-ray free electron laser (EuXFEL), cryo module test bench (CMTB), and electron linac for beams with high brilliance and low emittance (ELBE) are presented.

A multilevel finite element-multibody approach to design the suspension system for the road transportation of SSR1 cryomodule

Cryomodules (CM) represents edge-frontier assemblies in particle physics research field. The road transportation of CM is a critical phase during which the structures can be subjected to significant dynamic loads. It is therefore necessary to design a Transportation Tool (TT) equipped with an appropriate suspension system. This work describes the approach adopted for the design of the TT for the CM PIP-II SSR1 (Proton Improvement Plan-II – Single Spoke Resonators 1), which is firstly introduced in the CM research field. Initially a Finite Element (FE) model was developed, considering the main sub-assemblies of the CM. However, this model was not suitable for the design of the TT due to the high computational burden. For this reason the model was exported as a Modal Neutral File and imported into a MultiBody software (MB) where the remaining components were modeled as concentrated stiffnesses or rigid bodies. The MB model thus obtained has drastically reduced the calculation time, proving to be fundamental in the TT iterative design phase, which involves the use of Helical Isolators (HI) performing the function of mechanical filters. To validate the effectiveness of TT in reducing dynamic loads, a 3D acceleration profile measured during the transport of a similar cryomodule (Linear Coherent Light Source II, LCLS-II) was used. Furthermore, the results of the MB model were used to perform the structural verification of some critical components of the CM.

The dynamic synthesis time-lag control for the 1.3 GHz LCLS-II Cryomodule test at Fermilab

The 1.3GHz LCLS-II Cryomodule (CM) has 8 cavities and each cavity has 9 RF cells and 80W heater. The 1.3GHz LCLS-II CM is 12.2-meter-long and contains a total 241.3 liters (equivalent liquid) of liquid helium, which is filling up by the 4KW@2.0K cryogenic plant at the Fermilab Cryomodule Test Facility (CMTF). The dynamic synthesis 2K cryogenic control system is built to control the long time-lag, unstable CM cryogenic system, under different modes operations. A report on the results obtained from the dynamic synthesis long time-lag control in the CMTF 1.3GHz CM test will be presented.

The application of CorrSight\u2122 in correlative light and electron microscopy of vitrified biological specimens

Correlative light and electron microscopy is a powerful technique for identification and determination of the structures of interested macromolecules in situ. Combined with sample vitrification, it would be much easier to preserve the native state of macromolecule complexes and distinguish them from the crowded structure environment. In this article, we present a detailed process for the application of the CorrSight system, a light microscope equipped with a cryo module, in combination with a cryo-electron microscope. A relatively long course of up to 7–8 h for cryo module preparation and multichannel light microscopy imaging of vitrified specimen can be sustained. Correlation of light and electron microscopy images at both grid levels to locate squares and square level to locate target particles, and verification of target particles can be performed with the help of AutoEMation software. Cryo-electron tomography is used for obtaining the three-dimensional structure information.

Thermodynamic Analyses of the LCLS-II Cryogenic Distribution System

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) is in the process of being upgraded to a superconducting radio frequency (SRF) accelerator and renamed LCLS-II. This upgrade requires thirty five 1.3 GHz SRF cryomodules (CM) and two 3.9 GHz CM. A cryogenic distribution system (CDS) is in development by Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory to interconnect the CM Linac with the cryogenic plant (CP). The CDS design utilizes cryogenic helium to support the CM operations with a high temperature thermal shield around 55 K, a low temperature thermal intercepts around 5 K, and a SRF cavity liquid helium supply and subatmospheric vapor return both around 2 K. Additionally the design must accommodate a Linac consisting of two parallel cryogenic strings, supported by two independent CP utilizing CDS components such as distribution boxes, transfer lines, feed caps and endcaps. The paper describes the overall layout of the cryogenic distribution system and the major thermodynamic factors which influence the CDS design including heat loads, pressure drops, temperature profiles, and pressure relieving requirements. In addition the paper describes how the models are created to perform the analyses.

A superconducting CW-LINAC for heavy ion acceleration at GSI

Recently the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) serves as a powerful high duty factor (25%) heavy ion beam accelerator for the ambitious experiment program at GSI. Beam time availability for SHE (Super Heavy Element)-research will be decreased due to the limitation of the UNILAC providing Uranium beams with an extremely high peak current for FAIR simultaneously. To keep the GSI-SHE program competitive on a high level and even beyond, a standalone superconducting continuous wave (100% duty factor) LINAC in combination with the upgraded GSI High Charge State injector is envisaged. In preparation for this, the first LINAC section (financed by HIM and GSI) will be tested with beam in 2017, demonstrating the future experimental capabilities. Further on the construction of an extended cryo module comprising two shorter Crossbar-H cavities is foreseen to test until end of 2017. As a final R&D step towards an entire LINAC three advanced cryo modules, each comprising two CH cavities, should be built until 2019, serving for first user experiments at the Coulomb barrier.

Physics design of the CIADS 25 MeV demo facility

A superconducting linac has been proposed and under constructed to demonstrate the key technology and the feasibility for CIADS(China Initiative Accelerator Driven System)linac. This linac will accelerate the 10mA proton beam to 25MeV. There are some challenges in the physics design for the high power superconducting accelerator. In this paper, we focus on the matching between different cryomodules (CMs) and the frequency jump. This paper presents the physics design study together with the design principles and the simulation results with machine errors.

RF heat load compensation with electrical heater for XFEL accelerator - measurements at CMTB, AMTF and FLASH

A superconducting linac will provide electron bunches of 17.5 GeV beam energy for the operation of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) at DESY. 800 superconducting niobium 1.3 GHz nine cell cavities and 100 superconducting magnet packages will be cooled in a liquid helium II cooling bath at 2.0K temperature. Liquid helium II bath cooling at 2.0K is established by means of a 4 stages cold compressor system. For the stable operation of cold compressors sudden load changes should be avoided. Electrical heaters in the helium II bath will compensate dynamic heat load changes caused by the radio frequency (RF) operation of the cavities in the XFEL linac. The complementary load operation of electrical heaters is studied at the existing facilities at DESY. Measurements performed at Cryo Module Test Bench (CMTB), Accelerator Module Test Facility (AMTF) and FLASH accelerator are reported.

Coupler induced transverse kick and emittance growth in single cell elliptical cavities of 10 MeV superconducting electron linac injector

A Capture Cryo Module (CCM) consisting of two single cell 1.3 GHz, β = 1, niobium cavities is being developed for the superconducting electron linac injector at VECC. Electron beam of 100 keV and 2 mA from a thermionic gun will be accelerated in the CCM and thereafter in an Injector Cryo Module (ICM) to 10 MeV. Single cell cavities in the CCM are independently phased and a coaxial TTF-III coupler is chosen for rf power coupling into each cavity. The presence of the coupler perturbs the field symmetry of the cavity introducing local transverse kicks to the incoming electron beam in the coupler region. Numerical analysis taking into account the changing velocity profile as well as the off-axis field seen by the electron as it moves through the cavities has been carried out for estimating the kick. The variation of the kick with longitudinal position of electrons in the beam bunch introduces transverse emittance growth. This has been calculated using the field seen by the electron. The analytical calculations are compared with results from particle tracking with simulated 3D fields. It is found that coupler induced kick does not appreciably change the emittance values at 10 MeV.

Design, Project Execution, and Commissioning of the 1.8 K Superfluid Helium Refrigeration System for SRF Cryomodule Testing

The Fermilab Cryomodule Test Facility (CMTF) provides a test bed to measure the performance of superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cryomodules (CM). These SRF components form the basic building blocks of future high intensity accelerators such as the International Linear Collider (ILC) and a Muon Collider. Linde Kryotechnik AG and Linde Cryogenics have designed, constructed and commissioned the superfluid helium refrigerator needed to support SRF component testing at the CMTF Facility. The hybrid refrigerator is designed to operate in a variety of modes and under a wide range of boundary conditions down to 1.8 Kelvin set by CM design. Special features of the refrigerator include the use of warm and cold compression and high efficiency turbo expanders.This paper gives an overview on the wide range of the challenging cooling requirements, the design, fabrication and the commissioning of the installed cryogenic system.

Thermal performance analysis and measurements of the prototype cryomodules of European XFEL accelerator—Part II

Three accelerator prototype cryomodules (CMs) for the European XFEL have been produced, assembled and tested at DESY in a wide international collaboration. The heat load budget is a key element in the qualification of these CMs. We describe in this paper the measurements performed in the Cryomodule test bench (CMTB) to evaluate the thermal performances of the three prototype CMs. We present at first the methodology and instrumentation used for the measurements, then we analyse the main contributions to the heat loads at various temperature levels and finally we compare the measured values with the ones calculated and reported in the first part of this paper.

Thermal performance analysis and measurements of the prototype cryomodules of European XFEL accelerator - part I

The European X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL), the research facility currently under construction in the Hamburg area, Germany, is based on a superconducting linear accelerator that brings electrons to almost the speed of light. The linear accelerator consists of 100 accelerating cryomodules (CMs) operating at the temperature of 2K. The thermal performances of the accelerator CMs are a key element to determine the heat load budget, the required capacity and the cost of the XFEL refrigerating system and to guarantee its efficient operation. The measurement of the thermal performances of the CMs is also an important step in the qualification of the CMs during the series production.This paper describes the thermal performance analysis of the European XFEL prototype cryomodules. The analysis takes into account all the main contributors (multilayer insulation, current leads, power couplers, support posts, and cavities) to the static and dynamic heat loads at various cryogenic temperature levels.Existing empirical databases are reviewed and used to evaluate the heat transfer through the multilayer insulation and numerical simulations are developed to investigate the heat loads generated from the different CM components.

ESS accelerator cryogenic plant

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a neutron-scattering facility being built with extensive international collaboration at Lund, Sweden. The ESS accelerator will deliver protons with 5 MW of power to the target at 2.5 GeV, with a nominal current of 50 mA. The superconducting section of the ESS accelerator consists of a total of 208 SRF cavities in cryomodules (CMs) cooled with superfluid helium to 2 K. The CM contains one thermal radiation shield operating from 40 to 50 K. Additionally, 4.5-K gas helium is used to provide forced cooling to the fundamental power couplers for the cavities. The cryogenic cooling for these CMs is provided by one cryogenic plant connected to CMs via a cryogenic distribution line. This article describes the requirements and preliminary design decisions for the ESS accelerator cryoplant. The expected capacity, temperature levels and operating modes are given. Design choices to address important issues of turn-down capability, high availability, and timely restart after plant trips are discussed. Procurement options and schedules are described.

The ANURIB project at VECC – Plans and preparations

VECC is planning to develop a rare ion beam facility called ANURIB1ANU stands for “Atom in Sanskrit”.1 (Advanced National facility for Unstable and Rare Isotope Beams) at the upcoming new campus at New Town in Kolkata. ANURIB aims to attract a wide user community in nuclear physics, nuclear-astrophysics, material science and biology and will provide India with world class accelerator facilities. ANURIB will be built around a 50MeV 100kW superconducting electron linac (e-Linac) photo-fission driver and is planned to be a combined ISOL and PFS type facility. Construction of the facility will also enable next generation research into production of medical isotopes.In preparation for ANURIB, a low energy ISOL type facility has been built around the existing K130 cyclotron at VECC. Developed for the past decade, this facility was aimed at completing major R&D steps involved in the construction of ANURIB. Presently this facility accelerates beams up to energy of 415keV/u and recently first radioactive beams have been produced. Development of a 10MeV Injector Cryo Module for the e-Linac has been started in collaboration with TRIUMF. In this paper the plans for ANURIB project and present status of the R&D activities will be presented.