Crustal Features Research Articles

Heat Transfer Analysis of Copper Stave in Blast Furnace Based on Slag Crust Characteristics

As a protective layer for the copper stave in the blast furnace, the characteristics of the slag crust have a non‐negligible influence on the heat transfer of the copper stave. Combined with the characteristics of slag crust thermal conductivity, flowing temperature, and thickness, the influence of slag crust on heat transfer from copper stave under different operating conditions is investigated, and the potential of slag crust thickness regulation to reduce carbon consumption in blast furnaces is assessed. It is found that the slag crust thicknesses calculated by the model are consistent with the range of thicknesses of the actual slag crust samples, validating the correctness of the model. To ensure the operational safety of the copper stave, in the actual production process of the blast furnace, the slag crust thickness should be controlled between 30 and 60 mm, and the corresponding thermocouple temperatures, water velocities, and heat flux intervals are calculated. In addition, when the slag crust thickness is increased from 10 to 30 mm, the 2650 m3 blast furnace can reduce the coke ratio by a maximum of about 14 kg t−1.

Age and origin of Bereinsky complex Granitoids of Kamensky Terrane of the Monghol-Okhotsk orogenic belt: results of U-Pb (ID tims) geochronological and Sm-Nd isotope-geochemical research

Dating of magmatic rocks from paleo-island arcs of orogenic belts helps to define the precise timing of subduction processes that took place during the formation of the orogen. Within the central (East Trans-Baikal) part of the Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt, the Kamensk island-arc terrane is an example of such paleo-island-arc complex. Its intrusive part is included into the Bereinsky complex, represented by a gabbro-diorite-tonalite-plagiogranite series of rocks demonstrating subduction geochemical characteristics. The dating of zircons from acidic rocks of this complex by the U–Pb classical method showed that they were produced in a narrow time interval – 203±1–205±1 Ma, which corresponds to Norian/Rhaetian boundary of the Late Triassic. Taking into account the previously obtained age of the diorites (254±5 Ma), the timing of formation of the entire series of intrusive rocks is about 50 Ma, thus indicating in the Late Permian – Late Triassic the subduction along the northern (in modern coordinates) margin of the Mongol-Okhotsk Paleocean beneath the Siberian paleocontinent. Diorites of the first phase have positive values ɛND(254MA) = 3.2–3.6 (TNd(DM) = 879–994 Ma), and plagiogranites – ɛND(205MA) = 2.3–3.5 (TNd(DM) = 859–1028 Ma), which points to the connection of these rocks with the substance of the depleted mantle source and is consistent with the Sm-Nd isotope characteristics of the juvenile crust of the Central Asian orogenic belt. This study was supported by Russian Science Foundation, grant no. 22-27-00775. The resources of the Shared Use Center for Isotope-Geochemical Research (Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk) were used in this work.

Reduction of oil absorption and acrylamide content in banana slices by infrared frying

AbstractBackgroundThe crust characteristics of fried crisps determine their oil absorption. Starch structures, as the main components of fried starchy fruits and vegetables, influence their crust formation and properties. This study investigated the reduction of oil uptake and acrylamide content in infrared‐fried (IF) banana slices by modifying starch structures at varying infrared power levels.ResultsInfrared heating improved heat transfer and surface moisture removal in fried banana slices. It facilitated crust formation in the IF samples and produced increased crust uniformity, crust ratio, and hardness. Analysis of the porous properties showed that the volume fraction of pores sized 100–250 μm was reduced in IF samples but the proportion of pores with a diameter ranging from 0.02 to 10 μm was increased. Infrared frying reduced the total oil uptake, surface oil, and structural oil content in banana slices, and each of these measures decreased as infrared power levels increased. Characterization of the starch structures suggested that the damage to the crystalline structure was increased in IF samples and more starch‐lipid complexes were generated, which would be responsible for the formation of a denser and thicker crust. The acrylamide content in the IF sample was reduced, as determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS).ConclusionModifications to starch structures (crystalline structures and chemical structures) play a crucial role in oil absorption in fried starchy fruits and vegetables. Infrared frying can be used as an alternative method to produce low‐fat fruits and vegetable crisps with reduced acrylamide content. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Electrical architecture across the Ridge-Fault structure in the seismically active Jind-Rohtak-Delhi regions, NW India: Imaged from magnetotellurics studies

The Delhi region is principally seismically active in the process of the India-Asia collision. Therefore, broadband Magnetotelluric (MT) studies were carried out at 11 stations along NW-SE profile passing through Jind-Rohtak regions. The rotation of the impedance tensor showed a regional strike angle of N8oW, and phase tensor response approximate the 2-D structure. Therefore, electrical crustal structure was obtained from joint TE- and TM-modes data using a 2-D nonlinear conjugate gradient algorithm. The outcomes showed a ∼300 m thick sediments layer with conductivity ∼1 Ω-m beneath the entire profile, and conductor C2 revealed in the upper crust that joins the surface conductive layer. The conductors C1 and C3 are crustal features associated with Lahore-Delhi Ridge (LDR) and Delhi-Haridwar Ridge (DHR), respectively. The NNE-SSW trending Mahendragarh-Dehradun Fault (MDF) parallel to the DHR is suggested northwest dipping. The high conductivity supports the source of serpentine minerals in the lower crust. Our inference that the two ridges may be connected in the lower crust in the study region, and suggesting a triple junction. The fault zone tectonically associated with Himalayan arc, seismicity in the region occurs due to the movement of deep-seated heat in the process subduction. The surface conductive layer is attributed to Pleistocene age alluvium materials (silts and clays), and conductors are interpreted the partial melt or fluids that migrate upward through the pathway.

Reduced fat content of fried batter-breaded fish nuggets by adding dietary fibers: Insight into wheat starch and gluten conformations, fiber properties and anti-fat absorption capacities

Dietary fibers with excellent processing characteristics and water-holding capacity garnered significant attention in low-fat fried products manufacturing, but further research is lacking to elucidate fat reduction mechanisms. Three dietary fibers were added to the batter of fried batter-breaded fish nuggets, the increased maximum wavelength, fluorescence intensity, surface hydrophobicity value, and S-S/free-SH ratio revealed the enhanced exposure and interaction of hydrophobic groups within gluten. Conversion from both -SH into S-S bonds, and α-helix into β-turn confirmed the establishment of the gluten gel network and a substantially increased gel strength. X-ray diffraction demonstrated the inhibition of amylose-lipid complex formation due to the competitive amylose binding to dietary fiber. Finally, reduced oil effects were evident in surface and penetrated oil contents and oil distribution fluorescence diagram. The work clarified the interactions among dietary fiber, wheat starch and gluten, indicating the composite gel network formation and the crust characteristics alterations, ultimately inhibiting oil penetration.

Distribution characteristics of soil crusts under two kinds of aerial seeding plants in the northeastern margin of Tengger Desert

In order to explore the effects of two plants on the spatial distribution and nutrient distribution of crusts in different directions and distances after 30 years of aerial seeding, as well as the relationship between crust thickness and nutrient content, this paper takes the aerial seeding afforestation area in the northeastern margin of Tengger Desert as the research area, and the crusts under the plants of Hedysarum scoparium and Calligonum mongolicum as the research objects. The distribution of crust thickness and nutrients was analyzed, and the relationship between them was constructed. The thickness of the crust of H. scoparium and C. mongolicum was the largest in the southeast direction and the smallest in the northwest direction. With increasing distance from the plant, it shows a significant decreasing trend. The crust thickness of H. scoparium was higher than that of C. mongolicum. The nutrient indexes in the southeast direction of the crust of H. scoparium and C. mongolicum were significantly higher than those in the northwest direction; With the increase of the distance from the root of the plant, the nutrient content showed a significant decreasing trend. The contents of organic matter and available nitrogen in the crust of C. mongolicum were higher than those of H. scoparium, and the contents of available potassium and available phosphorus were lower than those of H. scoparium. The trend of nutrient enrichment rate of the crusts of the two plants was consistent with the trend of nutrient distribution. There was a significant positive correlation between the crust thickness and nutrients in the four directions under C. mongolicum. There was a significant positive correlation between the crust thickness and nutrients in the southwest direction under H. scoparium. The changes of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter content in the crust under H. scoparium can explain 52.5% of the change of its thickness. The changes of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter content in the crust under C. mongolicum can explain 78.5% of the change of its thickness. After 30 years of aerial seeding in Tengger Desert, the thickness and nutrients of the crust in the southeast direction of H. scoparium and C. mongolicum were significantly higher than those in the northwest direction and showed a decreasing trend with the increase of distance from the root of the plant. There was a positive correlation between crust nutrient and thickness.

The Impact of Ambon Banana (Musa Accuminata Colla) Puree Addition to Banana Bread Making on Physical Quality and Consumer Acceptance

The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the addition of ambon banana puree in banana bread on physical quality and consumer acceptance. The method used was an experimental method with three types of treatments, namely banana bread adding 25%, 50%, and 75% ambon banana puree, conducted at the Pastry & Bakery Laboratory of Culinary Art Education, State University of Jakarta. The validity test was conducted using the organoleptic test to five lecturers of Culinary Art Education, State University of Jakarta, consisting of four external aspects and eight internal aspects, showing that banana bread adding 25% and 50% ambon banana puree excelled in various aspects. The physical quality test was conducted by measuring the volume of each product for three repetitions. The test results using the ANOVA test showed that there was no impact of the addition of banana puree on the quality of bread volume. The consumer acceptance test was conducted using the Friedman test, and data collection was done using the hedonic test for 30 panelists. The Friedman test results showed that there was an impact of the addition of ambon banana puree in banana bread on consumer acceptance in the aspects of volume, skin color, bread crust, skin characteristics, crumb color, crumb pores, crumb texture, and chewing quality. Furthermore, the results of Tuckey's test showed that banana bread adding 25% ambon banana puree was most preferred in terms of volume and chewing quality, banana bread adding 25% and 50% ambon banana puree was most preferred in terms of bread crust color, bread crust thickness, bread crust characteristics, crumb color, crumb pores, and crumb texture. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that banana bread add 50% of banana puree products for further utilization of banana ambon.

Igneous Diversity of the Early Martian Crust

Mars missions and Martian meteorites revealed how complex the Martian crust is. The occurrence of both alkaline and sub-alkaline igneous rocks of Noachian age (>3.7 Ga) in Gale crater indicates diverse magmatic processes, with sub-alkaline rocks likely formed through the partial melting of hydrous mafic rocks, as commonly observed on Earth. The orbital discovery of excavated evolved igneous rocks scattered in Noachian terrains raise questions about the petrology of the ancient Martian crust, long thought to be basaltic. A possibly evolved crust beneath a mafic cover is supported by geophysical and seismic measurements from the Insight lander that indicate the bulk crust has a lower density than expected if it were homogeneously basaltic. If localized magmatic processes could form evolved terrains, the detection of abundant intermediate to felsic Noachian crustal exposures through remote sensing suggest regional- to global-scale processes that produced evolved crustal component(s) that are now buried below mafic materials. Due to the lack of centimetric to millimetric textural imaging and compositional measurements, the petrology of such crust is ambiguous. Future orbiter, rover, and aerial missions should focus on Noachian exposed regions exhibiting evolved crustal characteristics to unfold the petrology of the Martian crust and its formation.

Eocene rhyolites in the Shanglaxiu-Xialaxiu area of north-eastern Qiangtang Block, Tibet: Partial melting of juvenile crust?

Many granitoids and their eruptive equivalents are substantially derived from the uppermost proportion of continental crust, and so their petrogenesis and source are significant in understanding the evolution and characteristics of continental crust. The Eocene felsic rocks in the Qiangtang block (central Tibet) commonly have enriched Nd isotope compositions and have been considered to be related to the recycling of ancient continental crustal material. In this paper we report new data on early Eocene felsic rocks with positive εNd(t) values in the northeastern Qiangtang block, which can be used to help understand Cenozoic evolution and characteristics of continental crust in the Qiangtang block. These rocks consist of rhyolites and occur in the Shanglaxiu and Xialaxiu areas in the north−eastern Qiangtang block. Zircon U−Pb dating yields ages of 47.8 ± 0.6 and 44.2 ± 0.7 Ma for the Shanglaxiu and Xialaxiu rhyolites, respectively, and so they represent the earliest record of Eocene magmatism in the Qiangtang block. The Shanglaxiu−Xialaxiu rhyolites have relatively low calculated zircon saturation temperatures (719–819 °C), along with high SiO2 (74.8–83.3 wt%) and K2O (5.1–7.8 wt%) contents, and low MgO (0.2–0.3 wt%), Cr and Ni contents. They are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs), Rb, K, Th, Zr, and Hf, and are depleted in Nb, Ta, Ti, Sr, and P, with moderately negative Eu anomalies. The Shanglaxiu rhyolites have positive whole−rock εNd(t) (0.3–0.4) and zircon εHf(t) (1.8–10.4), and variable zircon δ18O (6.3–7.3‰). The Xialaxiu rhyolites have slightly different whole−rock εNd(t) (−1.5 to −1.6), but similar zircon εHf(t) (2.2–7.7) and δ18O (6.7–7.2‰). We propose that the Shanglaxiu−Xialaxiu rhyolites were most probably generated by partial melting of the pre−existing juvenile crust with the addition of minor sedimentary material. This partial melting was possibly triggered by the south−dipping continental subduction of the Songpan−Ganzi block. The pre−existing juvenile crust was probably formed during the subduction of Paleo−Tethyan oceanic slab in Paleozoic−Early Mesozoic.

Comprehensive analysis of Chandrayaan-3 landing site region focussing on morphology, hydration and gravity anomalies

In this work, we performed a detailed characterization, of the inter-crater region around the Chandrayaan-3 landing site (LS) using remote sensing data sets obtained from Chandrayaan-2 and other missions. The regolith material at LS is mainly derived from the large craters such as Manzinus, Schomberger craters, etc. and the excavated ejecta of South Pole Aitkin (SPA) basin. The regional slope of the inter-crater plains is found to be <5°, and the local slope around LS to be <3° with minor variations in surrounding topographic relief, which affirms that the LS region is situated in topographic plains. The absolute model age of the LS region was found to be ∼3.94−0.04+0.03 Ga, indicating Nectarian age, and it is consistent with the published geological maps. Moreover, high-resolution images, rock abundance, night-time regolith anomaly temperature, and radar data suggest that the LS region is smooth at centimeter- to decimetre-scale and is devoid of wavelength-scale scatterers such as ground cracks, exposed surface rocks and meter sized boulders. Additionally, the estimated daytime temperature range, hydration abundance, and Water Equivalent Hydrogen near the LS were found to be on average < 290 K, <100 ppm, and ∼ 500 ppm, respectively. The regional crustal structure below the lunar South polar region, covering the LS, shows two prominent sub crustal features which may be related to the lobate scarps, including the one near to LS. The results obtained in this work could set up additional constraints to the observations obtained by instruments on board the Chandrayaan-3 mission. This work also acts as a pre-investment study from the point of view of future sample return missions of ISRO, in which one of the potential landing site could be the inter-crater plain surrounding the Chandrayaan-3 landing site.

An Overview on the Composition and Age of Upper Crust of Proto‐Tethyan Lajishan Intra‐oceanic Arc, NE Tibet Plateau

AbstractIdentification and anatomy of oceanic arcs within ancient orogenic belt are significant for better understanding the tectonic framework and closure process of paleo‐ocean basin. This article summarizes the geological, geochemical, and geochronological characteristics of upper crust of Proto‐Tethyan Lajishan intra‐oceanic arc and provides new data to constrain the subduction evolution of the South Qilian Ocean. The intra‐oceanic arc volcanic rocks, including intermediate–mafic lava, breccia, tuff, and minor felsic rocks, are distributed along southern part of the Lajishan ophiolite belt. Geochemical and isotopic compositions indicate that the intermediate–mafic lava were originated from depleted mantle contaminated by sediment melts or hydrous fluids, whereas the felsic rocks were likely generated by partial melting of juvenile mafic crust in intra‐oceanic arc setting. Zircons from felsic rocks yield consistent and concordant ages ranging from 506 to 523 Ma, suggesting these volcanic rocks represent the relicts of upper crust of the Cambrian intra‐oceanic arc. Combined with the Cambrian forearc ophiolite and accretionary complex, we suggest that the Cambrian intra‐oceanic arc in the Lajishan ophiolite belt is belonging to the intra‐oceanic arc system which was generated by south‐directed subduction in the South Qilian Ocean at a relatively short interval between approximately 530 and 480 Ma.

Impact of Ancient Tectonics on Intracontinental Deformation Partitioning: Insights From Crustal Structures of the East Junggar‐Altai Area

AbstractCompressive stress generated at collision fronts can propagate over long distances, inducing deformation within the continent's interior. Nevertheless, the factors governing the partitioning of intracontinental deformation remain enigmatic. The Altai Mountains serve as a type‐example of ongoing intracontinental deformation. Here, we investigate the crustal architecture of the Chinese Altai Mountains, using receiver functions obtained from newly deployed dense seismic nodal arrays. The new seismic results reveal distinct crustal features, including (a) a negative polarity discontinuity beneath Chinese Altai Mountains, suggesting a low‐velocity layer; (b) a north‐dipping mid‐crustal structure beneath the suture zone between East Junggar and Chinese Altai, indicating underthrusting of East Junggar's lower crust beneath the Chinese Altai Mountains; (c) a double Moho structure beneath East Junggar, revealing a high‐velocity lower crustal layer. In conjunction with constraints from previous multi‐disciplinary regional studies, the double Moho structures are interpreted as mafic restite from Late Paleozoic magma underplating. The addition of mafic materials can significantly enhance the rheological strength of East Junggar's crust, causing it to function as an indenter that thrust beneath the Chinese Altai Mountains during the subsequent convergence process. As a consequence, significant deformation occurs in the Chinese Altai region, resulting in the emergence of decollements, as evident by the negative polarity discontinuity. The presence of pre‐existing decollements makes the Altai Mountains region more susceptible to deformation, thereby facilitating the concentration of intracontinental deformation. These findings illuminate the evolution history of the Chinese Altai Mountains and highlight the great impacts of ancient tectonics on intracontinental deformation partitioning.

Kalidium cuspidatum colonization changes the structure and function of salt crust microbial communities.

The changes of soil moisture, salinity, and nutrients by halophyte colonization in high-salinity environment profoundly affect the assembly and structure of microbial communities. However, salt marshes in arid region have received little attention. This study was conducted in Lianhuachi Lake, a typical inland salt marsh wetland in China, to determine the physicochemical characteristics of salt crusts in [Kalidium cuspidatum (Ung.-Sternb.) Grub.] colonization areas and bulk soil, respectively, and to analyze the microbial community structure of salt crusts by high-throughput sequencing. Kalidium cuspidatum colonization significantly decreased total salinity, soil water content, and water-soluble ions of salt crusts and increased total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus content. At the same time, changes in physicochemical properties caused by Kalidium cuspidatum colonization affect the ecological processes of bacterial, fungal, and archaeal community assemblies in salt crusts. In addition, cross-kingdom network analysis showed that Kalidium cuspidatum colonization increased the complexity and stability of microbial networks in salt crust soils. Functional projections further showed that bacterial diversity had a potential driving effect on the nitrogen cycle function of salt crust. Our study further demonstrated the different ecological strategies of microorganisms for halophyte colonization in extreme environments and contributed to the understanding of restoration and management of salt marsh wetlands in arid region.

Development of wheat composite bread using barley β-glucan rich flour

The study highlights the potential for enhancing the nutritional value of wheat bread by incorporating β-glucan-enriched flour derived from barley. Initially, the study explores the air separation of barley flour into fractions rich in β-glucans. The procedure significantly increases the β-glucan concentration from 4.5% in barley to 8.0-10.5% in the separated coarse fractions, with yields varying from 33% to 77%. The optimal fraction of β-glucan-rich flour (β-GRF), balancing β-glucan concentration and yield, was chosen for subsequent evaluations. The impact of different levels of β-GRF supplementation (ranging from 0% to 30%) on the dough texture and sensory characteristics of the mixed wheat bread was tested. The addition of β-GRF has a noticeable influence on the rheological properties of the dough, resulting in longer development times and decreased stability compared to control samples. As the concentration of β-GRF increases to 10%, the specific volume generally rises, reaching 3.5 cm³/g, compared to the control bread with a specific volume of 3.2 cm³/g. However, beyond the 10% β-GRF level, the specific volume starts to decrease. Furthermore, β-GRF addition affects sensory and texture aspects, including bread volume, crumb, and crust characteristics. Despite these alterations, the bread remains within acceptable sensory parameters, and the final product, with 3g of β-glucan per 100 g of bread, meets the criteria for a health claim related to cholesterol reduction. This research underscores the potential to create healthier bread options by harnessing the nutritional benefits of dry concentrated β-glucans from barley, offering a promising avenue for improving the nutritional profile of bread products.

An updated 3D crustal velocity model in Cyprus by non-linear traveltime tomography

We have used >6000 regional earthquakes in the broader Cyprus island area, with 100,000+ P and S-phases recorded by 26 local seismological stations to obtain a 3D velocity model for the Cyprus area using a non-linear seismic tomography approach. Due to the limited aperture of the recording network, the tomographic model mainly recovers the dominant geophysical features of the upper crust of the Cyprus island. The obtained results reveal new information on the 3D structure of the Troodos ophiolithic complex, identifying a high velocity anomaly that coincides with the NW-SE trending ophiolitic units of the Troodos mountain. Furthermore, they clearly show that the anomaly associated with the ophiolite zone of Troodos is well preserved up to a depth of at least 10 Km, dipping towards the Northeast. The Mesaoria basin in central Cyprus is recognized as a large low-velocity feature, with the results suggesting a significant thickness of the basin, exceeding 5 km. A similar low-velocity pattern can be observed for the Circum Troodos formations (Pakhna and Lefkara) to the southwest of the Troodos mountain, while the Kyrenia range is not associated with a crustal velocity anomaly. To assess the reliability of the results we have conducted checkerboard resolution tests, which suggest that the uppermost crustal features are well reconstructed, while for larger depths (>10 km) we cannot recover mid-crustal anomalies due to the insufficient traveltime data coverage and quality (e.g., traveltime picking errors).

The tectonostratigraphic latitudinal record of the eastern Red Sea margin

We characterize the eastern Red Sea necking crustal domain through its north-south structural and stratigraphic record. Along-strike margin segmentation occurred during rifting (∼28-14 Ma), with tilted blocks filled by siliciclastic sediments structuring the northern poor-magmatic segment (28°N-21.5°N), while siliciclastic/volcanoclastic sediments and volcanic flows interpreted as SDRs characterize the southern magmatic segment (21.5°N−13°N). Tectonic and magmatic activity stopped in this crustal domain of the margin when a thick salt layer precipitated during the Middle Miocene (∼14-13 Ma). The stratigraphy of the margin then became similar between the two segments suggesting comparable post-salt subsidence and common crustal characteristics throughout the Red Sea. By characterizing its tectonostratigraphic record on a regional scale, this study tests two end-member scenarios for the tectonic evolution of the Red Sea. It also provides new insights into the tectonostratigraphic record of a rift margin system by simultaneously comparing the evolution of a magma-rich and a magma-poor segment.

The influence of gas heating on the calculated supersonic parameters of gas-powder flow at slag blower in the converter. Message 2

The article presents the results of numerical modeling of the interaction of a supersonic non-calculated gas-powder jet with the surrounding strongly heated environment of the converter cavity, including slag particles ejected by the jet. The method of determining the depth of penetration of the jet into the melt is the subject of many years of discussion, but it has not been solved analytically. A new approach to solving this problem is proposed, which consists in the fact that in this work the structure is considered not according to the laws of subsonic turbulent flow, but as supersonic, not calculated. In this paper, there is a task - to increase the stability of the slag crust, nitrogen supply of MgO powder is provided, which, in turn, enters the jet and slows it down. To solve this problem, the solution of many parametric equations is proposed to establish the effect of heating on the qualitative characteristics of the slag crust on the surface linings. A physical model has been created that predicts the outflow of a gas-powder jet (N2 + powder) from a Laval nozzle. The formation outside the jet nozzle is established, which becomes a supersonic non-computational structure with a shock wave. The most important hydro-gas-dynamic characteristic of the gas jet flow is its momentum, which depends on a number of factors and physical effects. The scheme for solving a fairly high-tech problem involves the following: calculation of the parameters of the gas-powder flow at the exit from the nozzle; calculation of the amount of added gas mass from the environment; temperature: pulse speed; jet power, etc. It was established that in some cases, when a chemical connection between the slag and the lining is ensured (when there is an optimal value of MgO and CaO in the slag), it is possible to stop the supply of refractory powder and then the slag will be inflated only with a nitrogen jet. Using the law of constancy of momentum in different cross-sections of the jet (for example, in the outlet cross-section of the nozzle and in the fixed cross-section of the XX stream), it is possible to calculate: total momentum, average mass velocity of the nitrogen-powder jet, average mass temperature of the jet. It is shown that the power of the gas-powder jet flowing into the melt is most significantly affected by the heating of the gas-dispersed flow to the temperature before the nozzles. It was established that an increase in temperature from 50°C to 600°C leads to an increase in momentum by almost 2.75 times. The joint solution of almost 50 equations (messages 1 and 2) makes it possible to visually present the picture of the interaction of the supersonic jet with shock waves and melt, as well as to develop recommendations for improving the energy efficiency of slag-blowing technology. Since conducting an experiment in the converter cavity is difficult, the results of numerical calculations are verified by the method of special cases

Chronological and Mineralogical Records of the Langqi Pluton, Fuzhou: Constraints on the Magma Mixing Process

The mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) from Mesozoic intermediate-acid magmatic rocks, widely developed along the Fujian coast, are considered to be the results of large-scale crust–mantle interaction by magma mixing. This paper is based on zircon U-Pb chronology, along with zircon Hf isotope and mineral analyses for the host granite and MMEs from Langqi Island, in order to investigate the magma mixing mechanism of the Langqi pluton in Fuzhou, Southeast China. The results indicate that the MMEs were emplaced during the late Early Cretaceous (98.9 ± 2.2 Ma), identical to the age of the granite (100.1 ± 1.1 Ma) within the error range. The zircon εHf(t) values for the granite and MMEs are in the ranges of −2.1~0.0 and −1.7~+1.1. The zircon Hf isotope data indicate that both the granite and MMEs were predominantly derived from the ancient crustal basement of Cathaysia, with a partial mantle-derived contribution. The An values of plagioclase phenocrysts with oscillatory zoning patterns in the MMEs show oscillatory changes from the core to the rim, indicating multiple mixing events between the two magmas with different compositions. Amphiboles in the MMEs show characteristics of crust–mantle contamination, and the Ti migrated from the mafic magma with high concentration to the felsic magma with low concentration during the magma mixing process. Biotites in the host rock and MMEs belong to primary biotite, and they have relatively high MgO contents (ave. 12.78 wt.%) and relatively low FeOT/(MgO + FeOT) ratios (ave. 0.56), showing characteristics of crust–mantle contamination. The crust–mantle magma interaction in a crystal, mushy state played a significant role in controlling the formation and evolution of the Langqi pluton. The magmatism was predominantly sourced from mixing between the mantle-derived mafic magma and the crust-derived felsic magma during the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate, resulting in the formation of the Langqi doleritic veins, granites, and MMEs.

The Effect Of Local Flour Based Yudane On The Quality Of Shokupan Bread

This research aims to analyze the quality of shokupan bread using yudane with local ingredients including rice flour, glutinous rice flour, and mocaf flour. The research was conducted at the Pastry &amp; Bakery Laboratory, Department of Culinary Education, Faculty of Engineering, Jakarta State University. The method used in this research was an experiment, analyzing the quality of shokupan bread with a 20% local yudane. The quality testing was performed by 5 trained panelists using a hedonic quality scale, including external factors such as volume, shape symmetry, uniformity of baking, and crust characteristics, as well as internal factors such as pores, crumb color, texture, aroma, taste, and chewing quality. The research results showed that among the external factors, the shokupan bread variant with mocaf-based yudane obtained the highest score in terms of volume with a value of 3.8. Meanwhile, in terms of crust color, the shokupan bread variant with glutinous rice flour-based yudane received the highest rating with a value of 3.8. On the aspect of shape symmetry, the shokupan bread variant with rice flour-based yudane obtained the highest score of 3.2. In terms of internal factors, the shokupan bread variant with glutinous rice flour-based yudane showed the highest ratings in terms of pores (3.4), crumb color (3.4), texture (3.4), taste (3.4), and chewing quality (4.0). However, the aspect of aroma received the highest rating in the shokupan bread variant with mocaf-based yudane with an average value of 3.2. In conclusion, based on the research results, shokupan bread made with glutinous rice flour-based yudane produced the best quality bread.&#x0D;

The effect of Dictyophora indusiata, oats and Polygonatum kingianum on the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestion of pizza crust

SummaryA high‐glycaemic index diet can lead to elevated blood glucose levels and chronic diseases. In this study, Dictyophora indusiata powder, oats powder and Polygonatum kingianum powder were substituted for some wheat flour to make pizza crust. The aim was to investigate the effects of the three powders on the chemical composition, physical quality, antioxidant properties, in vitro digestibility of starch and sensory characteristics of pizza crust. The addition of the three powders enhanced the nutritional value of the pizza crust, especially the dried Dictyophora indusiata flour and oats powder were rich in dietary fibre and protein, the three powders also increased the total phenolic content (214%) and antioxidant activity (ABTS+185%, DPPH30.5%) of the pizza crust and improved the shelf‐life of the pizza crust. In addition, the three powders increased the slowly digestible starch (25.9%) and decreased the reducing sugar levels and hydrogenation index, and expected glycaemic index of the pizza crust compared to the control group. The results suggest that the three powders could be used as functional ingredients to enhance the nutritional value and lower the glycaemic index of pizza crusts. This study provides new ideas for the development of nutritious and hypoglycaemic functional bakery products.