Crushed Clay Brick Research Articles

Experimental investigation of the use of crushed clay brick on the properties of sustainable mortar

In the world, millions of tons of construction waste are generated annually, due to the boom of this sector, and brick waste is the most prominent. The purpose of the research was to study the properties of the mortar with the partial substitution of fine aggregate by brick residues (BR), using an experimental methodology based on mortar samples in doses of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% with brick residues, which were subjected to mortar tests and masonry tests. The results showed that the mortar sample with the best performance was 10% BR, achieving in the mortar tests an increase with respect to conventional mortar of 1.58% in compressive strength, 3.99% in flexural strength, 15.61% in tensile strength, while in the masonry tests the increase was 12.19% in compressive strength in prisms, 33.20% in bond strength and 3.82% in diagonal compressive strength. It was concluded that the substitution of fine aggregate by BR is feasible up to 10%, achieving an optimum improvement in the mechanical properties of the mortar.

Flexural strengthening of LWRC beams using RSHCC reinforced with glass fiber textile mesh

This study aims to explore the flexural behavior of crushed clay brick (CCB) lightweight concrete (LWC) beams strengthened with rubberized strain-hardening cementitious composite reinforced with glass fiber textile mesh layers (GFTM-RSHCC) at the tension side. For this purpose, an experimental investigation consisting of seven simply supported beams, including one un-strengthened specimen, was produced and tested using a monotonic 4-point loading scheme. All specimens had a 120 × 250 mm cross-section, a total length of 2400 mm, and a loaded span of 2200 mm. The studied parameters were the number of GFTM inside the RSHCC (1, 2, or 3) and the thickness of GFTM-RSHCC layer (30 or 40 mm). All the following aspects were tracked: crack pattern, ultimate load, mid-span defection, and ductility. The results show that increasing the number of layers of GFTM and the thickness of RSHCC generally leads to an increase in the ultimate loads and ductility, up to 68% and 83%, respectively, compared to the control beam. Finally, a proposed equation considering the contribution of the GFTM-RSHCC layer was developed to predict the flexural capacity of the strengthened beams. The proposed equation showed good agreement with the experimental results.

Characteristics of Lightweight Concrete Fabricated with Different Types of Strengthened Lightweight Aggregates

The vast majority of different waste building units have negative environmental impacts around the world. Crushed building units can be recycled and utilized in the concrete industry to solve these problems and maintain natural resources. This study investigated the feasibility of employing crushed autoclaved aerated concrete (CAAC) and crushed clay brick (CCB) as a lightweight aggregate (LWA) to fabricate environmentally friendly recycled lightweight concrete (LWC). In addition, a lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) was also used as an LWA, namely to study how the high porosity of an LWA can adversely affect the properties of LWC. Through the experimental program, all types of LWAs were pre-treated and strengthened with two cementitious grouts, and then the performance of the produced LWC was assessed by determining the slump of fresh concrete, the dry density, the unconfined compressive strength, and the splitting tensile strength at ages of 3, 7, 28, and 56 days. The laboratory results revealed that both CCB and CAAC can be reused as full substitutions for normal-weight coarse aggregate to manufacture LWC with appropriate properties. The obtained data show that the properties of an LECA, CCB, and CAAC were improved, and the porous structure can be strengthened by pre-treatment and coating with grouts. In the same way, the mechanical performance of produced LWC is also enhanced.

Study Properties of Eco-Friendly Lightweight Concrete Made with Crushed Clay Bricks

Study Properties of Eco-Friendly Lightweight Concrete Made with Crushed Clay Bricks

Modeling of Thermal Performance and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Blocks Incorporating Plastic Bottle Waste with Crushed Clay Bricks as Coarse Aggregates

Modeling of Thermal Performance and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Blocks Incorporating Plastic Bottle Waste with Crushed Clay Bricks as Coarse Aggregates

Influence of Steel and Polypropylene Fibers on the Structural Behavior of Sustainable Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Beams Made from Crushed Clay Bricks

Structural lightweight concrete is preferred over traditional concrete due to its ability to reduce the dead load, minimize the size of load-bearing structural members, and provide more economical solutions for foundation deteriorations. This research sheds light on sustainable lightweight concrete using waste crushed clay bricks (CCB) as a lightweight aggregate. To reduce micro-crack propagation of the developed concrete, two types of fiber were implemented and investigated. Steel fibers (SF) with amounts of 0.5% and 1.0% by volume of concrete, and polypropylene fibers (PPF) with amounts of 0.1% and 0.2% by volume of concrete, were employed. Five reinforced concrete beams were made and tested in order to precisely evaluate the structural behavior of the proposed lightweight CCB concrete. Additionally, ABAQUS software for nonlinear finite element analysis has been utilized to simulate the tested beams and compare the numerical model predictions with the experimental findings. The findings revealed that the addition of SF and PPF exhibited a notable influence on enhancing the mechanical characteristics of lightweight CCB concrete. Adding 0.2% PPF increased the ultimate load and deformation capacity at failure by approximately 16% and 24%, respectively. Furthermore, after 28 days, the addition of 0.5% and 1.0% SF enhanced the compressive strength by around 11.7% and 17.6%, respectively. Moreover, a significant level of consistency between the results obtained from the numerical model and the experimental findings was observed. In general, the use of SF and PPF in CCB concrete successfully produced high-quality lightweight concrete with interesting results for use in reinforced concrete beams.

Experimental Torsional Capacity of Plain Concrete Beams Made from Crushed Clay Brick and Recycled Brick Concrete as Coarse Aggregate

Concrete was made with four different types of coarse aggregate, i.e., natural stone aggregate concrete (NSAC), crushed virgin clay brick aggregate concrete (VBAC), crushed recycled brick concrete aggregate concrete (RBAC), and crushed recycled stone concrete aggregate concrete (RSAC). Beam specimens prepared from these four types of concrete were subjected to pure torsional moment up to failure. From this experimental procedure, ultimate torque at failure along with twisting angle were observed. From the torque vs. twisting angle curves, torsional stiffness and torsional toughness were also evaluated for these four types of concrete. It was observed that ultimate torque of VBAC and RBAC was 95% and 90% of that of NSAC, respectively. The torsional toughness of VBAC was found to be 68%–72% of that of NSAC. In addition, experimental torques were compared with predictions of torsional strength as per five commonly used models. For VBAC, the ultimate torque prediction made by skew bending theory was found to be the closest to the experimental findings.

Studying Sustainable Concrete Block Efficiency Production: A Review

Worldwide, enormous amounts of waste cause major environmental issues, including scrap tires and plastic, and large waste, a consequence of the demolition of buildings, including crushed concrete, crushed clay bricks, and crushed thermo-stone. From that point, it’s possible to consider that the recycling processes for these materials and using them in the manufacturing field will reduce the adverse effects on the environment of these wastes and the consumption of natural resources. Sustainable concrete blocks can be considered as one of the products produced by using these materials as partial volume replacement of the coarse, fine aggregate, or cement content, considering their dry density, workability, absorption, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity tests evaluate their performance- and conformity with specifications. The results of tests on samples of sustainable concrete blocks showed the feasibility of using demolished building waste as aggregates instead of natural materials for their production.

Age influence on compressive strength for concrete made with different types of aggregates after exposed to high temperatures

This study investigates the influence of concrete age and the type of coarse aggregate on compressive strength after exposure to high temperatures. Three coarse aggregates were used: crushed clay bricks as recycled aggregates, expanded glass as lightweight aggregates, and normal quartz aggregates. Specimens were initially cured in water for seven days, and then kept in laboratory conditions for different durations (28 days, 120 days, and 240 days). On the age of 120 and 240 days, specimens were exposed to high temperatures ranging from 200 °C to 1000 °C, and their residual compressive strength was determined.Results indicate that the compressive strength tests for the unheated specimens revealed an increase in strength with age, which can be attributed to the hydration of cement and the formation of a denser microstructure. The results of the residual compressive strength tests for concrete with quartz aggregates (M1-QZ) at 120 and 240 days showed a decline with increasing temperature and age. At 120 days, the strength ranged from 74.3% to 16.9%, and at 240 days, it ranged from 83.5% to 23.8%. Similarly, concrete with expanded glass aggregates (M2-EG) demonstrated decreased compressive strength with increasing temperature and age. The strength ranged from 94.3% to 8.6%, and 88.9% to 10.3% at 120 and 240 days, respectively. In contrast, concrete with crushed clay bricks (M3-CB) exhibited more favourable resistance to high temperatures, with a lower compressive strength reduction. The values ranged from 97.9% to 23.1% at 120 days and from 98.7% to 22.2% at 240 days. The reduced compressive strength after exposure to high temperatures can be attributed to the differences in thermal expansion and aggregates and the moisture loss.These findings demonstrate that the coarse aggregate type significantly influences the concrete's residual compressive strength after exposure to high temperatures.

The Use of Recycled Tire Rubber, Crushed Glass, and Crushed Clay Brick in Lightweight Concrete Production: A Review

Worldwide, vast amounts of waste are produced every year and most waste is sent directly to landfills or burnt, which has severe and harmful impacts on the environment. Recycling waste materials is considered the most visible solution to protect the environment. Using scraps in concrete production is a proper method for getting rid of wastes, improving the characteristics of concrete, reducing the consumption of natural aggregates, and can be used as cementitious materials that decrease cement production so that the CO2 that is produced during cement manufacturing decreases. This review paper summarizes the use of recycled waste materials, including rubber tires, crushed glass, and crushed clay brick in concrete, as a fractional replacement of aggregates, cement, etc., to develop eco-friendly lightweight construction materials. It has been concluded that the dry density of sustainable concrete decreased to 4, 21.7, and 31.7% when crushed glass, clay brick, and rubber tire were incorporated into the concrete instead of traditional aggregate, respectively. Waste rubber has good results in sulfate, thermal, and impact resistance, while glass powder and finely crushed clay brick helped to improve mechanical properties by increasing reach by 33% for glass and a slight increase for crushed clay brick, as well as thermal resistance compared to normal concrete. Moreover, due to the low particle density of these waste materials compared to that of normal-weight aggregates, these materials can be utilized efficiently to produce lightweight concrete for structural and non-structural applications such as road engineering, flooring for mounting machinery, highway and rail crash barriers, permeable pavement, interlocking bricks, insulation, filling concrete, and bearing walls.

Effect of Crushed Clay Brick as Partial Fine Aggregate Replacement on Properties of Concrete

The continuous construction activity increases the demand for concrete production. At the same time, the construction and demolition activity also generate solid waste which is disposed of at landfills. The approach of discarding waste such as concrete waste, brick waste, and timber waste pollutes the environment. Thus, the present research investigates the effect of integrating local clay brick waste as a partial fine aggregate replacement on the properties of concrete. Several concrete mixes were prepared by integrating various percentages of crushed clay brick ranging from 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% as partial sand replacement in concrete. All specimens were subjected to continuous water curing until the testing date which is 7 days and 28 days. The finding shows that the use of up to 10% crushed clay brick successfully enhances the compressive strength of concrete. The water absorption of concrete increase as larger content of crushed clay brick waste is integrated in the mix. Basically, the use of clay brick waste in concrete would help to reduce dependency on river sand supply for concrete manufacturing and promote a cleaner environment.

Effect of Crushed Clay Brick as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Concrete

The reuse of construction and demolition wastes, especially crushed clay bricks (CCB), represents a major contribution to the environment. Due to the nature of clay bricks, it can be considered as source of fine and coarse aggregate to produce structural concrete. This research has been conducted with the objectives of highlighting the effect of crushed clay brick as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. Compressive strength of concrete made by different partial replacement of fine aggregates were evaluated on (0%,15%, 25%, 30%, 50%, and 75%). To achieve the objectives of this study, the laboratory tests have been performed. The strength of gravels has been investigated by Los Angles Abrasion test according to ASTMC 131. Sieve analysis was performed to determine the particle size distribution. The consistency and fineness test of Cimerwa cement was conducted and results of fineness of cement was 9.165%. Initial setting time was 98 minutes and final setting time was 256 minutes. The compressive strength of concrete was performed and the results at age of 28 days were 31.81Mpa, 29.38Mpa, 27.45Mpa, 24.86Mpa, 17.91Mpa and 15.84Mpa respectively. The percentage reductions for (15%, 25%, 30%, 50% and 75%) was 7.63%, 13.70%, 21.84%, 43.69% and 50.20% respectively. According to IS 456 specified minimum compressive strength of concrete after 28 days of curing is 25N/mm2 for M25 grade of concrete, with the partial replacement of 20%, the resulted compressive strength is 27.45 Mpa.

Development and characterization of sustainable concrete incorporating a high volume of industrial waste materials

Recycling waste materials instead of using traditional construction materials in civil infrastructure and buildings is a significant step toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the consumption of natural resources. The scope of this research is to identify the properties of sustainable concrete where waste materials such as rubber tires, crushed clay bricks, and crushed glass can be utilized to replace the fine or coarse natural aggregate with substitution percentages of 25, 50, and 100 % by volume. Slump, compressive strength, elastic modulus, impact resistance, density, and sorptivity tests were performed. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X–ray diffraction (XRD) were studied to determine the microstructure properties of concrete. The rubberized concrete mixes showed worse workability, while crushed clay brick and crushed glass concrete showed good workability. The decrease in dry density was 55 % less than the control mix when rubber aggregate was used, while it reached 17 % and 4 % when crushed clay brick and crushed glass aggregate were used, respectively. The compression strength and elastic modulus decreased as waste content increased, except for the fine glass mix. The compression strength of the fine glass mixture was 5.58 % greater than that of the control mixture. The sorptivity of sustainable concrete increased when the amount of waste increased, and its value ranged from 2.7 × 10–3 to 16.5 × 10–3 mm/s½ compared to the control mix, whose value was 2 × 10–3 mm/s½. The findings of this investigation demonstrated that the studied waste materials can be used to produce either sustainable lightweight concrete without severe deterioration of mechanical properties or conventional concrete with better mechanical performance.

Production Load–bearing Concrete Masonry Units by Using Recycled Waste Crushed Clay Bricks; A Review

There are serious environmental problems in all countries of the world, due to the waste material such as crushed clay bricks (CCB) and in huge quantities resulting from the demolition of buildings. In order to reduce the effects of this problem as well as to preserve natural resources, it is possible to work on recycling (CCB) and to use it in the manufacture of environmentally friendly loaded building units by replacing percentages in coarse aggregate by volume. It can be used as a powder and replacing of percentages in cement by weight and study the effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete and the masonry unit. Evaluation of its performance through workability, dry density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and absorption test, and the experimental results obtained confirmed the possibility of using the recycling of clay bricks waste as aggregates instead of natural aggregates and reducing the weight, as well as recycling clay bricks waste and using it as a powder. It contains suitable pozzolanic that can be used as a supplementary cement material that reduces the cement content in concrete used to produce load-bearing units.

Recycling of crushed clay bricks as fine aggregate in concrete and cement mortar

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a testing program to examine the possibility of using crushed clay bricks as fine aggregate in concrete and mortar mixtures. A total of 90 specimens of concrete and mortar were cast at different percentages of crushed bricks (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100)% by weight as replacement of fine aggregate. Mechanical and physical properties of the specimens were conducted and presented in this paper. The experimental results indicated a decrease in compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of the concrete specimens. Also, the presence of crushed bricks aggregate in mixtures reduces the workability and flow ratio compared to the reference mix due to high water demand of the recycled aggregates than the normal aggregate. It can be noted that crushed bricks concrete is a convenient replacement in treading and finishing areas in buildings and in high floors in order to reduce the dead loads.

Effect of Elevated Temperature on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Crushed Clay Bricks Aggregate Concrete

In this study concrete block was produced with waste crushed clay bricks (CCB). CCB is used as a conventional coarse aggregate replacement with the range of 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Physical and mechanical properties of concrete blocks were examined at room temperature (25°C) and elevated temperatures of 400, 600 and 800°C. The results indicated that concrete specimens with 50% CCB exhibited the greatest flexural strength characteristics compared to that containing natural aggregates, whereas a slight decline indicated at the density and compressive strength. However, the specimens with 75% CCB have the highest residual strength at an elevated temperature of 800°C. Accordingly, it is suitable for load-bearing wall application when exposed to elevated temperature in confirmation to ASTM-C55. Keywords: Concrete Masonry Units; Crushed Clay Bricks; Elevated Temperature; Coarse Aggregate Replacement.

Effects of Coarse and Fine Crushed Clay Brick Content on the Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete and the Microscopic Mechanism

The objective of this study is to investigate the compressive strength and microstructural evolution of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) containing coarse and fine clay brick aggregates. The compressive strength tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests were performed on RAC and natural aggregate concrete (NAC) containing different coarse and fine crushed clay brick contents. The results showed that the compressive strength of NAC and RAC decreased with the increase of crushed clay brick content, and the growth rate of their compressive strength slowed down with the increase of age. At the same age and replacement rate, fine crushed clay bricks had less effect on the compressive strength of RAC than coarsely crushed clay bricks. The compressive strength of RAC aged 60 days, mixed with 60% fine brick slag and mixed with 60% coarse brick slag, is 10.49% and 14.75% lower than that of RAC aged 60 days and mixed with 0% fine brick slag, respectively. Compared with RAC, the compressive strength of NAC was more significantly affected by grading. The interfacial transition zones inside RAC had loose crystals and high porosity, with a weak adhesion between the crushed clay bricks and mortar interfaces. The crushed clay bricks did not affect the types of concrete hydration products, and Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) and Ca(OH)2 crystals remained the early hydration products in RAC with crushed clay bricks. Nevertheless, the crushed clay bricks inhibited the hydration reaction of the concrete, resulting in decreasing hydration products in NAC, RAC, and RAC with crushed clay bricks.

Preliminary Feasibility Investigation on Reutilization of Recycled Crushed Clay Bricks from Construction and Demolition Waste for Cement-Stabilized Macadam.

Utilizing recycled crushed clay brick (RCB) from C&D waste in road engineering construction as the substitute for natural aggregates has attracted a lot of attention, which would be a promising step forward towards sustainable development and green construction. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of cement-stabilized macadam (CSM), incorporating various RCB fine aggregate substitution ratios. For this purpose, the physical and chemical properties of RCB fine aggregate was tested, and RCB exhibited a porous surface micro-morphology, high water absorption and pozzolanic activity. Subsequently, a comprehensive experimental investigation of modified CSM with RCB has been carried out based on laboratory tests concerning the mechanical and shrinkage properties. Results showed that higher RCB fine aggregate substitution ratio resulted in lower unconfined compressive strength, and the negative influence of RCB on unconfined compressive strength would decrease gradually, varying curing time; however, the higher the RCB substitution ratio was, the larger the indirect tensile strength at 90 d curing time of the late curing period was. CSM containing RCB had an overall increasing accumulative water loss rate, accumulative strain of dry shrinkage and average coefficient of dry shrinkage, except that 20% RCB resulted in an excellent dry shrinkage property. Moreover, RCB with pozzolanic activity reacted very slowly mainly at later ages, enhancing the interfacial transition zone.

Experimental Study on Punching Shear Behavior of Crushed Clay Brick Lightweight Concrete Flat Plate Slabs

Experimental Study on Punching Shear Behavior of Crushed Clay Brick Lightweight Concrete Flat Plate Slabs

The Effect of Finely-Grinded Crushed Brick Powder on Physical and Microstructural Characteristics of Lightweight Concrete

The utilization of waste crushed clay brick (CB) in concrete reduces its harmful impacts on the environment as it can be found in many places around the world. This research studies the possibility of using clay brick powder (CBP) as a filler material to produce lightweight concrete as it has been exposed to high temperatures during manufacturing of the bricks, which increases its pozzolanic reactivity. The effect of using an air-entraining agent (AEA) for additional pore formation on concrete performance was evaluated. Eight mixtures were prepared and examined to achieve the research objectives. Concrete flowability, dry density, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, thermal conductivity, sorptivity, and porosity were measured. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to analyze the microstructure characteristics of the concrete. The results indicate that the use of CBP as filler material enhances the mechanical and durability characteristics of the concrete. In contrast, adding an AEA has negative effects on concrete’s mechanical and durability properties, but on the other hand, its use enhances the thermal properties of the concrete.