Crushed Clay Brick Aggregate Research Articles

The Effect of Scrap Tires Recycled Steel Fibers on Some Hardened Properties of Green SCC

The purpose of this study is to investigate some hardened properties of green self-compacting concrete (GSCC) with 15% volumetric replacements of crushed clay brick waste as coarse aggregate and reinforced with scrap tires recycled steel fibers (STRSF) with 0, 0.25, 0.5and 0.75%volume fraction and 40 as an aspect ratio. Also, a combination of two STRSF aspect ratios of 40 and 60 was used in GSCC as hybrid fiber reinforcement (0.25 and 0.25%, 0.5 and 0.25%, 0.25 and 0.5% of aspect ratios 40 and 65, respectively). Scrap tires recycled steel fibers had been used to improve the properties of the green self-compacting concrete containing crushed clay brick waste aggregate. Dry density, water absorption, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) were among the properties of SCC that had been investigated. To achieve the purpose of this study, seven concrete mixes were prepared.SCC density, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and UPV are all increased with the increase of recycled steel fibers content in self-compacted concrete. Including different volume fractions and aspect ratios of scrap tire recycled steel fibers increased the compressive strength between 2.54% to 23%. The splitting tensile strength was about 5.6% to 13.9%, and the flexural strength increased from 1.6% to 14.8%. All GSCC mixes reinforced with STRSF show good performance according to the classification limits of SCC with high compressive strength, so these mixes are applicable for different weather conditions and construction projects.

Review on Properties of Recycled Construction Waste Concrete Aggregate

Recycled construction waste aggregate is to solve the damage caused by construction waste to the natural environment. Through crushing, screening and other processes, the construction waste aggregate is made into reusable coarse aggregate or fine aggregate, and then replaced by natural gravel or natural sand and stone in different replacement rates and applied to the recycled aggregate in concrete. In this paper, three main physical properties of waste concrete, the old ceramic tile, broken ceramic, crushed clay brick and waste glass aggregate are summarized, which are water absorption rate, apparent density and crushing index of recycled building waste aggregate. The crushed clay brick and broken ceramic aggregate have the highest water absorption rate and low in apparent density and high in crushing index. Waste concrete mixture has excessive water absorption, low apparent density and excessive crushing index, whilst damaged ceramic tile combination has low water absorption, low apparent density and low crushing index.

Micromechanics-integrated machine learning approaches to predict the mechanical behaviors of concrete containing crushed clay brick aggregates

In this paper, we present micromechanics-integrated machine learning studies of concrete containing crushed clay brick as a coarse aggregate. Initially, the stress-strain responses of normal and crushed clay brick aggregates were quantitatively measured. Concrete specimens with various water/cement ratios and replacement rates of the aggregate were then fabricated and their stress-strain responses were evaluated. Concrete mixed with crushed clay brick aggregate showed lower compressive strength compared to concrete containing normal aggregate, and it was difficult to predict the material performance based on existing specifications and models. Based on results from an experimental assessment, micromechanics-integrated machine learning approaches that can effectively predict the properties of concrete mixed with crushed clay brick aggregates was developed. Several parametric studies and comparisons are carried out to verify the potential capacity of the proposed model framework.

Utilisation of Dune Sand and Clay Brick Waste in the Production of Sustainable Concrete

The massive growth of the construction sector has increased demand for sustainable concrete that meets the requirements of modern eco-friendly policies; this in turn has made it necessary to reuse abundant and recycled materials to achieve this end. In this study, crushed clay brick (CCB) as a coarse aggregate and dune sand (DS) as a fine aggregate were used to produce a sustainable concrete. An experimental programme was accomplished by performing partial replacement by DS of conventional sand (CS) at various percentages (25%, 35%, and 50%), with a similar procedure used for crushed clay brick (CCB) and conventional coarse aggregate (CA). The impact of this dual aggregate replacement on workability, density, tensile splitting, and compressive strength was then studied, and the experimental results showed that the density decreased by 12.3% as the dual replacement of aggregates increased to 50%. The workability of the sustainable concrete was within the standard limits, while the results of the slump tests ranged between 120 mm for control concrete and 80 mm as the dual replacement of aggregates increased to 50%. Both the splitting and compressive strengths of the produced concretes were systematically decreased as the dual replacement of aggregates increased under 7- and 28-days curing. The produced concrete was thus deemed to be generally affordable though suitable only for general small works or non-structural uses.

Producing of workable structural lightweight concrete by partial replacement of aggregate with yellow and/or red crushed clay brick (CCB) aggregate

The utilization of minimum natural materials content in the production of concrete represents the main concern of many researchers. In addition, lightweight aggregate concrete is desired for its low weight and modified physical properties. This study aims to produce lightweight aggregate concrete with adequate strength utilizing crushed clay brick (CCB) aggregates from discarded or broken brick pieces. The CCB aggregates are utilized by replacement of natural aggregate at (10%, 20% and 30%). Three types of CCB aggregate concrete series are produced. In the first series, natural sand is replaced with similar size CCB aggregate (red and yellow). The second series is produced by the complete replacement of coarse aggregate with yellow, red and an equal two portions of yellow and red coarse CCB aggregate. The third series with 100% coarse CCB aggregate is produced by further replacement of fine aggregate up to 30% CCB aggregate. In all mixes, the CCB aggregate is used in its dry state (without pre-wetting). The workability of produced mixes are investigated. Investigations on density, water absorption and compressive strength is also presented. Results indicate the possible production of lightweight CCB aggregate concrete suitable for structural applications. Superplasticizer (SP) significantly affect the workability of crushed brick aggregate. A blend of yellow and red CCB aggregate is also suggested to produce workable lightweight concrete suitable for structural applications.

Thermal Insulation Enhancement of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Concrete Using Waste Clay Brick

Geopolymer concrete is one of the sustainable building materials that has a low energy production and a minimum carbon footprint. In this study, the effect of utilization waste clay brick on the thermal conductivity (TC) of Metakaolin geopolymer concrete (MK-GPC) was investigated. The waste of clay brick was used in two series of mixes, first one included clay brick waste powder (BP) as partial replacement of Metakaolin (MK) at weight dosage 10%, 15%, and 20%, while the second group of mixes contained crushed clay brick waste aggregate (CBA) at replacement level of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume of natural coarse aggregate. In addition to (TC), all the specimens were tested to determine the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and voids content at 7 and 28 days. The results of the samples with 10% and 15% BP have shown higher UPV and less voids content, while the incorporation of CBA aggregate at 20% and 30% caused reduction in UPV and increased the voids in MK-GPC mixture. Furthermore, the addition of the waste clay brick in both forms (powder and aggregate) has improved the results of thermal insulation. Conclusively, reusing of waste clay brick as ingredients in MK-GPC will provide a super-sustainable geopolymer concrete with advanced thermal insulation properties.

Developing Sustainable Alternatives from Destroyed Buildings Waste for Reconstruction Projects

This paper examines the huge destruction that has taken place in some cities of Iraq due to the terrorist acts in recent years that led to the destruction of many buildings. It examines some of the factors that encourage the use of residues of these buildings in reconstruction processes, especially the sustainability factor, so that some residues of these buildings can be used as substitutes for natural building materials and find a difference in terms of energy consumption in the case of using natural building materials and again in the case of using the proposed alternatives. In this study, three alternatives were used: 10% recycled fine aggregates (RFA), 100% RFA, and crushed clay brick aggregate (CCBA) to produce recycled coarse aggregates. The results obtained through the use of building information modeling (BIM) technology were compared with the actual consumption of the building in the case of reconstruction using natural building materials. The simulation results were comparable to real data. They were analyzed in terms of the energy consumption life cycle and annual carbon emissions for each alternative. The best alternative was selected from the results obtained from BIM. The best alternative was found in the use of CCBA in the production of concrete roofs and floors. His final model is that the energy consumption was five times lower than the original unit, while the results of carbon emissions were equal as for the electricity consumption decreased from 23,500 kW/h to less than 23,000 kW/h.

The Structural Characteristics of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Beams

This paper aims to investigate the structural behavior of reinforced lightweight concrete beams. Attapulgite aggregate and crushed clay brick aggregate were used as coarse lightweight aggregate to produce structural lightweight aggregate concrete with 25 Mpa and 43.6 Mpa cube compressive strength and 1805 Kg/m3 and 1977 Kg/m3 oven dry density respectively. The result of reinforced lightweight concrete beams compared with reinforced normal weight concrete beams, which have 50.5 Mpa cylinder compressive strength and 2317 Kg/m3 oven dry density. For each type of concrete two reinforced concrete beams with (1200 mm length × 180 mm height × 140 mm width), one of them tested under symmetrical two-points load STPL (a/d = 2.2) and another one tested under one-point load OPL (a/d=3.3) at 28 days. The experimental program shows that a structural lightweight aggregate concrete can be produced by using Attapulgite aggregate with 25 MPa cube compressive strength and 1805 Kg/m3 oven dry density and by using crushed clay brick aggregate with 43.6 MPa cube compressive strength and 1977 Kg/m3 oven dry density. The weight of Attapulgite aggregate concrete and crushed clay bricks aggregate concrete beam specimens were lower than normal weight aggregate concrete beams by about 20.56% and 13.65% respectively at 28 days. As for the ultimate load capacities of beam specimens, the ultimate load of Attapulgite aggregate concrete beams tested under STPL were lower than that of crushed clay bricks aggregate concrete beams and normal weight aggregate concrete beams by about 4.85% and 5% respectively. While the ultimate load capacities of reinforced Attapulgite concrete beams tested under OPL were lower than that of reinforced crushed clay bricks aggregate concrete beams and reinforced normal weight aggregate concrete beams by about 10.3% and 10.5% respectively. Finally, Attapulgite aggregate concrete and crushed clay bricks aggregate concrete showed ductility and toughness less than that of Normal weight aggregate concrete.

Use of crushed clay brick and pumice aggregates in lightweight geopolymer concrete

The study aimed to examine the properties of lightweight high-calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete (LWGC) containing crushed clay brick and pumice aggregates. A high-calcium fly ash activated by sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solutions was used as the geopolymer binder. The properties of LWGCs including workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, surface abrasion resistance, density, thermal conductivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and fire resistance were investigated and compared with those of the normal density control geopolymer concrete. Temperatures corresponding to 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C were used to test the fire resistance of the concretes. The results indicated that both crushed clay brick and pumice LWGCs exhibited better thermal insulation and fire resistance characteristics when compared to that of the geopolymer containing natural aggregates (CGCs). The results suggested that the LWGCs produced with crushed clay brick aggregate are suitable for structural lightweight concrete. With respect to LWGCs produced with pumice aggregate, the compressive strength was significantly lower, and is sutiable for the manufacture of concrete blocks.

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE MADE WITH CRUSHED CLAY BRICKS AS COARSE AGGREGATE

Because of economic considerations and thermal insulation requirements, it seems necessary therefor to produce lightweight concrete obtained by crushing an enormous tons of building demolition wastes have been produced. In this study, it is gintended to investigate smashed and the possibility of using crushed clay bricks to replace the coarse aggregate (gravel) in concrete mies. Four nominal normal concrete mixes and four more mixes of crushed clay brick aggregate were prepared and tested. The crushed clay brick aggregates were produced by crushing the brick units (locally available and manufactured in Iran) manually and collected into described size (20 mm). From the analysis of the results, it was found that the unit weight of the crushed brick concrete ranged from (1685-1760) kg/m3 and its compressive strength was about 61% of that of the natural aggregate concrete while the flexural strength was 70% of natural aggregate concrete. Also, the relation between compressive and flexural strength for the lightweight concrete produced is similar to that of normal concrete. Moreover, the results indicated the suitability of the crushed clay brick aggregate concrete to be used in buildings.

The use of recycled crushed clay brick aggregate for the purpose of forming a prefabricated façade panel

The contemporary 4R concept of waste management, in accordance with the globally spread trend of sustainability, promotes: reducing the amount of waste at the source, reusing of elements and their parts, recycling in order to produce raw material and recovering of the embodied energy. Discarded bricks from building demolition sites considered in this research could be reused, but also crushed in appropriate facilities and employed as aggregate in various cement composites. This paper investigates the possibility of using such recycled crushed clay brick material as aggregate in a prefabricated composite fa?ade panel with the face of stone, which can be used in a ventilated fa?ade system. It describes the production process of a pilot element, and further suggests the details of the fa?ade cladding technology concerning the proposed element, i.e. its production technology options, as well as transport and installation technologies. The paper further displays various design possibilities of the panel closely related to the production technology options, as well as observed aspects of sustainability and cost effectiveness relevant to the application of the proposed fa?ade panel. The research contributes to the contemporary course of sustainability within the construction industry by proposing an example of forming a new prefabricated building element using recycled building demolition waste material.

Some Durability Test of No-Fine Concrete

In this study, two types of mixes were adopted by using two grading of coarse aggregate. The practical side of this study was to produce no-fine aggregate concrete by using crushed clay brick aggregates. The durability of the produced concrete and internal sulfate attack was studied. For durability assessment, it is found that the no-fine concrete made with crushed brick aggregate lost about (15-25) % of its compressive strength after being subjected to 60 cycles of wetting and drying with age 120 days. The curing condition showed that the water curing improved the compressive strength with a rate higher than that when sealed or air dry curing were used. The crushed brick no-fine concrete deteriorated in compressive strength after exposure to internal sulfate attack for 60 cycles; the percentage decrease was about (23.33-25) and (25-27.5) % for 0.57 and 0.83sulfate content respectively.
 

Laboratory evaluation of cement treated aggregate containing crushed clay brick

Abstract: The waste clay bricks from debris of buildings were evaluated through lab tests as environmental friendly materials for pavement sub-base in the research. Five sets of coarse aggregates which contained 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% crushed bricks, respectively, were blended with sand and treated by 5% cement. The test results indicated that cement treated aggregate which contains crushed clay brick aggregate had a lower maximum dry density (MDD) and a higher optimum moisture content (OMC). Moreover, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), resilience modulus, splitting strength, and frost resistance performance of the specimens decreased with increase of the amount of crushed clay brick aggregate. On the other hand, it can be observed that the use of crushed clay brick in the mixture decreased the dry shrinkage strain of the specimens. Compared with the asphalt pavement design specifications of China, the results imply that the substitution rate of natural aggregate with crushed clay brick aggregate in the cement treated aggregate sub-base material should be less than 50% (5% cement content in the mixture). Furthermore, it needs to be noted that the cement treated aggregate which contains crushed clay bricks should be cautiously used in the cold region due to its insufficient frost resistance performance.

Utilization of crushed clay brick in cellular concrete production

The main objective of this research program is to study the effect of using crushed clay brick as an alternative aggregate in aerated concrete. Two series of mixtures were designed to investigate the physico-mechanical properties and micro-structural analysis of autoclave aerated concrete and foamed concrete, respectively. In each series, natural sand was replaced with crushed clay brick aggregate. In both series results showed a significant reduction in unit weight, thermal conductivity and sound attenuation coefficient while porosity has increased. Improvement on compressive strength of autoclave aerated concrete was observed at a percentage of 25% and 50% replacement, while in foamed concrete compressive strength gradually decreased by increasing crushed clay brick aggregate content. A comparatively uniform distribution of pore in case of foamed concrete with natural sand was observed by scanning electron microscope, while the pores were connected mostly and irregularly for mixes containing a percentage higher than 25% clay brick aggregate.

Alkali reactivity of crushed clay brick aggregate

Use of recycled aggregate in concrete is a viable alternative when it is economically feasible. Recycled red clay brick either from construction rubble or from brick manufacturing rejects has been widely investigated as concrete aggregate. While engineering properties of clay brick aggregate has been the focus of numerous studies, research on the durability characteristics is limited. This paper presents the findings of a laboratory study that investigates the alkali reactivity of crushed red clay brick aggregate. Mortar mixes, in which crushed brick constitutes 10%, 25%, 50% and 100% of aggregate, and concrete mixes, which contained 0%, 50% and 100% crushed coarse brick aggregate, were produced. Expansion was determined by employing mortar bars and concrete prisms that were subjected to ASR-promoting conditions (e.g., elevated temperature, high humidity, enhanced alkaline environment). Effects of clay brick aggregate on engineering properties (i.e., compressive strength, flexural strength, and static elastic modulus) of concrete were also investigated using cylindrical and prismatic specimens conditioned as the other specimens for ASR testing. Additionally, microstructural investigation was carried out on samples using scanning electron microscope. The test results showed that the clay brick aggregate caused linear expansion proportional to its quantity. Based on a 0.05% expansion at 6months criterion for the mortar bars stored at 38°C over water none of the brick aggregate levels were deleteriously expansive. On the other hand, 10%, 25% and 50% brick aggregate mixtures, when tested in sodium hydroxide solution at 80°C, produced significant expansions according to 0.10% expansion limit at 14days. Microscope investigation confirmed the presence of alkali silica gel. Ettringite formation was also observed in the specimens examined. Compressive and flexural strengths of concrete were found to be negatively affected by the sodium hydroxide that was added to the mixing water. The clay brick aggregate concretes experienced expansion, however, no visual cracking was observed and there was no measured loss in engineering properties (i.e., compressive strength, flexural strength, and static elastic modulus) when compared to the control mix.

PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE USING CRUSHED CLAY BRICK AS AGGREGATES

This paper provides the result of an investigation to use of crushed clay brick asaggregates in producing concrete. Eight different crushed clay brick aggregate concretes wereused in this investigation. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and pulse velocity ofcrushed clay brick aggregates concrete were determined and compare to natural aggregateconcrete. The compressive strength of crushed clay brick aggregates concretes were alwayslower than the compressive strength of natural aggregates concrete regardless the age ofconcrete, but the crushed clay brick aggregates concrete showed better performance as the age ofconcrete increases and average reduction in compressive strength were 33.5% at the age of 7days but it becomes only 20% at the age of 56 days compared to natural aggregates concrete. Thesplitting tensile strength of crushed clay brick aggregates concrete were always lower thannatural aggregate concrete, the reduction in splitting tensile strength of crushed clay brickaggregates concrete is ranging between 11 and 26% with an average reduction of about 18.5%compared to natural aggregates concrete. The pulse velocity of crushed clay brick aggregatesconcrete were also lower than natural aggregates concrete, the reduction in pulse velocity ofcrashed clay brick aggregates concrete is ranging between 6 and 22% with an average reductionof about 14% compared to natural aggregates concrete.

Use of wastes derived from earthquakes for the production of concrete masonry partition wall blocks

Utilization of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes as recycled aggregates in the production of concrete and concrete products have attracted much attention in recent years. However, the presence of large quantities of crushed clay brick in some the C&D waste streams (e.g. waste derived collapsed masonry buildings after an earthquake) renders the recycled aggregates unsuitable for high grade use. One possibility is to make use of the low grade recycled aggregates for concrete block production. In this paper, we report the results of a comprehensive study to assess the feasibility of using crushed clay brick as coarse and fine aggregates in concrete masonry block production. The effects of the content of crushed coarse and fine clay brick aggregates (CBA) on the mechanical properties of non-structural concrete block were quantified. From the experimental test results, it was observed that incorporating the crushed clay brick aggregates had a significant influence on the properties of blocks. The hardened density and drying shrinkage of the block specimens decreased with an increase in CBA content. The use of CBA increased the water absorption of block specimens. The results suggested that the amount of crushed clay brick to be used in concrete masonry blocks should be controlled at less than 25% (coarse aggregate) and within 50–75% for fine aggregates.

Effects of crushed clay brick aggregate on mortar durability

This paper reports an experimental study that aimed to investigate the effects of recycled clay brick, used as a part of fine aggregate, on mortar durability. The brick, in crushed form, was from a local brick manufacturer that salvages its off-standard products. It was used to replace 10% and 20% (by weight) of the river sand in mortar. Effects of the brick replacement on the mortar flow, compressive strength, shrinkage, freeze–thaw resistance, and alkali–silica reaction potential were investigated. The results showed that as the brick replacement level increased, the mortar flowability reduced. The 10% and 20% brick replacements had no negative effect on the mortar compressive strength and very limited effect on the mortar shrinkage. The freeze–thaw resistance of the mortar was improved by the brick replacement. However, the use of crushed brick as aggregate appeared not to reduce potential alkali–silica reaction. The microscopy study revealed the alkali–silica reaction product and associated cracking in the mortar. Additional study indicated that the brick aggregate used in the study had pessimum proportion, 30%, for the alkali–silica reaction expansion.

Properties of New and Recycled Clay Brick Aggregates for Use in Concrete

The testing described in this paper was performed to establish the physical and mechanical properties of new and recycled crushed clay brick aggregates for use in portland cement concrete (PCC). Various physical and mechanical properties of eight different types of aggregates were determined and compared with the limits set out in the British Standards for aggregate from natural sources used in concrete. The results were also compared with granite aggregate that has been proved to be a good natural aggregate for producing PCC. The results showed that most of the crushed clay-brick aggregates tested can be used in producing PCC for low-level civil engineering applications and that some kinds of brick aggregate possess good physical and mechanical properties that qualify them for producing high-quality concrete.