Crude Soybean Oil Research Articles

Effects of dietary free fatty acid content and degree of fat saturation on tibia bone properties of laying hens

Acid oils and fatty acid distillates are fat by-products of the refining process of edible oils and are characterized by their high proportion of free fatty acids (FFA). While lipids are essential in poultry diets, their chemical structure may interfere with calcium absorption. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of dietary FFA content and the degree of fat saturation on bone metabolism in commercial layers. For 15-wk, a total of 144 laying hens (19-wk-old) were randomly assigned to 8 treatments (6 replicates with 3 birds each), which were obtained by gradually replacing crude soybean oil (rich in unsaturated fatty acids [UFA]) with soybean acid oil (rich in UFA and FFA), or crude palm oil (rich in saturated fatty acids [SFA]) with palm fatty acid distillate (rich in SFA and FFA). Following a 2 × 4 factorial design, 4 UFA-rich and 4 SFA-rich diets were created with varying FFA content: 10, 20, 30, and 45%. Tibiae (6 birds/treatment) were collected at the end of the trial for the assessment of mineral composition, morphological properties, and mechanical characteristics. The data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA with the GLM procedure. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were employed to determine the linear effect of increasing %FFA, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. The degree of saturation was found to negatively impact on calcium and phosphorus bone content, with higher levels found in soybean-based diets (P < 0.001). A significant interaction was observed for medullary bone mineral content, showing a linear decrease as the dietary %FFA increased (P < 0.05) in palm diets. In contrast, morphological and mechanical bone traits, total ash content, and cortical bone mineral composition remained unaffected (P > 0.05). These results suggest that the degree of fat saturation exerts a greater impact than FFA content on bone mineral metabolism, supporting the commercial use of fat by-products rich in FFA in laying hen diets, at least during the early stages of the laying cycle.

Investigating the effect of refining parameters on acetic acid removal and the quality of crude epoxidized soybean oil

AbstractWashing crude epoxidized oil is an indispensable step for the removal of residual acetic acid and unreacted hydrogen peroxide after epoxidation. There are many studies on the epoxidation of vegetable oils but there are many discrepancies in the washing process which likely leads to water wastage, excess use of neutralizing agent, and additional processing time. Hence, this study aims to optimize the washing step by analyzing the quality of each washing step and developing a model that can predict the amount of acid removed. Soybean oil (1.5 kg) was epoxidized at 60°C for 5.5 h using Amberlite IR 120H as a heterogeneous catalyst. To determine the optimum water washing level, process parameters such as number of washing cycles (1–5), proportion of epoxidized oil to water volume (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5), and water temperature (20, 40, and 60°C) were examined. The main responses were the residual acid value and pH of the washed epoxidized oil. Results revealed that 64% of the acid was removed after 5 washing cycles irrespective of the washing water temperature and proportion. In contrast, approximately 57% of the acid was removed in the first two washing cycles. Increasing the temperature of the water affected acid removal; with approximately 54% of acid removed at 20°C compared to 60% at 60°C. Doubling or tripling the amount of water needed above a 1:0.5 ratio did not significantly affect the amount of acid removed. The model developed was significant with a predicted R2 of 96% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.1 when the model was validated at different washing scenarios. Therefore, this study shows that it is possible to significantly reduce the amount of water used and processing time while maintaining resin qualities.

Case study of chemical and enzymatic degumming processes in soybean oil production at an industrial plant

The vegetable oil degumming process plays a critical role in refining edible oil. Phospholipids (PL) removal from crude extracted soybean oil (SBO) by the enzymatic degumming process has been investigated in this work. Enzymatic degumming of extracted SBO with microbial phospholipase A1 PLA-1 Quara LowP and Lecitase Ultra enzymes have also been studied comparatively. The main novelty of our work is the use of the enzymatic degumming process on an industrial scale (600 tons a day). Many parameters have been discussed to understand in detail the factors affecting oil losses during the degumming process. The factors such as chemical conditioning (CC) by phosphoric acid 85%, the enzyme dosage mg/kg (feedstock dependent), the enzymatic degumming reaction time, and the characteristics of the plant-processed SBO have been discussed in detail. As a main point, the degummed oil with a phosphorus content of < 10 mg/kg increases yield. Quara LowP and Lecitase Ultra enzymes are not specific for certain phospholipids PL; however, the conversion rate depends on the SBO phospholipid composition. After 4 h, over 99% of Phospholipids were degraded to their lysophospholipid LPL (lysolecithin). The results showed a significant effect of operating parameters and characteristics of different origins of SBO, fatty acids FFA content, Phosphorus content and total divalent metals (Calcium Ca, Magnesium Mg and Iron Fe mg/kg) content on the oil loss. The benefit of using enzymatic degumming of vegetable oils rather than traditional chemical refining is that the enzymatic degumming process reduces total oil loss. This decrease is known as enzymatic yield. The enzymatic degumming also decreases wastewater and used chemicals and running costs; moreover, it enables physical refining by lowering the residue phosphorus to < 10 mg/kg.

Oil extraction through hydraulic pressing from Cambodian soybean seeds and analysis of its physicochemical quality

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of hydraulic pressing conditions on the extraction yields of Cambodian soybeans using hydraulic press machine. The extraction of soybean oil through hydraulic pressing is a chemical-free mechanical method that involves the compression of the soybean seeds using heat and pressure. The different pressures (30, 40, and 50 MPa) and pressing times (15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min) were performed on the extracted soybean oil yield. The physicochemical properties and fatty acid profiles of the extracted soybean oil were also analyzed. The physicochemical properties such as peroxide value, iodine value, acid value, and color were determined by AOAC methods. And the fatty acid profiles, including linoleic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, and steric acid, were characterized by gas chromatography with a frame ionization detector. The results demonstrated that the highest yield of 12.49% was achieved at a pressure of 50 MPa and a pressing time of 60 min. The crude soybean oil obtained exhibited acceptable physicochemical quality and fatty acid profiles. The fatty acids of soybean oil were found to be rich in unsaturated fatty acids, with 52.69% of linoleic acid and 25.24% of oleic acid. However, it is important to note that this study has limitations, and further research should investigate additional factors, particularly the effect of temperature in hydraulic pressing, to optimize oil yield.

The effect of solvent type on the extraction of soybean crude oil and its laboratory-scale cost analysis

The effect of solvent type on the extraction of soybean crude oil and its laboratory-scale cost analysis

Novel Phospholipase C with High Catalytic Activity from a Bacillus stearothermophilus Strain: An Ideal Choice for the Oil Degumming Process

A novel thermoactive phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLCBs) was identified from Bacillus stearothermophilus isolated from a soil sample from an olive oil mill. Enhanced PLCBs production was observed after 10 h of incubation at 55 °C in a culture medium containing 1 mM of Zn2+ with an 8% inoculum size and 6 g/L glucose and 4/L yeast extract as the preferred carbon energy and nitrogen sources, respectively. PLCBs was purified to homogeneity by heat treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and anion exchange chromatography, resulting in a purification factor of 17.6 with 39% recovery. Interestingly, this enzyme showed a high specific activity of 8450 U/mg at pH 8–9 and 60 °C, using phosphatidylcholine PC as the substrate, in the presence of 9 mM sodium deoxycholate and 0.4 mM Zn2+. Remarkable stability at acidic and alkali pH and up to 65 °C was also observed. PLCBs displayed a substrate specificity order of phosphatidylcholine &gt; phosphatidylethanolamine &gt; phosphatidylserine &gt; sphingomyelin &gt; phosphatidylinositol &gt; cardiolipin and was classified as a PC-PLC. In contrast to phospholipases C previously isolated from Bacillus strains, this PLCBs substrate specificity was correlated to its hemolytic and anti-bacterial potential against erythrocytes and Gram-positive bacterial membranes, which are rich in glycerophospholipids and cardiolipin. An evaluation of PLCBs soybean degumming process efficiency showed that the purified enzyme reduced the phosphorus content to 35 mg/kg and increased the amount of diacylglycerols released, indicating its ability to hydrolyze phospholipids in the crude soybean oil. Collectively, PLCBs could be considered as a potential catalyst for efficient industrial oil degumming, advancing the edible oil industry by reducing the oil gum volume through transforming non-hydratable phospholipids into their hydratable forms, as well as through generating diacylglycerols, which are miscible with triacylglycerols, thereby reducing losses.

Functionality and mechanistic parametric study of the potential of waste plantain peels and commercial bentonite for soybean oil refining

The consumption of unrefined vegetable oil poses acute and chronic health issues, yet improper disposal of waste plantain peels is not environmentally sustainable. This research investigates the feasibility, mechanism and thermodynamics of waste plantain peels, and commercial bentonite clay for soybean oil refining. Experiment was carried out using masses (1–4 g) of commercial bentonite clay, and unripe plantain peel ash (UPPA) to degummed and neutralized free fatty acid (FFA) contents in crude soybean oil at varying temperatures (50–120 °C), and time (15–35 min) for treatment of soybean oil. FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and XRF techniques were applied to characterize the sample. The results established that at optimum 4.0 g dosage, the UPPA (97.73%) was more effective in the removal of FFA from oil at 50 °C and 20 min, while the clay (90%) was more effective in the removal of colour pigment from the vegetable oil 100 °C, and 25 min. The optimum efficiency of Clay-Ash-composite (70:30) in adsorbing pigment from soybean oil corresponds to 80%. The impact of changing viscosities, densities, and acid values on the performance of UPPA, clay, and clay-UPPA composite was investigated. Mechanistic studies confirmed the pseudo-second-order kinetics at 5 × 10–2 g/mg min−1 and 1.87 × 10–1 g/mg min−1, with corresponding adsorption capacity of 30.40 mg/g and 4.91 mg/g, at R2 ≤ 0.9982. The UPPA-driven sorption of FFA occurred as a physisorption and exothermic process (− 620.60 kJ/mol), while colour pigment removal occurred by chemisorption and endothermic process (22.40 kJ/mol). The finding recommends UPPA and composite as economically feasible for refining soybean oil.

Evaluation and Improvement of Bio-Based Sustainable Resin Derived from Formic-Acid-Modified Epoxidized Soybean Oil for Packaging Applications.

Bio-based epoxy resin materials have obtained significant attention in the packaging industry due to concerns about the environmental and economic impacts of traditional petroleum-based plastics. The aim of this research is to improve bio-based resins' properties by investigating varying formic acid contents in the presence of a green catalyst and characterizing their physical, chemical, and mechanical properties for further scaled-up bio-based resin production for industrial packaging applications. The crude soybean oil was epoxidized with formic acid as an oxidizing agent at varying equivalent weights of 10:1 to 10:10 of soybean oil: formic acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and choline chloride-oxalic acid as a bi-functional green catalyst. The effect of increasing the amount of formic acid used to epoxidize crude soybean oil was evaluated with infrared (IR) spectroscopy, rheological, and epoxy yield measurements. The results demonstrated that formic acid significantly influenced the epoxidation of soybean oil, leading to a higher conversion of carbon-carbon double bonds, with a selectivity of 98% when the ratio of soybean oil to formic acid was between 10:5 and 10:10. The bio-resin film was formulated using the improved epoxidized soybean oils-from ESO (10:2.5) to ESO (10:10)-and equal amounts of acrylic acid. The results showed that resin films led to an improvement in tensile strength (ca. 180 MPa) and thermal stability at 360 °C. Although further research is necessary, this study provides valuable insights for designing an effective epoxidation process for renewable sources and developing bio-resin materials for future packaging applications.

Enhanced chemical deacidification of crude soybean oil by rotating packed bed reactor

Chemical deacidification is a key process for vegetable oil refining, but its efficiency is limited by the liquid–liquid mass transfer performance of reaction system. Here, a mathematical model containing mass transfer and reactions for the chemical deacidification process was developed at first. The modeling results quantitatively revealed the effect of mass transfer on deacidification efficiency and deacidification reaction time. Then, rotating packed bed (RPB) reactor was firstly applied to enhance the chemical deacidification due to its excellent heterogonous mass transfer performance. The effect of different operating conditions on the deacidification efficiency was systematically investigated. Under the optimal conditions, 99.85% deacidification efficiency was obtained after continuous treatment by RPB reactor. Comparing with traditional stirred tank reactor, the reaction time was reduced from tens of minutes to less than 1 s in RPB. Meanwhile excess alkali consumption was avoided. This work demonstrates an efficient and promising technique for vegetable oil refining.

A new strategy for magnetic immobilized phospholipase A1 and its application in soybean oil degumming: Multipoint covalent binding

In order to achieve better degumming of crude soybean oil and reduce the phosphorus content in oil, a method of multipoint immobilized phospholipase A1 (PLA1) was proposed for degumming. PLA1 with a high enzymatic load and good stability was magnetically immobilized on a modified aldehyde-rich chitosan carrier by changing the pH. The aldehyde content of the activated carrier reached 288 μmol/g. The optimal conditions of the magnetic carrier and PLA1 multi-point covalent binding were as follows: PLA1 additive amount 6000 U/ml, group ratio 7:1, reaction at 50 °C for 3.0 h. According to the characterization analysis, PLA1 was essentially spherical with good dispersion, the particle size was 83 nm, and the XRD pattern was similar to the conventional one. After functional group analysis, spectral peaks, such as CO and Fe–O, appeared, which proved that PLA1 was successfully fixed on the carrier with a saturation magnetization of 23.68 emu/g. The optimum temperature of covalent and multipoint immobilized PLA1 was 60 °C, with an optimum pH of 7.0 and 6.5 and an enzyme loading of 115 and 128 mg/g, respectively. The phosphorus content was 35.09 mg/kg by multipoint immobilized PLA1. After eight cycles of repeated use, the relative activity of the immobilized PLA1 was still more than 80%.

Effects of different degumming processes on the molecular species and microstructures of phospholipids recovered from crude vegetable oils

Phospholipids (PLs), as natural additives and nutritional supplements, are recovered from the gum phase during the degumming process of crude vegetable oils. The molecular species of phospholipids recovered from crude soybean (SO), flaxseed (FO) and peanut oil (PO) by different degumming processes, including water (WD), acid (AD), PLA1(EDA), PLC (EDC) and PLA1-PLC (EDAC) were investigated. According to the PLS-DA model, a total of 30, 38 and 21 characteristic markers were identified using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS in the phospholipids recovered from SO, FO and PO by different degumming processes, respectively. PC (18:2/18:2) and PE (18:2/18:2) were the main phospholipids for WD and AD, LPC (18:2) and LPE (18:2) were the main phospholipids for EDA and EDAC, and PI (16:0/18:2) and PI (16:0/18:1) were served as characteristic phospholipids for EDC. In addition, a lamellar liquid-crystalline phase was observed in the recovered phospholipids, which indicated that the microstructure of phospholipids recovered from crude vegetable oils were significantly influenced by different degumming processes. These differential molecular species of phospholipid products provide useful information to facilitate the potential utilization of phospholipid products as emulsifiers in food and as ingredients in the pharmaceutical industries.

Production of partially hydrogenated soybean oil with low trans-fatty acids using surface dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma.

This study examined the feasibility of applying surface dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma (SDBDCP) to partially hydrogenate crude soybean oil. The oil sample was treated for 13 h using SDBDCP at 15 kV with 100% hydrogen gas under room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Fatty acid composition, iodine value, refractive index, carotenoid content, melting point, peroxide value, and free fatty acids content (FFA) were investigated during SDBDCP treatment. Analysis of fatty acid composition demonstrated an increase in the content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (from 41.32% to 55.3%) and a decrease in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (from 58.62% to 40.98%), which resulted in a reduction of the iodine value to 98.49 over the treatment time. Also, the fatty acid profile indicated that the total detected level of trans-fatty acids was very low (0.79%). After a 13-h treatment, the samples showed a refractive index of 1.4637, melting point of 10°C, peroxide value of 4.1 meq/kg, and FFA content of 0.8%. In addition, the results revealed a 71% decline in the carotenoid content of the oil sample due to the saturation of their double bonds. Therefore, these findings suggest that SDBDCP can be effectively used for hydrogenation along with bleaching oil.

Using Crude Vegetable-Based Oils and Antioxidants to Improve the Performance of Asphalt Binders

Vegetable-based oils have been the center of attention in research on reclaimed asphalt pavement in recent years, since they are sustainable sources of recycling agents (RAs). However, there could be concern about the long-term performance and the resistance to moisture damage of asphalt binders modified by these oils. Crude corn oil (CO) and crude soybean oil (SO) have been studied as RAs for aged asphalt binder to improve their physical and rheological performances. It is hypothesized that the efficacy of vegetable-based RAs can be improved by the simultaneous addition of these RAs and an antioxidant to the binder. This study evaluates the synergy between vegetable-based RAs (i.e., CO and SO) and two antioxidants (zinc diethyldithiocarbamate [ZnDEC] and dilauryl thiodipropionate [DLTDP]) using physical and rheological characterization at high, ambient, and sub-zero temperatures. The results show that CO and SO improved the high-temperature rutting and mid-temperature cracking index of asphalt binders while worsening their low-temperature cracking index. The efficacy of CO and SO was improved by the simultaneous addition of ZnDEC. However, the asphalt binders modified by CO or SO with ZnDEC had lower resistance to moisture damage. The results also show that the simultaneous addition of DLTDP and CO or SO did not improve the efficacy of CO and SO and even resulted in inferior asphalt binders.

Sustainable Refining of Vegetable Oil Made Easy with a Designer Phospholipase C Enzyme

The increasing demand pressures the vegetable oil industry to develop novel refining methods. Degumming with type C phospholipases (PLCs) is a green technology and provides extra oil. However, natural PLCs are not active under the harsh conditions used in oil refining plants, requiring additional unit operations. These upfront capital expenditures and the associated operational costs hinder the adoption of this method. Here, we present a process based on ChPLC, a synthetic PLC obtained by consensus sequence design, possessing superior thermal stability and catalytic properties. Using ChPLC, crude soybean oil degumming was completed at 80 °C in 30 min, the temperature and residence time imposed by the design of existing oil refining plants. Remarkably, an extra yield of oil of 2% was obtained using 60% of the dose recommended for PLCs marketed today, saving upfront investments and reducing the operational cost of degumming. A techno-economic analysis indicates that, for medium size plants, ChPLC reduces the overall cost of soybean oil enzymatic degumming by 58%. The process presented here facilitates the implementation of enzymatic technologies to oil producers, regardless of their processing capacity, bringing potential annual benefits in the billion-dollar range for the global economy.

Development of a highly efficient oil degumming process using a novel phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzyme from Bacillus thuringiensis PL14

The present work reports the heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a novel phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C from Bacillus thuringiensis PL14 (PI-PLCBt) with potential for oil degumming. As degumming is a necessary refining step for all crude vegetable oils, enzymatic degumming tests were performed on crude soybean oil using rPI-PLCBt. Its efficiency was investigated by determining the phosphorus and diacylglycerol (DAG) contents after different types of treatment. Although the water and chemical degumming process can efficiently reduce the phosphorus content, a specific enzymatic process can still be selected giving its high degumming efficiency of 89.4%, with a noticeable reduction in phosphorus content to 13.7 mg kg−1, close to the values of the chemical approach, and a high increase in DAG. Accordingly, enzymatic degumming could be adopted as an alternative to traditional degumming making the process more efficient, eco-friendly and, at the same time, increasing the nutritional value of the final product.

Optimization using response surface methodology of phospholipase C production from Bacillus cereus suitable for soybean oil degumming

This work deals with the optimization of an extracellular phospholipase C production by Bacillus cereus (PLCBc) using Response Surface Methodology (RMS) and Box-Behnken design. In fact, after optimization, a maximum phospholipase activity (51 U/ml) was obtained after 6 h of cultivation on tryptone (10 g/L), yeast extract (10 g/L), NaCl (8.125 g/L), pH 7.5 with initial OD (0.15). The PLCBc activity, esteemed by the model (51 U) was very approximate to activity gutted experimentally (50 U). The PLCBc can be considered as thermoactive phospholipase since it showed a maximal activity of 50 U/mL at 60 °C using egg yolk or egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) as substrate. In addition, the enzyme was active at pH 7 and is stable after incubation at 55 °C for 30 min. The application of B. cereus phospholipase C in soybean oil degumming was investigated. Our results showed that when using enzymatic degumming, the residual phosphorus decrease more than with water degumming, indeed, it passes from 718 ppm in soybean crude oil to 100 ppm and 52 ppm by degumming using water and enzymatic process, respectively. The diacylgycerol (DAG) yield showed an increase of 1.2% with enzymatic degumming compared to soybean crude oil. This makes our enzyme a potential candidate for food industrial applications such as enzymatic degumming of vegetable oils.

Effect of Feeding Acid Oils on European Seabass Fillet Lipid Composition, Oxidative Stability, Color, and Sensory Acceptance.

Acid oils (AO) are fat by-products of edible oil refining with a high energetic value, being an interesting option for a more sustainable aquaculture nutrition. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the partial replacement of fish oil (FO) in diets by two AO instead of crude vegetable oils on the lipid composition, lipid oxidation and quality of fresh European seabass fillets, and after their commercial refrigerated storage for 6 days. Fish were fed with five different diets, the added fat being FO (100%) or a blend of FO (25%) and another fat (75%): crude soybean oil (SO), soybean-sunflower acid oil (SAO), crude olive pomace oil (OPO), or olive pomace acid oil (OPAO). Fresh and refrigerated fillets were assessed for fatty acid profile, tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3) composition, lipid oxidative stability, 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, volatile compound content, color, and sensory acceptance. Refrigerated storage did not affect T + T3 total content but increased secondary oxidation products (TBA values and volatile compound contents) in fillets from all diets. The FO substitution decreased EPA and DHA and increased T and T3 in fish fillets, but the recommended human daily intake of EPA plus DHA could still be covered with 100 g of fish fillets. Both a higher oxidative stability and a lower TBA value were found in SO, SAO, OPO, or OPAO fillets, obtaining the greatest oxidative stability in OPO and OPAO fillets. Sensory acceptance was not affected by the diet or the refrigerated storage, while the differences found in color parameters would not be perceived by the human eye. According to the oxidative stability and acceptability of flesh, SAO and OPAO are adequate replacements of FO as energy source in European seabass diets, which implies that these by-products can be upcycled, improving the environmental and economical sustainability of aquaculture production.

Monoacylglycerol lipase from marine Geobacillus sp. showing lysophospholipase activity and its application in efficient soybean oil degumming

Enzymatic degumming is an essential refining process to improve oil quality. In this study, a monoacylglycerol lipase GMGL was derived from marine Geobacillus sp., and was found that not only took monoacylglycerol (MAG) as substrate, but also had activity toward lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) and glycerolphosphatidylcholine (GPC). Binding free energy showed LPC and LPE could bind with enzyme stably as MAG. It presented great potential in the field of enzymatic degumming. The phosphorus content in crude soybean oil decreased from 680.50 to 2.01 mg/kg and the yield of oil reached to 98.80 % after treating with phospholipase A1 (Lecitase Ultra) combined with lipase GMGL. An ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was developed to identify 21 differential phospholipids between crude soybean oil and enzymatic treatment. This work might shed some light on understanding the catalytic mechanism of monoacylglycerol lipase and provide an effective strategy for enzymatic degumming.

EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF CRUDE SOYBEAN OIL IN ALCOHOLIC SOLVENTS: MISCIBILITY TEMPERATURE AND CHILLING SEPARATION EFFECTIVENESS

Experimental information about the behavior of crude soybean oil with alcohol solvents, useful in the design of oil extraction and separation processes, is provided. The miscibility temperature of crude soybean oil in ethanol, isopropanol and their mixture (M) at different oil/alcohol ratios (OAR), and both the oil equilibrium distribution coefficients (keq) between formed phases and the amount of oil recovered (OR) from the chilled miscellas were determined. In the analyzed OAR range, the highest miscibility temperatures were 78, 40 and 55 °C for ethanol, isopropanol and M, respectively. Generally, OR and keq changed significantly with the solvent, the chilling temperature and the OAR. By using ethanolic miscellas, a more effective separation was reached, being OR slightly changed with the chilling temperature. The validation of the chilling separation, performed using miscellas obtained from the ethanol extraction of soybean oil, demonstrated that other extracted compounds did not affect the separation yield.

Deodorization process of vegetal soybean oil using Thermomechanical Multi-Flash Autovaporization (MFA)

Conventional deodorization for refining vegetable oil involves evaporating volatile molecules by applying high temperatures (240–260 °C) for 2–3 h. It inevitably leads to a degradation of the refined oil quality.The chief volatile compounds from the conventional deodorization process were hydrocarbons, which are not the odor source of the oil. Particularly in the case of crude soybean oil, the main compounds responsible odor were Nonanal, Decanal, E-2-hexenal, and 2-Undecenal.The present study adopts the innovative technology of Multi-Flash Autovaporization “MFA” to effectively remove the compounds mainly responsible for the smell and taste while preserving the oil quality. It eradicates the concerned volatile molecules present in crude soybean oil. Based on experimental studies, we used phenomenological mathematical models to describe the deodorization, estimate the reaction efficiency, and optimize the correlation between thermodynamical data (volatility) and the evolution of these molecules during deodorization process.By optimizing the processing parameters, we experimentally estimated the MFA processing parameters at 800 kPa of saturated steam for 60 s, followed by an instant pressure-drop towards a vacuum of 5 kPa. The volatile ratio became 92% lower. Preserving tocopherol levels and the profile of the principal fatty acids significantly reveals the preservation of the oil quality.