Crude Solvent Research Articles

Parentucellia viscosa (growing in Türkiye): Essential Oil, Phenolic Composition, Antimicrobial and Lipase Inhibition

The essential oil (EO) and phenolic constituents of Parentucellia viscosa L. were analyzed by GC-FID-MS and HPLC, respectively. A total of 20 volatile compounds were identified accounting for 99.97% in hydrodistillation. Monoterpenes (50.57%, 5 compounds) were the primary chemical class in the essential oil of P. viscosa. Limonene (44.02%) and 1-octen-3-ol (25.23%) were the major components in the essential oil of P. viscosa. The phenolic constituent analysis for the methanol extract of P. viscosa gave benzoic acid (0.97 mg/g) as the major compound. The antimicrobial activities of the EO and crude solvent (n-hexane, acetonitrile, methanol, and water) extracts of P. viscosa were screened in vitro against ten microorganisms. n-Hexane and the acetonitrile extracts of P. viscosa resulted in the best activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis with IC50 values of 19.2 µg/mL and 53.8 µg/mL, respectively. The highest lipase enzyme inhibition activity was detected in the n-hexane extract with 44.22±1.1628 µg/mL IC50 value.

A comprehensive review of medicinal uses and phytochemicals isolated from Caralluma tuberculata

Caralluma tuberculata N.E. Brown is a xerophytic, perennial herb. Asclepiadaceae is the family where it originates. The species C. tuberculata has been the subject of investigation by the biologists because either the crude extracts or the purified compounds have a wide variety of biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-microbial and to cure human diseases such as stomach disorders, diabetes, muscular ache, skin problems and as appetizer. The present article made the review on phytochemical and pharmacological activity of C. tuberculata and summarized the biological activities of the crude solvent extracts. Finally, it can be concluded that the crude extracts of C. tuberculata have both in vitro and in vivo biological activities.

Phytochemistry, anti-diabetic and antioxidant potentials of Allium consanguineum Kunth

AimThe study was planned to investigate the phytochemicals, antidiabetic and antioxidant studies of A. consanguineum.MethodsThe preliminary studies were performed on crude extract and different solvent fractions. Based on the potency, the chloroform fraction was semi-purified to phyto-fractions CHF-1 – 5. Furthermore, CHF-3 was subjected to isolation of pure compounds using column chromatography. The α-glucosidase, α-amylase and antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, H2O2) were performed on all samples. The in-vivo experiments on compounds 1 and 2 were also performed using oral glucose tolerance test. Docking studies were performed on α-glucosidase and α-amylase targets.ResultsAmong all fractions, the chloroform fraction exhibited excellent activities profile giving IC50 values of 824, 55, 117, 58 and 85 μg/ml against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, DPPH, ABTS and H2O2 targets respectively. Among the five semi-purified chloroform phyto-fractions (CHF-1-5), CHF-3 was the leading fraction in activities giving IC50 values of 85.54, 61.19 and 26.58 μg/ml against α-glucosidase, α-amylase and DPPH respectively. Based on the overall potency and physical amount of CHF-3, it was subjected to purification to get compounds 1 and 2. The two compounds were also found potent in in-vitro activities. The observed IC50 values for compound 1 were 7.93, 28.01 and 6.19 μg/ml against α-glucosidase, α-amylase and DPPH respectively. Similarly, the compound 2 exhibited IC50 of 14.63, 24.82 and 7.654 μg/ml against α-glucosidase, α-amylase and DPPH respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 were potent in decreasing the blood glucose levels in experimental animals. Compounds 1 and 2 also showed interactions with the respective enzymes with molecular docking.ConclusionsWe can conclude that A. Consanguineum is a rich source of natural antidiabetic agents. Bioguided isolation of compound 1 and 2 showed potential inhibitions in all tested in-vitro antidiabetic targets. Further, both the compounds were also able to decrease the blood glucose levels in experimental animals.

Newly described antioxidant disecolactonic ergosteroids from marine cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis: Pharaonoids A-B as prospective carbohydrate digestive enzyme inhibitors

Biochemical investigation of crude solvent extract of pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis (family Sepiidae) led to the isolation of two undescribed disecolactonic ergosteroids, pharaonoids A-B. The compounds were characterized as 11β-acteoxy-7α-hydroxy-19-Nor-1,10:9,10-disecoergosta-3-ene-61-oxa-1-one (pharaonoid A) and 11β-hydroxy-19-Nor-1,10:9,10-disecoergosta-3-ene-61-oxa-1-one (pharaonoid B) in conjunction with spectroscopic analysis encompassing one and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometric analyses. Pharaonoid A, bearing an acetoxy and hydroxyl groups, respectively at C-11 and C-7 positions exhibited considerably greater inhibition potential against carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes α-amylase (IC50 1.14 mM) and α-glucosidase (IC50 1.23 mM) than those displayed by pharaonoid B (IC50 1.49/1.38 mM), and was proportionate with those exhibited by standard drug acarbose (IC50 0.60 and 0.40 mM, respectively), thereby recognizing the anti-hyperglycemic potential of pharaonoid A. Promising anti-oxidant property for pharaonoid A (IC50 ∼ 1 mM) could conceivably corroborate its attenuation potential against carbohydrate digestive enzymes. Greater electronic parameters along with optimum lipophilic-hydrophobic balance of pharaonoid A were directly corroborated to the anti-carbolytic properties occurring via transcellular mechanism. Greater binding energies (−9.50 kcal mol−1) and inhibition constant (Ki 48.21 nM) at the active site of α-amylase enzyme were displayed by pharaonoid A than those exhibited by its B analogue. Promising bioactive properties of the disecolactonic steroids isolated from the marine pharaoh cuttlefish are anticipated to be utilized as functional food components and potential nutraceuticals against oxidative stress and hyperglycemic disorders.

Evaluation of the antidiarrheal activity of 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of the leaf of Bersama abyssinica fresen (Melianthaceae) in mice

IntroductionThe use of traditional medicinal plants in the management of diarrhea has long been practiced in Ethiopia. B. abyssinica fresen is one of the plants traditionally used to treat diarrhea whereas an in vivo study had not yet been conducted. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of crude extract and solvent fractions of the leaf of B. abyssinica in mice.MethodsCold maceration within 80% methanol was used to extract the leaf powder and extract of the leaf was fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, and distilled water. The in vivo antidiarrheal activity of crude extracts and solvent fractions were tested in experimental models of castor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and antimotility test. Five groups each with 6 mice were used under the three antidiarrheal models. Positive controls were treated with loperamide 3 mg/kg and atropine 5 mg/kg and 2% tween 80 was used in the treatment of negative controls. The extract and solvent fractions were administered at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Time of onset of diarrhea, number and weight of total and wet feces, the percent reduction in the number of wet feces, weight and volume of intestinal contents, and percent inhibition of intestinal motility were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.ResultDefecation of castor oil-induced diarrheal or loose stools was inhibited (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001) at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of crude extract and aqueous fraction. The crude extract and the aqueous fraction at three doses (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001), the chloroform fraction at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001), and the n-hexane fraction at 400 mg/kg (p < 0.05) reduced intraluminal fluid accumulation compared with the negative control. Castor oil-induced intestinal motility was significantly suppressed with the three-doses of aqueous fraction (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001), 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of crude extract (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01), 400 mg/kg of chloroform and n-hexane (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001) compared with negative control.ConclusionThe crude extract, aqueous, and chloroform fractions of B. abyyssinica leaves have promising anti-diarrheal effects, supporting the plant's traditional use to treat diarrhea.

Functional components in extracts of Beta vulgaris (Chukandar) parts for antioxidant effect and antiobesity potential with lipase inhibition

The development of plant-derived dietary supplements and drugs to treat the obesity epidemic has increased. These supplements may target oxidative stress and pancreatic lipase (PL) catalyzed fat digestion to manage lipid metabolism. Therefore, inhibition of PL and neutralization of reactive oxidants may be potential solutions to obesity management. In the present study, various extracts of 4 parts of Beta vulgaris (BV) were quantified for total phenolics, flavonoids, and saponins contents. Of these, methanolic extracts of leaves (BVLM), acetone extracts of petiole (BVPA), and leaves and petiole saponin extracts (BVLS and BVPS) were further evaluated using the FRAP assay and free radicals scavenging (DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals) potentials. BVLM (DPPH• - EC50 100 ± 10 μg/ml) and BVLS (ABTS•+ - EC50 6.7 ± 2.0 μg/ml) showed the strongest scavenging activities whereas, BVPS had the highest FRAP value (107 ± 4 μg Trolox equivalents/mg dry extract). Their porcine PL inhibition potential was evaluated. BVLS showed the most effective inhibition (68 ± 2% at maximum concentration and mixed mode) followed by BVLM. GC-MS characterization of bioassay-guided potential extracts (BVLS and BVLM) showed the presence of many volatile compounds, their derivatives, and other drug candidates. The data was visualized using principal component analysis that explained the data variance by 70.1 and 79.3% for crude solvent extracts and saponin extracts, respectively. 2-Benzylpiperidine and phytol were docked with PL to complement the inhibition results. Therefore, BVLS and BVLM extracts may be studied further as potentially beneficial sources of bioactives to regulate fat assimilation.

Toxicity of tobacco Nicotiana tabacum Linnaeus (Solanaceae) leaf extracts to the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus 1763 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

BackgroundRice is the agricultural commodity with the third highest worldwide production and losses in rice storage due to insect pests may drastically affect the food availability for a large number of people. One of its serious pests in tropics is the “rice weevil”, Sitophilus oryzae. Although few effective fumigants are available, there is a global concern about environmental pollution, toxicity to non-target organisms, and pesticide residues. Botanicals are a promising source of pest control compounds as the pool of plants possessing insecticidal substances are enormous and have generated extraordinary interest in recent years as potential sources of natural insect control agents. The present study was conducted to determine the toxicity of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaf extracts as an alternative to synthetic insecticides in the management of rice weevils. The crude solvent leaf extracts of N. tabacum were analyzed for its phytochemical compounds via GC-MS and tested for its toxicity to the adults of S. oryzae at concentrations of 0.625, 1.25, 2.50, 5.00, 10.00, and 20.00 mg/L by Petri dish bioassay method. Adult mortality was calculated 24, 48, and 72 h after exposure.ResultsThe constituent compounds in the chloroform and acetone revealed 13 compounds represented by benzene carboxylic acid ester, alkaloids, and steroids. The major compounds found in GC-MS analysis are nicotine, nicotinonitrile, nornicotine, nicotinic acid, neonicotine, cotinine, indole, farnesol, sclareol, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, squalene, palmitic acid, and 15-tetracosenoic acid methyl ester. Overall assessment indicates that the chloroform and acetone extracts of N. tabacum leaves exhibited the highest adulticidal activity against S. oryzae. Their LD50 values were 1.62, 0.64, and 0.48; 1.54, 0.83, and 0.48 mg/L after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure respectively. In addition, the petroleum ether extract also indicated high adult mortality with LD50 value of 0.53 mg/L only at 72 h.ConclusionsThe present research has documented its first report for the management of rice weevil using tobacco leaf extracts, and therefore on the basis of the results of the present study, it is highly encouraging to note that the use of tobacco leaf extracts with its excellent insecticidal activity owing to the action of nicotine would be economically feasible to alleviate the rice weevil problem.

Antimicrobial activities of crude solvent extract and synthesized silver nanoparticles of Opuntia ficus-indica L. Cladodes

Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes was examined for their antimicrobial activities by using crude extract and synthesized silver nanoparticles against human pathogenic microbial strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans. All extracts demonstrated moderate activity against the tested microbes in a range between 0.53 and 2.33 cm. The maximum inhibition activity was found to be against K. pneumoniae while the lowest against S. aureus. Synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) showed inhibition activities between 1.82 and 2.03 cm. The maximum activity was recorded against K. oxytoca, while the lowest activities against P. mirabilis. In context of antimicrobial activity, there was no significant difference either solvent crude extract or synthesized silver nanoparticles against tested microbes. Therefore, crude extracts of O. ficus-indica cladodes or Ag-NPs could be used as an alternative natural drug.

“Phytochemical and antimicrobial investigation of methanolic extract/fraction of Ocimum basilicum L.”

Abstract The crude solvent extracts of medicinal plants may be exploited as medicines for the betterment of human health. The isolation, purification and characterization of active phytochemical components and their mechanism of action is of predominant grandness. Keeping in view the importance of Ocimum basilicum, the present study was designed to document the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of O. basilicum stem. For this purpose dried powdered stem was extracted by successive solvent extraction using petroleum ether (for non-polar Fractions), chloroform (for constituents of intermediate polarities) and methanol (for polar constituents). Six major fractions Ob-1 to Ob-6 were separated from the methanolic extract of O. basilicum stem by column chromatography and purified by thin layer chromatography. All biological active and purified fractions were analyzed by Ultra Violet (UV) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. These extracts were initially subjected to screening of antimicrobial activities. The results of the initial screening indicated that methanolic extract was more active than other solvent extracts. Antimicrobial potential of six major fractions Ob-1 to Ob-6 was determined against three species of gram-positive (Clostridium defficile, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, three species of gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria and three species of fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans). All the six isolated fractions displayed well-marked antimicrobial potential against nine microbes. Ob-4, Ob-5 and Ob-6 appeared to be most potent than other fractions, but lesser than the standard antibiotics.

&lt;i&gt;In vitro antifungal effect of crude extracts and solvent fractions of &lt;i&gt;Croton macrostachyus&lt;/i&gt; Hochst. ex Del. and &lt;i&gt; Vernonia amygdalina&lt;/i&gt; Del. against fungi isolated from formalin fixed cadavers

No Abstract.

Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxic Effects of Crude Extracts of Pereskia Bleo Leaves

ABSTRACT The phytocompounds in crude solvent extracts of Pereskia bleo leaves were identified and their cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines were determined. Crude extracts were obtained via maceration and subjected to GCMS analysis. Then, each extract was incubated with HeLa, MDA-MB-231, SW480, and NIH/3T3 cell lines for 72 h. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay was done to determine IC50 values of each extract. Terpenoids, sterols, alkaloids, fatty acids and phenolic compounds were identified from the crude extracts of P. bleo leaves. Other compounds identified were γ-sitosterol, β-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol. The ethyl acetate extract had potent cytotoxic effect against HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells as noted by the lowest IC50 values

Antifeedent activity of ecofriendly phyto-insecticides against Spodoptera litura

Among the hexane and ethyl acetate neem extracts, highest antifeedancy of 89.33% was recorded in ethyl acetate at 10% concentration. The results of the laboratory evaluation of the Nerium oleander crude solvent extracts with regard to the poison food technique showed that with increasing concentration the feeding deterrence action increased against third instar larvae of Spodoptera litura and at the maximum concentration tested was recorded as 81.22 and 78.35 per cent at ethyl acetate and diethyl ether nerium crude extract, respectively. Both neem and Nerium showed higher antifeedant activity against S. litura with 10% concentration of ethyl acetate.

EXAMINATION OF IN VITRO WOUND HEALING ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS

Objective: The objective of this study was to discover and examine the in vitro wound healing activity of selected medicinal plants against common wound infecting microorganisms.&#x0D; Methods: Ziziphus rugosa and Hemidesmus indicus plant parts were used for aqueous and solvent extract preparation, maceration technique was followed. In vitro antibiotic test has been done using disc diffusion method.&#x0D; Results: Maximum yield for aqueous extract was observed in Z. rugosa bark sample (50.6%) and minimum yield was noted in H. indicus leaf extract in (45.7%) and maximum yield in solvent extract was observed in methanol extract of Z. rugosa (37.5%) whereas minimum yield was observed in of acetone extract of leaves of Z. rugosa (25%). For all sample extracts tested, leaf extract of acetone and methanol extract of Z. rugosa and H. indicus showed the highest antibiotic zone of inhibition of 15 mm and 12 mm, whereas lowest zone of inhibition was observed in aqueous bark extract of Z. rugosa (7 mm).&#x0D; Conclusion: Crude aqueous and solvent extract of selected plant were showed that promising results have a wound healing aid, efficacy of which could be further improved by studying and practicing more advanced extraction procedure for future prospectus.

Culex quinquefasciatus Egg Membrane Alteration and Ovicidal Activity of Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Plant Extracts Compared to Synthetic Insect Growth Regulators.

BackgroundInsecticide resistance among mosquito vectors for synthetic insecticides still remains a major problem for control efforts. This study assessed the ovicidal potential of crude solvent extracts from the medicinal plant Cipadessa baccifera comparatively to standard registered synthetic insect growth regulators (IGR) on freshly laid eggs of Culex quinquefasciatus.MethodFive plant extracts were prepared using different solvents. The batches of eggs were exposed to different concentrations of each solvent extract comparatively to synthetic IGR. The hatched eggs of Cx. quinquefasciatus were subjected to different concentrations. The first instars that emerged from the eggs were counted daily. The egg hatching inhibition was observed 24, 48 and 72 hrs post treatment. The desiccation median time (DT50 and DT90) was calculated.ResultsThe percent egg hatching inhibition was inversely proportional to the concentration of extracts. The morphological damage to the eggs was observed. Among five solvent extracts, acetone extracts showed the highest ovicidal activity. The changes in eggshell morphology were observed. The maximum ovicidal activity was observed in acetone extracts with DT50 value of 1.70 hrs (0.91–2.22). The methanol plant extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 14 compounds.ConclusionThese results suggest that the acetone extracts of C. baccifera have the potential to be used as an ovicidal agent for controlling mosquito populations in aquatic stages. The biodegradability of the extracts has the advantage of being eco-friendly.

Penentuan Kadar Fenol Total Dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Kombinasi Ekstrak Herba Pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban) Dan Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa(Scheff.) Boerl.)

Many diseases that were originally caused by free radicals, so that free radicals and antioxidants observed extensively in the world of health. Gotu kola herb and fruit Mahkota Dewa were supposed to have antioxidant activity that can reduce the activity of free radicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the total phenol content and the antioxidant activity of the combination of herbal extracts of Gotu kola (Centella asiatica L. Urban) and Mahkota Dewa fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.) Gotu kola herb extracts and Mahkota Dewa fruit extracts obtained by maceration using ethanol 70% with the ratio between crude drug powder and solvent was 1: 5. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl). Total phenol content was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry reagent Folin- Ciocalteau the results expressed in gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE / 100 g extract). The result shows that the combination of the ethanol extract of Centellaasiatica herb and Mahkota Dewa fruit in the ratio of 1: 1 has a total phenol content of 3.67 mg GAE / 100 g of extract and active as an antioxidant with IC50 value of 67.07 mg / mL, and vitamin C as active comparison as an antioxidant with IC50 value of 8.81 mg / mL. This study shows that a combination of herbal extracts between Gotu Kola and MahkotaDewa have potentials as natural antioxidants. Keywords— Gotu Kola herb, Mahkota Dewa fruit, total phenols, Folin-Ciocalteau, DPPH

Lichens as promising resources of enzyme inhibitors: A review

Inhibition of some enzymes seems to be one of the therapeutic strategies for the management of certain diseases or conditions such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer and obesity. In this review, an updated information on the enzyme inhibitory activity of lichen extracts and lichen compounds by an intensive literature survey is presented. Crude solvent extracts and isolated compounds from lichens were shown to be effective in causing inhibition of several enzymes such as amylase, lipase, lipoxygenase, aromatase, cyclooxygenase, trypsin, β-glucoronidase, prolyl endopeptidase, monoamine oxidase, urease, tyrosinase, xanthine oxidase, Thioredoxin reductase, glucosidase, topoisomerase, pancreatic elastase, phosphodiesterase, telomerase and acetylcholinesterase. Lichen metabolites such as usnic acid and its derivatives, lobaric acid, physodic acid, ramalin, protolichestrinic acid, salazinic acid, atranorin, evernic acid, zeorin, diffractic acid, psoromic acid, methyl β-orcinolcarboxylate, methylorsellinate, and anziaic acid were shown to be inhibitors of some enzymes. In conclusion, lichens can be employed as promising therapeutic agents in terms of their potential to inhibit the activity of certain enzymes that are involved in some diseases or disorders. In vitro culturing of lichen symbionts in optimized media can be carried out to isolate enzyme inhibitors in larger scale and to develop effective therapeutic agents. Keywords: Lichens, lichen substances, enzyme inhibitors, enzyme inhibitory activity

Solvolysis Artifacts: Leucettazoles as Cryptic Macrocyclic Alkaloid Dimers from a Southern Australian Marine Sponge, Leucetta sp.

Chemical analysis of a southern Australian sponge, Leucetta sp., led to the discovery of a pair of solvolysis adducts, leucettazoles A1 (1a) and B1 (2a), as artifacts of an unprecedented family of 15-membered macrocyclic alkaloid dimers featuring a pair of imino bridged 2-aminoimidazoles, together with a putative monomeric precursor, leucettazine A (3). The dimeric alkaloids 1a and 2a, and monomer 3, were identified by detailed spectroscopic analysis, supported by chemical transformations, analytical mass spectrometry, and biosynthetic considerations. Global natural product social networking (GNPS) molecular analysis of crude sponge extracts and solvent partitions, supported by single ion extraction (SIE) and diagnostic MS/MS fragmentations, revealed the associated natural products, leucettazoles A (1) and B (2). This study highlights that the study of natural product artifacts can be useful, and can on occasion serve as a pathway to discover cryptic new classes of natural products.

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT, Α-GLUCOSIDASE AND Α-AMYLASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES OF ATALANTIA RACEMOSA AND SENNA UNIFLORA LEAVES

Objective: The current investigation was conducted to investigate the total phenol, total flavonoid content, antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase activities in leaves of Atalantia racemosa and Senna uniflora. Methods: Different crude solvent extracts were prepared and concentrated using rotary evaporator, these solvent extracts were tested to estimate the antioxidant radical scavenging activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2’-azinobis, 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods using spectrophotometer. The extracts were screened by α-amylase inhibition assay and α-glucosidase inhibition assay to estimate the antidiabetic potential of the studied plant with the help of microplate reader.Results: A potent antioxidant activity, i.e. mean percentage inhibition of DPPH and ABTS radical was observed in A. racemosa ethanol (71.5 ± 0.026%) and ethyl acetate extract (97.3 ± 0.076%), respectively, at the concentration of 400 μg/mL. Similarly, highest α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were observed in A. racemosa methanolic (82.4 ± 0.016%) and ethyl acetate 91.1±0.018 extracts, respectively.Conclusions: The present study revealed that the A. racemosa extracts possessed good antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities; hence, it can be used as a source of natural free radical scavenger and antidiabetic supplement(s). However, further study needs to be carried out to know the active compound and its mode of action.

English

Lepidium sativum is commonly known as “fetto” in Ethiopia, and a popular herbal plant which is widely used in folk medicine. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of three different crude solvent extracts from seed of Lepidium sativum (ethanol, methanol and chloroform) against human pathogenic bacterial strains: Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC-27736), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC-27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-25923) and Shigella sonnie (ATCC-25931) using agar well diffusion assay, and the test results were compared with standard antibiotics. This study revealed that the ethanol and methanol extracts showed maximum antibacterial activity against E. coli (ATCC 25922) with zone of inhibition mean value of 22.63±0.7 mm. The methanol extract showed minimum antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa (ATCC-27853) with zone of inhibition mean value of of 9±0.3 mm. Among the extracts, ethanol has a higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with inhibition value ranges of 6.25 to 12.5 mg/ml than other solvents extract. The results suggest that ethanolic and methanolic extracts of L. sativum could be used for treatment of infectious diseases caused by E. coli and P. aeruginosa strains. Hence, further investigation of biochemical elements of the ethanolic and methanolic extracts and understanding of the genetic mechanisms of resistance will be beneficial. Key words: Antibacterial activity, extract, Lepidium sativum, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), zone of inhibition.

In vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Property of Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G. Don. var. “rosea” and “alba” on Various Bacterial Pathogens

Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial property of crude, aqueous and organic solvent extracts from leaf, stem and root parts of two different cultivars of Catharanthus roseus (i.e. “rosea” and “alba”) under in-vitro conditions on various human pathogenic bacteria. Methods: Antibacterial activity of C. roseus was performed by crude (Fresh), aqueous, ethanol, methanol and mixture of ethanolic leaf extracts (Dried) against various pathogenic bacteria viz. Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) by disk diffusion assay under in-vitro conditions. Results: Gram positive bacteria were found to be more susceptible rather Gram negative bacteria. Dried extracts of root, stem and leaf of C. roseus var. “rosea” and “alba” plants show maximum antibacterial potential activity against all test microorganisms. The equimolar (1:1) concentration (Mixture) of ethanolic leaf extracts of species “rosea” and “alba” exhibit maximum zone of inhibition against all the test organisms (B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. aureus) rather than individually extracted form. Findings of ethanolic mixture on the tested bacterium confirm the effect may be potentiating or synergistic or additive or antagonistic. Conclusions: From the findings it could be inferred that C. roseus varieties “rosea” and “alba” could be efficiently used in the development of new life saving drugs.