Crude Protein Yield Research Articles

The Effect of Potassium and Sulfur Fertilization on Seed Quality of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)

Faba bean seeds are regarded as a highly valuable protein source for human and animal nutrition. High yield and quality of faba bean require adequate mineral nutrition. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of potassium (K) and elemental sulfur (S) on crude protein (CP) and tannin content (TC) in seeds, crude protein yield (CPY), and amino acid (AA) composition. Field trials were carried out during 2010–2013 in the temperate climate of Central Europe. The study assessed the influence of the following factors: variable soil K content and fertilization (K1, K2, K3, and K4) and elemental S application (0, 25, and 50 kg S ha−1). Plants were harvested at two growth stages to obtain immature seeds and mature seeds. K and S applications did not have a significant impact on CP and AA composition, including sulfur AA content. The TC decreased in response to increasing content of plant-available K in soil. In respect to CPY, the results indicate a positive response of faba bean to increasing K content in soil. The effect of S fertilization depended on the K treatment. The most beneficial influence of S on CPY was registered on K-poor soil.

Effect of Fertilizer Levels on Fodder Productivity and Quality of Multi-cut Sorghum Genotypes

A field experiment was conducted at Udaipur (Rajasthan) to study the effect of fertility levels on productivity and quality of multi-cut forage sorghum genotypes. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 3 replications. The treatments consisted of seven multi-cut forage sorghum genotypes (SPV 2242, SPH 1700, SSG 59-3, CSH 20 MF, CSH 24 MF, MP Chari and CoFS-29) and four fertility levels viz., 50, 75, 100 and 125% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF). Result showed that multi-cut forage sorghum genotype SPH 1700 produced highest green (58.08 t ha−1) and dry fodder (17.97 t ha−1) yield in first cut, however genotype CoFS-29 produced highest green and dry fodder yield in second cut. Maximum crude protein yield was recorded in CoFS-29 (2017 kg ha−1) followed by SPH 1700. Similarly, total digestible nutrients (sum of both cuts) was recorded in CoFS-29 (13.0 t ha−1) followed by SPV 2242 and least in MP Chari (11.13 t ha−1). Among fertilizer levels, application of 125% RDF increased green and dry fodder yield by 8.8 and 9.6% over 100% RDF. Graded application of fertilizer also improved quality of fodder in terms of crude protein, ether extract and mineral ash resulted highest total digestible nutrients (14.1 tha−1) under 125% RDF. Findings of our study shows that growing of sorghum multi-cut variety ‘CoFS-29 ’with application of 125% RDF (100 kg N and 50 kg P2O5 and 50 kg K2O ha−1) improved fodder production and their quality.

Nutritional portfolio of maize and cowpea fodder under various intercropping ratio and balanced nitrogen fertilization

Cereal–legume mixture may be a viable option to improve forage yield and quality. Furthermore, nitrogen requirement may also varying according to proportion of legume component. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different intercropping ratios and nitrogen levels on productivity and nutritional quality of fodder maize (Zea mays L.) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). The experiment was laid out in split plot arrangement with three intercropping row ratios of maize: cowpea (1:1, 2:1 and 1:2, respectively) in main plot and five nitrogen levels (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N/ha) in sub plot. Highest total green fodder, protein and ash yield in 2:1 ratio whereas maximum ether yield was reported in 1:2 intercropping ratio of maize and cowpea. However, the maximum crude protein, ether extract, ash content and lowest NDF, ADF and ADL of maize and cowpea, respectively were obtained under 1:2 intercropping ratio of maize and cowpea. Among N levels, highest total green fodder, crude protein, ether and ash yield and as well as their content in green forage of maize and cowpea were recorded with the use of 120 kg N/ha. However, cowpea responded significantly upto 60 kg N/ha only. The lowest NDF, ADF and ADL of maize and cowpea were found when these crops fertilized with 120 Kg N/ha. A significant interaction between intercropping ratios and N levels was reported in terms of yield. Thus, it can be concluded that nitrogen rates 90, 120 and 60 kg/ha found suitable to achieve maximum fodder yield in 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 (maize: cowpea) ratios, respectively.

LEVERAGING TRADITIONAL CROPS FOR FOOD AND FEED: A CASE OF HULLESS BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) LANDRACES IN ETHIOPIA

This study explored food-feed traits in genotypes of 25 indigenous Ethiopian landraces, 13 landraces introduced into Ethiopia and 5 local checks of hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare). The genotypes were evaluated for straw fodder quality traits and the traits were related to grain yield and straw yield. The genotypes were grown in Ethiopia during the 2016 cropping season using augmented design consisting of 5 complete blocks. Results of the study showed high genotypic variability in grain yield (5.1 t/ha), straw yield (7.03 t/ha) and straw content of crude protein (CP: 29.1 g/kg), neutral detergent fiber (NDF: 77 g/kg), acid detergent fiber (ADF: 41 g/kg), acid detergent lignin (ADL: 22.7 g/kg) and invitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD: 72 g/kg). Further, cluster analysis determined 6 genotypes i.e. 243231, 241790, 219177, 243235, 241787, 241789 among Ethiopian landraces that showed food-feed traits with an average of 3.44 t/ha of grain, 5.64 t/ha of straw and 55.9 g/kg of CP. The correlation between grain yield with straw yield and nutritive value parameters was insignificant. Principle component analysis determined that either CP, NDF or IVOMD can express the nutritive value of hulless barley straw. The study highlights the natural genotypic variation in grain yield and straw traits in hulless barley that can be exploited using appropriate breeding methods to develop varieties with a combination of food traits for human food and feed traits for livestock feed. These varieties would be particularly beneficial for mixed crop-livestock systems that are predominant in developing countries.

Green biorefining: Effect of nitrogen fertilization on protein yield, protein extractability and amino acid composition of tall fescue biomass

Perennial grasses can provide very high biomass yields and a better environmental profile compared to most annual cereal crops. The grass biomass can be processed into a protein-rich fraction for monogastric feed and a fibrous pulp fraction for ruminant feed or energy production. We studied the effect of fertilization of tall fescue grown on two sandy sites in Denmark. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yield of first cut was measured at four nitrogen (N) fertilization levels (0, 70, 140 or 210 kg N ha−1). Samples were processed in a screw press, achieving a pulp fraction and a juice fraction from which proteins were precipitated into a protein concentrate fraction. CP allocation between the fractions of protein concentrate and pulp was analysed as well as the amino acid (AA) profile. CP in the brown juice fraction was not analysed.CP concentration and CP yield of unprocessed tall fescue increased linearly with N fertilization, attaining concentrations up to 126 g kg−1 DM and yields up to 0.76-0.86 Mg ha−1. N fertilization did not affect CP allocation between concentrate and pulp in a consistent way. As a mean of all treatments and both sites, 17% of CP was recovered in the concentrate and 74% remained in the pulp. CP concentration increased linearly with fertilization in both concentrate and pulp with coefficients of 0.50 and 0.21 g kg−1 DM kg−1 N ha−1, i.e. with a higher increase in the concentrate fraction. The AA profile only differed slightly between the two fractions and between the fertilization levels, however, the total sulphur to N ratio in both fractions decreased with increased fertilization, and a similar trend was observed for the relative content of the sulphur-containing amino acids. The AA profile deviated considerably from soybean meal, particularly with higher leucine and lower glutamic acid content. In conclusion, fertilization can greatly increase CP concentration and CP yield. However, the separation process needs improvements to increase the protein in the concentrate fraction.

Row Arrangements of Maize and Soybean Intercrop on Silage Quality and Grain Yield

The success of maize + soybean intercrop depends on the plant arrangement. An experiment was carried out to evaluate different row arrangements on intercrop forage yield, silage quality and maize grain yield in relation to maize as a sole crop. The experiment was set up with a randomized complete block design with eight row arrangements between maize and Soybean. Maize biomass yield among crop arrangements were similar, although, lower than the maize sole crop. On the other hand, these treatments showed higher soybean biomass yield, which in turn increased silage crude protein and crude protein yield per unit area. Maize thousand grain weight, grain yield per plant and per area was affected by the intercrop arrangements. The use of two corn rows + two soybean rows (2M+2S-30 cm) and four corn rows + four soybean rows (4M+4S-30 cm) showed higher crude protein yield per area associated with similar maize grain yield in relation to the sole maize crop. In conclusion, alternating four maize rows with four soybean rows was the optimum row ratio in maize + soybean intercrop, though this needs to be further confirmed by more trials.

PENAMPILAN ALFALFA (Medicago sativa) DEFOLIASI PERTAMA PADA JARAK TANAM DAN UMUR DEFOLIASI YANG BERBEDA

Forage, the main feedstuff for ruminants, includes grasses and legumes, browses, and side products of food crops. However, legumes generally have greater crude protein content relative to other species of forage plants. One of the species of legumes is alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a perennial crop that can grow from the tropics up to sub tropics. In spite of its excellent nutrient content, In Indonesia alfalfa is still not widely explored and used for feedstuff. A study was conducted to explore and evaluate of alfalfa performances in terms of the height, number of tillers, dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) productions under the effects of different plant densities and ages of defoliation”. The height of the location of study was 200 m above sea level with an average temperature of 270 C. The results showed that the ranges of the height of alfalfa, the numbers of tillers, DM and CP productions were 33.31-56.32 cm, 36.38-82.36 tillers/bunch, 556.9-1018.9 kg/ha/defoliation, and 149.75 – 291.79 kg/ha/defoliation, respectively. In general, the ages of plant at the time of defoliation and plant distances affected (P<0.05) the variables being studied. The older plants resulted in greater DM and CP yields, and more densely plantation resulted in greater DM and CP yields.Keywords: alfalfa, plant density, defoliation age.

Evaluation of biomass yield and nutritional quality of oats\u2013vetch mixtures at different harvesting stage under residual moisture in Fogera District, Ethiopia

BackgroundThis study was conducted in Fogera District, north western Ethiopia, to evaluate the effect of harvesting stages on biomass yield and nutritive value of oat–vetch mixtures under residual moisture. The experimental plots were prepared thoroughly by plowing the land before sowing. The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement having two factors with three replications. The first factor, factor A, comprises a four combinations of two forage species (oats and vetches) having two varieties each. The two oats varieties used were CI-8237 and CI-8251, represented as (O1) and (O2) and the two vetch varieties, Vicia villosa and Vicia dasycarpa, represented as V1 and V2, respectively. The second factor, harvesting stage, had three levels which follows the three physiological stages of oat varieties as flag leaf stage (HS1), milk stage (HS2) and dough stage (HS3) in the mixtures. Agronomic performance and forage biomass yield were recorded. Chemical compositions of the forage such as crude protein (CP), ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose were determined. Data were analyzed with general linear model procedure of SAS (version 9.1; 2008).ResultsResults indicated that harvesting stages significantly (P < 0.001) affected most of the agronomic parameters in oats varieties, whereas plant height and number of branches were significant (P < 0.05) in vetch varieties. Significantly higher (P < 0.001) plant height, number of leaves per plant and leaf to stem ratio) were obtained in variety oats CI-8237. Dry matter yield (DMY) and chemical compositions of the forage were significantly affected (P < 0.001) by harvesting stages. More vigor and higher number of branches were recorded in V. villosa, but higher plant height was obtained in V. dasycarpa. The highest mean DMY (4.99 t/ha) and CP yield (0.81 t/ha) were recorded at harvesting stage two (HS2). However, the lowest DMY (3.42 t/ha) was obtained at harvesting stage one. Relatively, the optimum DMY (6.16 t/ha) with maximum CP yield (0.92 t/ha) was recorded from mixture of CI-8237 + V. villosa at harvesting stage two. The fiber components were increased with advanced stage of growth, but CP and ash contents were decreased as the age of the plant matures.ConclusionsProduction of CI-8237 + V. villosa mixture harvested at harvesting stage two would be more beneficial to produce optimum yield and nutritive value and could be recommended in the study area.

Improving Fermentation of Steamed Stalk to Feed Using Candida utilis and Pachysolen tannophilus

Abstract In order to improve the protein content of straw feed and reduce the amount of nutrients added, in this paper, the cell wall structure of corn stalk was destroyed by thermophilic digestion and the polysaccharide was degraded into monosaccharide by complex enzyme, and then transformed into bacterial protein by double strain Candida utilis 1807 and Pachysolen tannophilus 1771 fermentation. Single factor experiments and orthogonal test were made to obtain the best process for the feed of double-bacteria synchronous fermentation of stalks. The optimum amount of each nutrient and the inoculation amounts of double bacteria (accounts for the percentage of the original dry straw quality): ammonium sulfate 6.79%, urea 2.72%, yeast powder 1.63%, magnesium sulfate 0.27%, Candida utilis 54.31% and Pachysolen tannophilus 54.31%; The operational parameters of fermentation process were: fermentation temperature 29°C, rotate speed 100 r/min and fermentation time 55 hours. The yield of stalk feed and crude protein was 82.04%, 23.33%, respectively. The crude protein content of stalk feed was 28.44%, which was 4.33 times of original dry stalk. The results showed that the multi-strain distribution and degradation of protein production provide important significance for corn straw bio-utilization.

Foliar and topdressing application of nitrogen to the common bean crop

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of applying N sources to leaves and N rates to the soil on the growth, N uptake, and grain and crude protein yields of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crop. Three experiments - two irrigated and one rainfed - were conducted during the 2012/2013 agricultural season, in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of the application of: four N rates (0, 45, 90, and 180 kg ha-1) to the soil, as topdressing in the V4 stage; and five N sources/rates - i.e., control, without foliar N application; 2.5 kg ha-1 N as conventional urea (N-CU); 5.0 kg ha-1 N-CU; 2.5 kg ha-1 N as slow-release urea-formaldehyde (N-SR); and 5.0 kg ha-1 N-SR - to leaves, in the R5 stage. Soil N fertilization, using rates between 124 and 180 kg ha-1, increases shoot N content and uptake, number of pods per plant, grain yield, and protein content and yield. Regardless of the growing environment and N application to the soil, the foliar supply of N as slow-release urea-formaldehyde increases grain and protein yields, whereas the greatest rate of N as conventional urea also increases grain yield.

Forage Yield and Silage Quality of Intercropped Maize+Soybean With Different Relative Maturity Cycle

The success of maize+soybean intercrop depends on the correct synchronism between species phenological stages at the silage point. Due to it, the experiment was carried out to evaluate maize+soybean intercrop forage yield and silage quality using crops with different maturity cycle combination. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with a 2 &amp;times; 3 factorial scheme. Treatments consisted of two maize hybrids (1: P1630YHR-early cycle and 2: middle cycle P30F53VYHR) and two soybean cultivars (P95R51-maturity cycle of 5.1; TMG7062-maturity cycle of 6.2) and one control represented by maize monocrop. Silage harvesting was performed when maize had reached 2/3 milk line stage. Intercropping soybean into maize did not affect its biomass yield. Both soybean cultivars present compatible cycles for ensiling together with maize hybrids, since they were in phenological stages from R5.3 to R7 by the time maize was at its optimum stage for ensiling. There was interaction between species for the soybean biomass yield. Maize hybrid P30F53 produced higher biomass yield than P1630 what also resulted in higher amount of total crude protein yield. Intercrop P1630-P95R51 produced 458 Kg ha-1 of crude protein more than maize monocrop. Maize+soybean intercropping system results in higher silage crude protein percentage and yield per area (Kg of CP ha-1).

Upgrading of by-product from beverage industry through solid-state fermentation with Candida utilis and Bacillus subtilis.

Yellow wine lees (YWL) are the main co-products in yellow wine industry with unbalanced amino acid (AA) profiles. Solid-state fermentation was employed in this study to upgrade the YWL for ruminant animals. A 3×3 orthogonal design was conducted to optimize the fermentation condition for optimal crude protein (CP) yield as follows: ratio of water to total solid medium at 50:100 (v/w), temperature of 30°C, and ratio of Candida utilis to Bacillus subtilis at 2:1. The contents of CP, peptides and AA of fermented products were 14·5, 40·9 and 26·1% higher than those of the unfermented respectively. In particular, the essential AA were highly improved, especially for lysine and methionine. The fermentation increased the invitro microbial protein synthesis with higher CP digestibility and dramatically enhanced the ability of scavenging free radicals of the YWL. It is concluded that the microbial pretreatment can greatly improve the nutritional value of YWL, making these materials more suitable as feeds for animals, including ruminants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Yellow wine lees (YWL) are the main co-products in yellow wine industry with unbalanced amino acid (AA) profiles and are not well utilized. A strain combination of Candida utilis and Bacillus subtilis was employed to upgrade YWL. Contents of crude protein and peptides of YWL were greatly increased by microbial fermentation. Essential AAs of YWL were highly improved after the solid-state fermentation and no negative impact was observed in invitro digestibility. Fermented YWL may be a good feed source for ruminants.

Люцерна посівна як стабілізувальний чинник інтенсифікації кормовиробництва

The purpose. To increase feed productivity of Lucerne depending on application of inoculation of seeds and soil liming at naked way of sowing and application of herbicide. Methods. Systems analysis, field, laboratory, mathematical-statistical, comparative-calculation. Soil cultivation — conventional for zone of Forest-steppe. Calculation of dose of CaCO3 was carried out according to hydrolytic acidity. Weed control spraying — by herbicide Picador in dose of 1,0 l/hectare — was used in the phase of 3-4 ternate leaves. Results. It is fixed that application of bacterization of seeds of Lucerne and soil liming on hydrolytic acidity promoted heightening of productivity of grass stand at mowing of three hay cuttings in budding stage and one — in the beginning of flowering. The greatest yield of feed units and crude protein have gained at inoculation of seeds with Rizobofit in combination with Emistim S and importation of full dose of lime on hydrolytic acidity. Obtained data testify to unconditional efficiency of use of probed factors at growing Lucerne for feedstuff. Conclusions. Perspectives of use of Lucerne of intense type as major factor of production of high-protein feedstuffs and biological nitrogen as result of its symbiotic fixing from air that will ensure increase of fertility of soil and saving means for fertilizers is justified. For creation of powerful grass stand and heightening productivity of Lucerne it is expedient to inoculate seeds with biological preparations and lime soil at naked way of sowing Lucerne with importation of herbicide.

RESPONSE OF YELLOW MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY TO INTEGRATION BETWEEN MINERAL AND ORGANIC NITROGEN FERTILIZERS UNDER NEWLY RECLAIMED SOILS CONDITIONS

Two field experiments were carried out at a private farm (newly reclaimed soil) at Somusta city, Bani-Suif governorate, Egypt, during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. These experiments aimed to evaluate the application of different nitrogen sources and their combinations for increasing the productivity and quality of yellow maize (zea mays). Results showed that: Maize plants fertilized with120 kg MN/fad. recorded the greatest leaves number/plant (12.67) and number of green leaves /plant (12.67) after 45 days from sowing, however, the applied application of 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP /fad gave the maximum number of leaves /plant (15.17 and 17.83) and number of green leaves /plant (15.17 and 16.33) at stages of vegetative growth after 60 and 75 days from sowing, respectively. application of 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP /fad gave the highest values of leaf area index (LAI) at all stages of vegetative growth 3.16, 3.98 and 6.39 from 45, 60 and 75 days from sowing, respectively. At harvest maize plants fertilized with 60 kg MN/ fad + 60 kg ONP /fad recorded the highest value of grains number/row (32.83) followed by 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONC/fad. the highest values of ears number/plant were recorded with the treatments 60 kg MN/ fad + 60 kg ONC /fad, 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad and 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONF/ fad with the same value (2.00). Data also revealed that the highest value of grain weight/plant (274.49) was recorded at 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad treatment. Application of 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad produced significant maximum grain yield (3.05 ton/fad.), biological yield (6.37 ton/fad) and grain crude protein yield (296.83 kg/fad). Maize plants treated with 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad gave the highest values of grain and straw nitrogen percentage by 1.17 and 0.42% respectively. In addition the highest values of grain and straw phosphor percentage (0.49 and 0.20 %) and potassium percentage (4.30 and 1.90%) respectively were recorded with 120 kg ONP/fad.

Simulation of soil heavy metal pollution environmental stress on plant growth characteristics in the presence of wastewater

&lt;p&gt;Soil pollution was simulated by means of artificial heavy metal enrichment, in the presence of treated wastewater, and its effect on the growth characteristics of Beta vulgaris L. (red beets) i.e. on the dry matter yield, and on beet quality expressed in terms of dry matter heavy metal, nitrogen and crude protein content, was investigated in a greenhouse pot experiment. Twelve treatment combinations of heavy metals mixtures composed of Zn, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb, with each one metal participating in the mixture at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 mg.kg-1 were applied, respectively. It was found that the increase of soil DTPA extractable heavy metal concentrations reflecting high soil pollution, decreased statistically significantly the beet dry matter (dm) yield, but increased the metal and the , the nitrogen concentrations, and consequently, contributed statistisically significantly to the increase of beet crude protein yield.&lt;/p&gt;

Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi Terhadap Karakteristik Kolagen dari Kulit Ikan Patin (Pangasius pangasius)

The purpose of this research was to know difference pretreatment effect to characteristic of collagen from Stripped Catfish (Pangasius pangasius) Skin. This research was conducted on April until July 2017 using the Randomized Block Design with three treatments (method by Alhana et al., (2015), Baehaki et al., (2016) and Rahmayanti (2014) and repeated three times. The parameters observed in this research were yield of crude collagen, protein, and amino acid. The result showed that treatments gave significant effect on protein of collagen. But there were no effect on the yield of crude collagen and amino acid. The result of this study indicated that average yield values of stripped catfish skin collagen of sample A1, A2, dan A3 were 5.85%, 7.12%, and 6.35%. Protein content that collagen were 34.57%, 33.83%, and 50.11%. The highest amino acid of stripped catfish skin collagen were glisine and proline.

Microbial Protein Enrichment and Treatment of Winery Residue from Fungi and Yeast by Syntrophic Fermentation

Yellow wine lees and rice wastewater are seasonally discharged with high amount of organics. The potential of cultivating Candida utilis and Geotrichum candidum to produce value- added single cell protein (SCP) and simultaneously bio-transform the wastes was investigated. A series of batch experiments were conducted under sterile condition. Co-culture matrix of Candida utilis and Geotrichum candidum resulted in the highest biomass and crude protein yield of 4.2g increased biomass/initial biomass and 68.4%, respectively. Response surface analysis was applied to optimize the fermentation process. The optimal conditions for SCP production with 66.3% of crude protein content were fermentation time of 4 days, solid-to-liquid ratio of 6% (w/v), inoculation proportion of 1:1 (ratio of co-cultures (v/v)), inoculum dose of 18% (v/v), and aeration rate of 1.4 volume of air/volume of reactor per minute. The soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and the total nitrogen removal efficiency were 78% and 55% respectively. Acetic acid was the main species contributing to the residual SCOD. Furthermore, the contents of essential amino acids closely matched commercial standard for fishmeal and soybean meal, providing high possibility of animal food application.

Partitioning of crude protein from aqua waste using PEG 600-inorganic salt Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

Abstract An acceptable polymer-inorganic salt Aqueous Two-Phase System (ATPS) has been discovered for the crude protein partitioning from aqua waste. This study determines the effect of type of salt, temperature, pH and neutral salt (NaCl) concentration on percentage recovery of protein in ATPSs which are composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 600 and three inorganic salts. In all systems, crude protein has displayed an affinity for the PEG-rich phase. The partition coefficient was found to be increased with increasing both PEG 600- inorganic salt concentrations. The higher value of tie-line length could maximize the percentage recovery of protein from aqua waste. This was mainly owing to the excluded volume effect and salting out effect in ATPS. PEG 600-Ammonium Sulphate system was found to be the most favorable system among the three ATPS which showed the maximum yield of crude protein that was 99.4% obtained at pH 5, sodium chloride concentration 0.3 M and temperature 20 °C.

Correlation Analyses of Herbage Yield and Quality Components in Certain Sorghum × Sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor L.×Sorghumsudanense Staph.) Hybrid Cultivars

The purpose of this research study was to evaluate phenotypic correlation between yield, quality and certain yield components, and to determine the direct and indirect effects of 13 different components on yield and quality in sorghum×sudangrass hybrids. The research was conducted in the trial area of the Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences in Bilecik, Turkey, in the 2015 crop year. The randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. In the study, Aneto and Teide sorghum×sudangrass hybrid varieties belonging to Fito Seed Company and Gözde 80, Leoti, Nes, Rox and Early Sumac sorghum×sudangrass hybrid varieties belonging to Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute were used as the materials. Relationships between ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber) and NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber) ratios, RFV (Relative Feed Value) and ME (Metabolic Energy) values and characters were investigated in the study, in addition to plant height, panicle height, leaf ratio, stem ratio, panicle ratio, green grass yield, hay yield and crude protein yields of sorghum×sudangrass hybrid varieties. Results show that the Teide variety showed the highest performance in terms of herbage yield, crude protein ratio, ADF, NDF, RFV and ME, while the lowest yields were obtained from Rox and Early Sumac. Crude protein ratio was found to significantly correlate with leaf ratio, ADF, NDF, RFV and ME similarly, leaf ratio correlated with ADF and NDF; ADF with NDF; RFV with leaf ratio, ADF and NDF; and ME with leaf ratio, ADF, NDF and RFV.

Potential of Spring Barley, Oat and Triticale Intercrops with Field Peas for Forage Production, Nutrition Quality and Beef Cattle Diet

Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) monocrops and their intercrops with two forage varieties (40-10 and Tucker) and one seed variety (Cooper) peas (Pisum sativum L.) were evaluated for forage production, nutrition quality and suitability in the beef cattle diet. Pea + cereal intercrops were compared to respective cereal monocrops in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Plant height of cereals tended to be reduced in intercrops compared to respective monocrops. Taller 40-10 forage type pea tended to cause lodging in 2009 and 2011, not observed with other pea varieties. Fresh forage of pea + cereal intercrops had higher moisture than respective cereal monocrops. Fourteen of the 18 intercrops had less dry matter yield (DMY) than respective cereal monocrops. Shorter Tucker pea had less negative impact on DMY than taller 40-10 pea. Treatments with barley had lower DMY than respective oat and triticale systems. Intercrops improved forage crude protein (CP) content over the respective monocrops, which was enough to overcome the DMY penalty and produce more CP yield than their monocrops. The forage Ca and Mg contents were improved by intercrops over their monocrops, and they were greater with 40-10 pea than other pea varieties and with barley than oat or triticale. The forage P content also tended to be higher in intercrops than corresponding monocrops, without a consistent effect of cereal type or pea variety. The forage K and S contents were not consistently influenced by the cereal types, pea varieties or intercrops. Forage Na content was greater from oat than respective barley and triticale treatments. The monocrops and intercrops had similar forage Cu content, and treatments with barley had more Cu than with oat or triticale. Forage Zn content tended to be intercrops &gt; monocrops; and barley &gt; triticale &gt; oat. Treatments had no influence on the forage Fe and Mn contents. Levels of acid (ADF) and neutral (NDF) detergent fibres in the forage were similar for the corresponding intercrops and monocrops, and greater for oat than barley or triticale treatments. Some of the intercrops improved total digestible nutrients (TDN) content in forage over their monocrops. Monocrop of oat had less TDN than barley or triticale. Drought reduced the ADF, NDF and TDN contents. The forage NEL, NEM and NEG as well as RFV and NFC showed similar trend as the TDN. Overall, the tested pea + cereal intercrops did not increase DMY over the respective monocrops, but they indicated several nutritional quality benefits. These improvements present opportunities to substitute some grain or supplements in the beef cattle diet with better quality forage by intercrops.