Crude Protein Yield Research Articles

Response of FYM and Split Application of Nitrogen on Growth and Green Yield of Fodder Maize (Zea mays L.)

A field experiment was conducted at Main Forage Research Station, Anand Agriculture University, Anand (Gujarat) to study the effect of FYM and split application of nitrogen on the growth and yield of fodder maize in loamy sand soil during rabi season of 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (factorial) with three replications. There ten treatment combinations comprising two levels of FYM i.e., F1 (No FYM) and F2 (10 t FYM/ha) and five levels of nitrogen split i.e., N1 (Control: Common Practices, 50% Basal + 50% 30 DAS), N2 (20% N at Basal + 80% N in three equal splits), N3 (30% N at Basal + 70% N in three equal splits), N4 (40% N at Basal + 60% N in three equal splits) and N5 (50% N at Basal + 50% N in three equal splits). Application of 10 t FYM/ha were improved the growth, quality and yield attributes like periodical plant height, leaves/plant, leaf-stem ration, green and dry fodder yield, crude protein and dry matter content, NPK content and uptake, Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) and Netural Detergent Fiber (NDF) as compared to control treatment of fodder maize. Response of FYM on soil EC, pH was found to be non-significant and soil available phosphorus potassium was found significant. Split application of nitrogen (50% N at Basal + 50% N in three equal splits) reported significant response on growth parameters like periodical plant height, number of leaves per plant, green fodder yield and quality parameters like dry matter content, crude protein content, dry fodder yield, crude protein yield, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of fodder maize. Response of split application of nitrogen on post-harvest soil parameters like pH, EC, organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassium.

Effect of irrigation during the dry season on leaf yield of Trichanthera gigantea

The experiment was conducted at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry from 2019 to 2020 to determine the effect of irrigation on the leaf yield of Trichanthera gigantea green fodder in the dry season. The experiment consisted of 4 independent variables (NT1, NT2, NT3, NT4), corresponding to 4 different irrigation levels (0, 40, 80,and 120 m3/ha/harvest) and designed in a completely randomised block with 5 replicates. Plantation density, fertilizer application, and other factors were similar among the four variables. The results showed that the dry matter and crude protein yields of leaves of the irrigated experiments were higher than that of the control (without watering). The dry matter yields of leaves in NT1 to NT4 were 2.410, 2.934, 3.292, and 3.594 tons/ha/dry season, respectively. If the yield of NT1 was considered as 100% then that of NT2, NT3, and NT4 was 121.7, 136.6, and 149.1%, respectively. The protein yields of NT1 to NT4 grew up from 0.618 tons (100%) to 0.922 tons/ha/dry season (149.2%). Dry matter and crude protein yields of NT2, NT3, and NT4 were significantly different from NT1; that of NT4 was significantly different compared to that of NT2 and NT3. Research results have shown that irrigation in the dry season has a significant effect on leaf yield of Trichanthera gigantea green fodder and should be irrigated at 120 m3/ha/harvest.

Effect of Phosphorous Levels and Phosphorous Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) on Growth, Quality Parameters and Profitability of Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)

The present study was conducted at Research farm of R.A.K., college of Agriculture, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh during 2020-21. The experiment was laid out using Randomized Block Design with different levels of Phosphorus with or without PSB application (T1- 45 kg P2O5/ha, T2- 60 kg P2O5/ha, T3- 75 kg P2O5/ha, T4-90 kg P2O5/ha, T5 - 45 kg P2O5/ha + PSB @ 5g/kg seed, T6 - 60 kg P2O5/ha + PSB @ 5g/kg seed, T7 - 75 kg P2O5/ha + PSB @ 5g/kg seed, T8 - 90 kg P2O5/ha + PSB @ 5g/kg seed). Treatment T7 found to be best for yield and yield attributes of berseem. Maximum plant height (54.8, 71.5 and 65.5 cm), number of branches/plant (5.44, 6.72 and 8.53), dry matter accumulation (4.90, 6.64 and 5.00 g/plant) at 1st cutting, 2ndcutting and at harvest respectively, dry matter (13.01 %), crude protein (19.99 %), crude protein yield (420.21 kg/ha), Gross return (87,660 ₹/ha), net return (59,412 ₹/ha) and B:C ratio (3.03). While minimum recorded with treatment T1 (45kg P2O5/ha without PSB application).

Impact of precipitation variation on summer forage crop productivity and precipitation use efficiency in a semi-arid environment

Planting annual forage crops could provide fodder supplies, enhance the development of the livestock industry, and optimize cropping systems in semi-arid regions, but water shortages and variable precipitation limit forage production on the Loess Plateau. To explore forage production under variable precipitation conditions, we conducted 3-year field experiments to evaluate the crop production, water use, water use efficiency, and precipitation use efficiency of three forage crops, soybean (Glycine max L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), and vetch (Vicia sativa L.), under three rainfall scenarios: a 30 % decrease in rainfall (R-30 %), normal rainfall (CK), and a 30 % increase in rainfall (R +30 %). The scenarios were implemented with rainfall-collection-redistribution devices. In 2017, under the CK scenario, the dry matter yield (DMyield) values of soybean, oat, and vetch were 3617.56, 5284.00, and 2631.00 kg ha−1, respectively, and the crude protein yield (CPyield) values were 555.20, 518.37, and 467.57 kg ha−1, respectively. Compared to those under the CK scenario, the soybean, oat, and vetch DMyield values under the R + 30 % scenario increased by 26.25 %, 13.16 %, and 26.38 % in 2016, but the water use efficiency for dry matter yield (WUEDM) increased by 28.04 %, 40.58 %, and 27.77 %, respectively, in 2018 under the R-30 % scenario. Compared to that of soybean, the precipitation use efficiency for crude protein yield (PUECP) of oat was significantly lower, by 32.58 %, 31.19 %, and 27.50 %, in 2018 under the R-30 %, CK, and R + 30 % scenarios, respectively. Across the three growing seasons, under the R-30 %, CK, and R + 30 % rainfall scenarios, oat had the highest DMyield and WUEDM, but soybean had the highest CPyield and PUECP. Therefore, oat and soybean are two suitable forage types for this region, and they could be integrated into existing cropping systems. Under wet conditions, we recommended incorporating oat into fallow-winter wheat and fallow-maize-winter wheat cropping systems during the fallow periods to produce forage. Under dry and normal climate conditions, we recommend planting soybean in fallow-winter wheat and fallow-maize-winter wheat cropping systems to reduce soil water use and increase precipitation use efficiency.

Influence of Different Proportion Intercropping on Oat and Common Vetch Yields and Nutritional Composition at Different Growth Stages

Crop yield mainly depends on environment and cultivation practices that vary according to a growing environment. However, an oat (Avena sativa L.)-common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) intercrop system has not been fully developed in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia, China. This study evaluated the effects of seven treatments, including five oat-common vetch intercropping patterns, sole oat, and sole vetch on yield and quality performance at different growth periods [75 days after sowing (DAS), 90 DAS, 105 DAS], on the basis of field experiments conducted in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia in 2015 and 2016. The OV3:1 (oat intercropped with common vetch at seeding ratios 3:1) treatment at 105 DAS in 2016 was superior to other treatments, as it achieved the highest shoot dry matter, increasing by 24.1% and 37.1% compared to sole oat and common vetch. The crude fat (CF) contents, CF yield, and crude protein (CP) yield increased under OV3:1, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) decreased under OV3:1, compared to monoculture. The results indicate that intercropping is an efficient cropping system for the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia. The appropriate proportion of oat and common vetch intercropping at 3:1 and harvesting time not only increases crop yield but also improves the crop quality.

Straw dry matter yield and quality of finger millet intercropped with selected vetch species at different seeding ratios in western Oromia, Ethiopia

This study was conducted to evaluate the straw dry matter yield and quality of finger millet intercropped with three species of vetch (Vicia sativa, Viciavillosa and Vicia atropurpurea) at different seeding ratios in western Oromia, Ethiopia. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) arranged factorially in three replications. The treatment consisted of three vetch species and three seeding ratios (25:75, 50:50 and 75:25% finger millet: vetch respectively) and one pure stand of each as a control. The dry matter yield (DMY) of finger millet straw was different (P < 0.05) for the tested treatment combinations and the highest DMY of finger millet straw (5.85 t ha−1) was obtained from T10. The crude protein yield of finger millet straw was also influenced by the main effect and interaction effects of species and seeding ratio (P < 0.05). According to this study, T10 gave the highest (0.50 t ha−1) crude protein yield of finger millet straw. In general, vetch intercropping with finger millet has improved overall dry matter yield and quality of the intercrops. Thus, T10 was found to be the best treatment tested in terms of dry matter yield and quality to be used in a food/feed production strategy in a mixed crop-livestock production system to alleviate food/feed shortages in Bako and similar agro-ecologies.

Legume/Maize Intercropping and N Application for Improved Yield, Quality, Water and N Utilization for Forage Production

Legume/maize intercropping has been practiced in many countries as a sustainable cropping system, but the effects of intercropping legumes with maize together with N application rates on biomass yield, quality, water-use efficiency (WUE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) are limited under arid conditions in Northwest China. Field experiments were carried out in arid areas of Northwest China from 2019 to 2020 with three planting patterns (LM: Dolichos lablab (Lablab purpureus L.)/silage maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping; FM: Fodder soybean (Glycine max L.)/silage maize intercropping; M: silage maize monoculture) and four N application levels (N1: 0 kg N ha−1; N2: 120 kg N ha−1; N3: 240 N kg ha−1; N4: 360 N kg ha−1). The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer had a significant (p &lt; 0.01) effect on total yield, WUE, and various nutrient parameters and the interaction between planting mode and nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on the above indicators, but had a significant (p &lt; 0.01) effect on NUE. Compared with N1, the N3 and N4 treatments significantly increased fresh and hay yield, crude protein yield, crude protein concentration, and crude fat concentration of maize, legumes, and the whole silage system, and decreased the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). In comparison with N1, the 2-year average total biomass yield of N3 and N4 increased by 60.38% and 56.45%, respectively, and the total crude protein yield increased by 106.71% and 100.00%, respectively. High N input treatments (N3 and N4) significantly increased WUEB (the WUE of legume and maize biomass), N concentration, N uptake, and NUE than N1, and the 2-year average NUE of N3 was 59.52% greater than that of N4. The results also show that LM and FM increased crude protein concentration and decreased NDF and ADF concentration compared with M, and the forage quality of LM was greater than that of FM. In contrast with M, LM and FM increased biomass yield by 3.70% and 1.72%, crude protein yield by 32.05% and 22.82%, and WUEB by 10.49% and 6.02%, respectively. Application of 240 kg N ha−1 in the Dolichos lablab–maize intercropping systems produced better dry biomass yield with increased forage qualities than other treatments, but the economic analysis is needed before making a recommendation.

Bazı Macar Fiği (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) Genotiplerinin Tohum ve Kes Verimleri ile Kes Kalitelerinin Belirlenmesi

Çalışma, bazı Macar fiği genotiplerinin tohum ve kes verimleri ile kes kalitelerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, 2014, 2015 ve 2016 yıllarında 3 yıl süre ile yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, bitki materyali olarak 10 adet Macar fiği genotipi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada; genotiplerin tohum verimi, kes verimi, bin tane ağırlığı, keslerin ham kül oranı, ham protein oranı ve verimi, asit deterjan lif (ADF), nötral deterjan lif (NDF), sindirilebilir kuru madde (SKM) ve kuru madde tüketimi (KMT) oranları, nispi yem değeri (NYD) gibi özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Denemenin yapıldığı her üç yılda da ele alınan bütün özellikler yönünden genotipler arasındaki farklılıkların istatistiki olarak çok önemli düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır. Üç yıllık deneme sonucuna göre; Macar fiği genotiplerinin tohum verimleri 35.4-126.7 kg/da, kes verimleri 463.2-1110.0 kg/da, bin tane ağırlıkları 25.32-43.23 g, keslerin ham kül oranı %5.30-12.49, ham protein oranı %7.04-15.01, ham protein verimi 36.10-154.43 kg/da, ADF oranı %29.28-49.72, NDF oranı %44.18-63.64, SKM oranı %50.17-66.09, KMT oranı %1.88-2.73 ve NYD 73.52-134.64 arasında değişim gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, Bingöl koşullarında verim açısından Anadolu Pembesi, kalite açısından ise Oğuz, Ağrı Populasyonu ve Hat-5 genotiplerinin diğer genotiplere göre daha üstün olduğu görülmektedir.

Fodder Galega vs. Alfalfa: Yield and Feed Value of Leaves, Stems, and Whole Plants

Fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) is a perennial forage legume that can be an alternative to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) under more difficult environmental conditions. Galega is characterized by leafiness, and technology is now available to harvest leaves separately from stems, providing opportunity to utilize the more nutritious leaves as a feed protein source, and stems for alternative purposes. Our objective was to assess leaf, stem, and whole plant production and nutritive value of galega relative to alfalfa. Field-grown galega and alfalfa were sequentially harvested from bud to late flower maturity stages in first and second growth over two years. The proportion of leaves in galega at each harvest was greater than that of alfalfa, on average by 35%. The yield of galega leaves and yield of crude protein (CP) from leaves was also greater, on average by 31% and 18%, respectively. However, galega leaves had lower CP concentration, contained more fiber, and were less digestible than alfalfa leaves. Although the proportion of stems in galega was lower, the mean dry matter yield of stems of both species was similar. Crude protein concentration in the stems of both species was similar, but galega stems tended to contain more fiber and be less digestible than alfalfa stems. The dry matter yield of whole plant galega was greater than that of alfalfa, especially in the spring cut. Whole plant galega contained, on average, 6% more CP, and galega protein yield was also 16% greater than that of alfalfa. Whole plants of both species were generally characterized by similar levels of fiber and digestibility. The relatively high leaf-protein yield of galega under a two-harvest regime makes fractional harvest of this crop an attractive management strategy.

Extraction of protein from juice blend of grass and clover pressed by a pilot pressing facility combined with a pulsed electric field treatment

In this work we report the new technical feasibility of combining a large-scale screw pressing facility with an industrial-scale pulsed electric field (PEF) system for a great increase in the yields of plant juice and crude protein extracted from freshly harvested blends of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) (70%) and white clover (30%). A disk separator has been successfully utilized for continuous separation of 400 L of raw juice and successive protein precipitated at pH 5.0 and 60 °C. The yields of pressed juice and crude protein were increased by around 25% and 31%, respectively. The crude protein content reached 37.3 g/100 g in dry matter. In addition to the crude protein, the precipitated sediment contained minerals like Ca, K, Na, Mg and P, which are essential for health and promisingly interesting for future applications such as food alternatives. Microbial status, chemical compositions, macromolecular sizes and fat-protein microstructures of the samples collected at different process steps were explored, which allows for a better understanding of pilot-scale extraction processes and optimization. This study indicated a great potential for protein extraction from green biomass and for future food applications.

Integrated Nutrient Management in Maize-Cowpea Intercropping System Is an Attractive Option to Improve the Fodder Productivity and Quality

ABSTRACT The aim of present study was to assess the impact of integrated nutrient management in cereal-legume intercropping on fodder productivity, quality and nutrient uptake. The experiment was conducted during wet season of 2016 and 2017 at ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana (India). Results indicated that significantly higher green fodder yield was recorded with monocropped maize with application of 75%RDF+Zn+PGPR+FYM and 100%RDF+Zn+FYM which remained statistically similar with maize and cowpea intercropped in 2M:1C ratio with application of 75%RDF+Zn+PGPR+FYM. Maize and cowpea intercropped in 1M:1C ratio recorded 20.4% higher crude protein (CP) yield over monocropped maize. The maize planted under 1M:1C ratio showed significantly higher macro and micronutrients content over monocropped. Furthermore, the maize and cowpea sown under 1M:1C ratio with application of 75%RDF+Zn+PGPR+FYM or 100%RDF+Zn+FYM also showed significantly higher nutrient uptake (macro and micronutrients) over remaining treatments. Therefore, intercropping of maize and cowpea in 1M:1C ratio with application of 75%RDF+Zn+PGPR+FYM or 100%RDF+Zn+FYM could be recommended to enhance forage productivity, nutrient uptake and also help in curtailing the external demand of protein by augmenting on farm protein production.

Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Yield, Quality, Nutrient Content and Uptake on Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.)

Background: Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most versatile emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agro-climatic conditions. Nitrogen though an expensive input is very important as it is intimately involved in the process of photosynthesis and directly reflected in the total dry matter production. Phosphorus is involved in a wide range of plant processes from permitting cell division to the development of a good root system and for ensuring timely and uniform ripening of the crop. Potassium plays a vital role as macronutrient in plant growth and sustainable crop production. The current study aimed to study the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on yield, quality, nutrient content and uptake on hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) under south Gujarat condition. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of the year 2019-20 to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on yield, quality, nutrient content and uptake by hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). In this experiment twelve treatment combinations consisting of three levels of nitrogen fertilizer, two levels of phosphorus fertilizer and two levels of potassium fertilizer were tried in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The protein content and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content and their uptake by seed and stover and available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium status in the soil after harvest of the crop were determined by different methods. Result: The result showed that quality parameter viz., crude protein content, crude protein yield, nutrient content and uptake by grain and straw of hybrid maize were increased with the increased in nitrogen (180 kg N ha-1), phosphorus (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and potassium (30 kg K2O ha-1) level.

Effects of Stand Density and N Fertilization on the Performance of Maize (Zea mays L.) Intercropped with Climbing Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Maize is Germany’s most important fodder and energy crop. However, pure maize cultivation has ecological disadvantages. Moreover, its yield is low in crude protein, an important feed quality parameter. Maize–bean intercropping can potentially address both issues. A bean variety specially developed for intercropping was first introduced in 2016. Using this variety, a network of institutions conducted 13 field trials from 2017 to 2020 on four sites in Germany. We sought to determine the effects of stand density and nitrogen (N) fertilization on dry matter yield, crude protein yield, and soil mineral N content (Nmin) at harvest of intercropped vs. pure maize. The three intercropping bean densities we tested (7.5, 5.5, and 4 plants/m2) produced non-significantly different yields of dry matter or crude protein, given a maize density of 7.5–8 plants/m2. Intercropping was inferior to pure maize in dry matter yield, but non-significantly different in crude protein yield. Under neither cropping strategy were significant losses in dry matter or crude protein yield recorded with reduced compared to full N fertilization. At full fertilization, however, both pure maize systems and the 8/4 maize–bean intercrop system left significantly higher Nmin at harvest than the other variants of the corresponding system or N fertilization level and thus an increased risk of nitrate leaching. We encourage further optimization of yield performance in maize–bean intercropping, e.g., through breeding or promotion of biological N fixation via rhizobia inoculation. Furthermore, we recommend reducing N fertilization levels in maize cultivation.

The effect of nitrogen fertility rate and seeding rate on yield, nutritive value and economics of forage corn in a low corn heat unit region of Western Canada

Grazing whole plant forage corn ( Zea mays L.) during winter by gestating beef cows ( Bos taurus ) is an alterative feeding strategy in Saskatchewan, Canada. Seeding rate for target plant population and N fertility rates for grazing corn have been based on grain corn research results. The objectives of this study were to determine seeding rate and N fertility rate effects and interaction on forage corn yield and nutritive value. Trials were conducted over three growing seasons (2016, 2017, and 2018) at six sites: Scott, Lanigan, Melfort, Yorkton, Outlook, and Redvers Saskatchewan, that ranged from 2100 to 2450 corn heat unit (CHU) rating. Three N fertility rates, 112, 168 and 225 kg ha −1 , and 3 seeding rates, 75,000, 100,000 and 125,000 seeds ha −1 , were evaluated with corn hybrids that were adapted to each site. Dry matter (DM) forage yield at the half-milk line stage was determined and samples analyzed by NIRS at a commercial lab for nutritive value. Increased seeding rate from 75,000 to 125,000 seeds ha −1 resulted in increased DM yield by 1.0 ± 0.1 Mg ha −1 and increased total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield while crude protein (CP) and P concentrations decreased. Fiber, TDN, and carbohydrate concentrations were not affected by seeding rate. Increased N fertility from 112 to 225 kg ha −1 resulted in increased DM yield by 0.6 ± 0.1 Mg ha −1 , and increased CP yield, and TDN yield. CP and soluble protein concentrations increased while neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDF- dig ) concentration decreased with increased N fertility. Mineral concentrations also increased with increasing N fertility. There were no seeding rate x N rate interactions for yield or nutritive value. Site-years varied in most yield and nutritive value variables. N rate x site-year interactions were significant for DM yield, CP yield and TDN yield because the effect of N fertility was significant at only one third to one half of the site-years. Cost of production per tonne of DM or TDN increased with increased seeding rate but neither was affected by N fertility rate. Net revenue was reduced from $522 ha −1 to $462 ha −1 by increased seeding rate while there was no effect of N fertility rate on net revenue. Current seeding rate and N fertilizer rates for grazing corn in Saskatchewan will provide producers with the highest net return. • Grazing corn yield increased by 1.0 Mg ha −1 when seeding rate increased. • Increased N fertilizer rate increased yield by 0.6 0 Mg ha −1 . • Seeding rate and N fertility rate affected nutritive value of grazing corn. • Highest net returns of grazing corn occurred at recommended seeding and N rates. • Variation in nutritive value among site-years means feed testing is essential.

Optimizing crude protein production from minute duckweed (Lemna perpusilla Torr) grown in varied NPK based medium

A suitable growth medium has to be developed to implement the potential use of minute duckweed (L. perpusilla Torr.). This tiny floating aquatic plant has been widely promoted as a source of protein. This research aims to find the optimal NPK based media for enhancing plant protein productivity. The duckweed was grown in twelve various NPK based media formulations (respectively named as Box-A to box-L, each has a surface area of 0.0945 m2), and the crude protein productivity was examined. Determination of crude protein through the total biomass nitrogen (TN) analysis was performed using the modified Salicylic acid method, which combined alkaline persulphate digestion before the absorbance measurement with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The highest crude protein productivity in dry weight was 18.02 mg/m2.day or estimated equal to 65.76 kg/ha/year found on the Box D (consisted of blending Terminalia catappa leaf extract as bioalgacide agent and trace elements in NPK of 100 mg/L). Meanwhile, the highest Total Nitrogen removal (98.6%) was observed on box F (mixed of NPK 100 mg/L, Terminalia catappa leaf extract, trace elements, and molasses solutions). The alternative formulation was blending NPK 300 mg/L with trace element (box L) that enable to yield of crude protein as much as 30.97 mg/m2.day or estimated equal to 113.04 kg/ha.year. These findings proved that duckweed biomass could be potentially used as a protein source material and improve water quality in aquaculture. Further, the use of three-dimensional models to demonstrate the effect of the remaining concentration of TN and TP in medium against crude protein content in the biomass was also discussed.

Effects of Different Forage Pea and Rye Mixtures on Forage Yield and Quality

This study was carried out in the 2018-19 vegetation period to determine the appropriate mixture ratios of forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) under rainfed conditions of Kırşehir province, Turkey. The layout of the experiment was randomized blocks with three replications and the treatments were pure rye, pure forage pea and four different mixtures of forage pea and mixtures (20% FP + 80% R, 40% FP + 60% P, 60% FP + 40% R, 80% FP + 20% R). The highest green forage yield (2395.1 kg da-1), dry matter yield (833.3 kg da-1) and crude protein yield (71.0 kg da-1) were obtained from pure rye sowings. The highest crude protein ratio (15.6%), the lowest ADF (31.1%) and NDF (39.3%) ratios were obtained from pure forage pea sowings. The increase in the rye ratio of the mixtures increased the yield, while the increase in the forage pea ratio caused an increase in the forage quality. The results revealed that a mixture of pure rye and 20% FP + 80% R can be recommended to obtain high dry matter yield, and 40% FP + 60% R mixture for yield and quality for under continental climate conditions as in Kirsehir province of Turkey.

Efficacy of SDS For Protein Extraction from Broiler Muscles and Mammalian Liver Tissue

Background: The present study purports to check and validate the potential of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) alone being a suitable and cost-effective lysis buffer for maximum and efficient protein extraction from various muscle tissues of broiler chicken and mammalian liver. Materials and Methods: Three different muscle tissues (I; chest, II; wing and III; leg) were extracted from randomly selected commercial broilers (n=4) while mice (n=3) were dissected for the extraction of liver tissue samples. 1:1 ratio (w/v) of SDS; 10 and 1.0 &amp; 1.5% was used for muscles and liver tissues, respectively for its best time optimization for protein extraction. After incubation, respective tissues were homogenized followed by centrifugation. The supernatant was then processed for crude protein (CP) extraction by Bromocresol Green (BCG) method. Results: SDS (10%) achieved a maximum yield of CP after 1 hour of incubation. When checked the co-dependence of SDS-reagent on muscle-tissue type and time of incubation, tissue I (chest) was found to give maximum CP contents after 1 hour of incubation, tissue II (wing) extracted more CP after 3 hours while tissue III (leg) rendered equal amounts of CP after 1, 2 and 3 hours of incubation, respectively. From the mammalian liver tissue maximum yield of CP (6.9 g/dl), and albumin (ALB) (1.6 g/dl) was obtained with 1.5% of SDS. While the CP and albumin (Alb) content was not detected after homogenization with 1.0% SDS. Significance was checked at (P&lt; 0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded from the above findings that 10% SDS is the best lysis buffer concentration to extract crude protein from all the studied broiler muscle tissues while from mice liver samples we found 1.5% SDS lysis reagent seems good than 1.0%. Furthermore, this simple and cheapest procedure and ease of preparation this reagent may be suitable for extraction of important tissue protein fractions.

THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SOWING TIMES AND HARVEST STAGES ON FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY IN BUCKWHEAT (FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM MOENCH)

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different sowing times and harvest stages on the yield and forage quality of buckwheat in Marmara conditions. The experiment was carried out in Bursa Uludag University Agricultural Application and Research Area in 2018 and 2019 years using Gunes variety as plant material. The experiment was established in a split-plot randomized complete blocks design with three replicates. Four different sowing times (15 April, 1 May, 15 May and 1 June) were considered in the main plot and three different harvest stages (flowering, milk, and dough) in the sub-plot. Results showed that higher plant height, stem diameter, and dry matter yield values were obtained from the plants sown on 15 April and harvested during the milk or dough stages. The highest crude protein ratio, crude protein yield and relative feed value, and the lowest acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber values were determined in plants, which were sown early and harvested during flowering. In general, the delayed harvest stage increased the yield of buckwheat but negatively affected the forage quality.

EFFECTS OF SUPPRESSION APPLICATIONS ON SUMMER ASPHODEL (Asphodelus aestivus Brot.) DENSITY, BOTANICAL COMPOSITION, FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY OF AEGEAN RANGELANDS

Summer asphodel (Asphodelus aestivus Brot.) has an underground storage organ that enables the plant tosurvive extreme conditions and contains alkaloids that are toxic to the livestock in rangelands. For this reason,the experiment was carried out in the rangeland of Aydin province (Turkey) in order to determine the mosteffective methods of weed management where there is an increase in the summer asphodel (Asphodelus aestivusBrot.) population. In the study, the effects of 8 different control methods (control, mowing, fertilization,paraquat, glyphosate, 2,4-D, 2,4-D + Picloram, grubbing) on yield, quality and botanical composition wereinvestigated. Result of the findings in this study shows that the grasses increased more in vegetation. The highestvalues of hay yield were observed in paraquat and fertilization applications. High values of crude protein yieldwere found in fertilization and grubbing applications. The lowest population of summer asphodel (Asphodelusaestivus Brot.) was obtained grubbing and paraquat applications. Together with these results, grubbing,fertilization, paraquat and glyphosate applications come to the fore. However, due to the high workforce, it issignificant to choose an application considering the size of the rangeland and the population of the indicatorweed species.

Mixture Composition Influenced the Biomass Yield and Nutritional Quality of Legume–Grass Pastures

A two-year field experiment was conducted to address the effects of mixture composition and legume-grass seeding ratio on the biomass yield and nutritional quality of legume–grass mixtures. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were selected as plant materials. A total of seven legume–grass mixtures (A1: white clover, orchardgrass, and tall fescue; A2: alfalfa, orchardgrass, and tall fescue; B1: alfalfa, white clover, orchardgrass, and tall fescue; B2: red clover, white clover, orchardgrass, and tall fescue; C1: alfalfa, white clover, orchardgrass, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass; C2: red clover, white clover, orchardgrass, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass; and D: alfalfa, red clover, white clover, orchardgrass, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass) were sown in two legume-grass seeding ratios (L:G) of 4:6 and 5:5. The results showed that A2 produced a higher two-year average biomass yield (14.20 t/ha) in L:G of 4:6 than that of other mixtures. The grasses biomass yield proportion decreased while legume biomass yield proportion increased with prolonged establishment time. A2 showed a higher crude protein yield (2.5 t/ha) in L:G of 4:6. C2 and A1 showed lower neutral detergent fiber (4.6 t/ha) and acid detergent fiber (2.8 t/ha) yields in L:G 5:5, while diverse mixtures showed higher water-soluble carbohydrate yields. Overall, A2 showed a relative feed value of 146.50 in L:G of 4:6, indicating that it has not only produced the higher biomass yield but also had a better nutritional quality.