Crude Protein Digestibility Research Articles

Super Dosing of IP6 Phytase in Phosphorus-Deficit Diets to Replace Added Phosphorus and Evaluate Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Bone Mineralization of Broiler Chickens

Phosphorus in phytate is poorly available to monogastric animals due to their lack of the phytase enzyme, leading to increased phosphorus excretion and environmental pollution. Additionally, broiler diets high in phytate and low in available phosphorus negatively affect growth performance, nutrient absorption, and bone mineralization. This study was planned to evaluate the effect of adding IP6 phytase as a dietary replacement of added phosphorus with generic phosphorus in broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and bone mineralization. Seven hundred and fourteen (714) day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were randomly distributed into forty-two experimental pens (6 replicates and 17 birds/pen). Seven isonitrogenous experimental diets were formulated for starter (1-21 days) and finisher (22-28 days) phases. The first diet was served as control (C), formulated following nutrient recommendations for Ross® broilers. Three negative control diets were formulated with available phosphorus levels of 0.15%, 0.18%, and 0.21%, each supplemented with phytase at 1000 FTU/kg and 2000 FTU/kg across both phases. Phytase supplementation increased the body weight gain during days 01-07 (p=0.01), 08-14 (p=0.004), 15-21 (p=0.0001), 22-28 (p=0.036) and 0-28 (p<0.001). Feed intake was not significantly affected during days 01-07 (p=0.114) and 08-14 (0.094). However, higher levels of phytase (2000 FTU/kg with 0.21% Av. P) increased feed intake during days 15-21 (0.037) while a decrease in feed intake was observed during days 22-28 (0.009). Increased level of phytase (2000 FTU/kg) also improved the digestibility of dry matter (p=0.049), crude protein (p=0.03), and ether extract (p=0.026). Further, bone mineralization improved with the addition of phytase in the broiler diet. In conclusion, phytase supplementation can replace added phosphorus by releasing bound phosphorus from phytate without compromising the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and tibia mineral content in broilers.

Effects of Dietary Iron Levels on the Production Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Biochemistry, and Meat and Fur Quality of Growing Rex Rabbits.

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of dietary iron (Fe) levels on the production performance, nutrient digestibility, blood biochemistry, and meat and fur quality of growing Rex rabbits. Two hundred 3-month-old Rex rabbits were randomly allocated to five groups, each with forty replicates. Rabbits were fed a basal diet supplemented with varying levels of Fe (0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg) in the form of ferrous sulfate monohydrate. The analyzed Fe concentrations in the diets were 8.2, 25.4, 49.1, 85.6, and 178.7 mg/kg, respectively. Over a 35-day trial period, rabbits supplemented with 40 mg/kg Fe showed a markedly increased average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and fur area compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The addition of 20 and 40 mg/kg Fe markedly improved the digestibility of crude protein and nitrogen (p < 0.05). Additionally, 80 mg/kg Fe supplementation significantly increased the redness of the longissimus dorsi muscle 30 min postmortem (p < 0.05). Dietary Fe addition also significantly elevated serum concentrations of Fe and copper (p < 0.05) while decreasing the total Fe-binding capacity (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary Fe supplementation boosted growth performance, protein and nitrogen digestibility, Fe stores, and meat and fur quality in Rex rabbits. Specifically, 40 mg/kg Fe (diet Fe content of 49.1 mg/kg) improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fur quality, while 80 mg/kg Fe (diet Fe content at 85.6 mg/kg) was optimal for enhancing meat quality.

Agroecological mapping of livestock feed resources for sustain productivity and climate resilience in Benin (West Africa)

Feed availability and accessibility are two of the main challenges for Benin livestock systems, which are currently subject to environmental stress and changing climatic conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the main fodder resources used by livestock in Benin by estimating fodder supply and demand for livestock in Benin's agroecological zones (AEZs) and establishing a fodder balance. A total of 314 agrofarmers were surveyed using simple random sampling. Data were collected through discussions with agropastoralists, structured questionnaires, secondary data and observations. The survey in the eight AEZs of Benin revealed that maize residues are the main crop residues used in livestock feed (53.14%), followed by sorghum residues (8.41%), millet (5.91%), soya (8.1%) and rice (5). It also found that natural grazing areas are the main fodder resources used in Benin, with a dry matter contribution of 74% compared with 26% for crop residues. The study of the availability of fodder resources revealed a positive fodder balance for dry matter (DM) in each agroecological zone, but a negative balance in all AEZs for metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible crude protein (DCP). Thus, with an average annual availability of almost 3.15 million tons of DM across all Benin AEZs, zones 2, 3 and 5 had the highest DM availability rates, while AEZs 1, 7 and 8 had the lowest DM availability. To alleviate this problem of food shortages for livestock, we suggest interventions to improve the productivity of grazing areas; The introduction of fodder crops with the emphasis on legumes and efficient use of available fodder resources, such as the treatment of livestock feed (treatment of poor fodder with urea is one example).

Effects of Different Molasses Levels and Slow-Release Urea Combinations on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemistry, Rumen Fermentation, and Microflora of Holstein Fattening Bulls

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different combinations of molasses levels and slow-release urea on Holstein fattening bulls. Sixty Holstein fattening bulls of a similar age, weight, and health status were randomly divided into four groups of fifteen Holstein fattening bulls each. All of the treatments were as follows: (1) basic diet group (CON); (2) 2% molasses slow-release urea group (LMU); (3) 4% molasses slow-release urea group (MMU); and (4) 6% molasses slow-release urea group (HMU). The results of the study showed that the MMU had an outstanding performance, with a 13.3% increase in average daily weight gain compared with the control group, a significant decrease in feed conversion ratio (p &lt; 0.05), and a significant increase in apparent digestibility of crude protein (p &lt; 0.05). In terms of serum biochemical indices, blood ammonia and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations were significantly higher in the MMU than in the CON (p &lt; 0.05). The rumen pH of all treatment groups was lower than that of the CON (p &lt; 0.05), whereas the concentrations of microbial crude protein (MCP), as well as acetic acid, propionic acid, and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) were significantly higher in both the MMU and HMU (p &lt; 0.05). The dominant phyla in each group were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Patescibacteria, and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the MMU increased by 5.47% compared with that in the CON. In the MMU, Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae increased by 9.03%, 0.67%, and 3.43%, respectively, compared with the CON. The economic benefit analysis showed that the daily feeding cost of fattened cattle in the MMU was reduced by RMB 1.62 yuan, and the daily farming benefit of each cow was increased by RMB 7.19 yuan. In conclusion, the MMU was effective in improving the growth performance of fattening cows, optimizing rumen fermentation, reducing cost, and increasing profit, which is a nutritional strategy with great application value.

Substituting Fishmeal with Napier Grass Protein: Effects on Intake, Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

This study evaluated the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets with varying substitution levels of fishmeal (FM) 0 g/kg, 250 g/kg, 500 g/kg, 750 g/kg, and 1000 g/kg DM with Napier grass protein (NGP). Treatment diets included T0 (control diet), T250, T500, T750, and T1000 to represent the different substitution levels. After the starter phase, birds were finished on a conventional fishmeal-based diet for 14 days. Feed intake, weight gain, and hot carcass decreased (P &lt; 0.01) at a decreasing rate with increasing substitution in starter diets. Feed intake, weight gain, and hot carcass were highest (P &lt; 0.01) in T0 birds, followed by T250 birds. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein, and energy utilization efficiencies were highest (P &lt; 0.01) in T0 birds, followed by T250 birds, and lowest for T1000 birds. Ileal CP digestibility (862.3 g/kg DM) was highest for T0 birds but comparable (P &gt; 0.05) to T500 birds (716.4 g/kg DM). Similarly, ME digestibility was highest in T0 birds (819.5 g/kg DM) although comparable (P &gt; 0.05) to T250 birds and T500 birds. In contrast, T250 and T500 birds showed higher (P &lt; 0.05) crude fiber digestibility (645 g/kg DM) than T0 birds (402 g/kg DM). Hot carcass weight decreased (P &lt; 0.01) with FM substitution with the heaviest carcasses recorded for T0 birds. As a percentage of the hot carcass, the weight of the breast and thigh reduced (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing substitution of FM. Percentage weights of empty gizzard, caeca, and pancreas for T1000 birds were higher (P &lt; 0.05) and double compared with T0 birds. In the finisher phase, there was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in weight gains of T0 and T250 birds, although T250 birds had numerically higher weight gain compared with T0 birds. However, the percentage change in weight gain in the finisher phase was influenced (P &lt; 0.05) by the MFP substitution level in the starter phase. In the finisher phase, T1000 birds had the highest percentage change in weight gain (71.6%) compared to 40.7% for T0 birds. Nonetheless, regression analysis of FCR data in the starter phase showed that optimal FCR is attained at 150 g/kg NGP substitution in broiler diets. These results suggest that NGP is of low biological value in broiler diets, probably due to its high fiber content and deficiency in methionine and lysine, which are limiting essential amino acids in broiler diets.

Dietary Fiber-Rich Spartina anglica Improves Intestinal Health and Antioxidant Capacity of Zhedong White Geese.

Spartina anglica (SA), a plant rich in dietary fiber, has demonstrated considerable potential for enhancing gut health and antioxidant capacity in animals. This study investigates the integration of SA as a novel dietary ingredient for Zhedong white geese, with a specific focus on evaluating its effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant capacity, intestinal health, and cecal microbiota composition. A total of 360 1-day-old Zhedong white geese with an average weight of 114.94 ± 0.81 g were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments, with 6 replicates per treatment and 15 geese per pen. The 4 dietary treatments included different SA supplement levels: a control group receiving a basal diet (CON), and three experimental groups supplemented with 3% SA (SA3), 6% SA (SA6), and 12% SA (SA12). Supplementation with 6% SA significantly enhanced the final body weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). In contrast, the SA12 group exhibited reduced digestibility of crude protein and ether extract, relative to the SA3 and SA6 groups (p < 0.05). The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in the SA6 and SA12 groups, while the lowest was recorded in the CON group. SA supplementation did not significantly influence serum biochemical parameters or organ indices but increased cecum length (p < 0.05). Notably, SA supplementation markedly improved intestinal morphology, although excessive levels appeared to compromise these benefits. Additionally, SA supplementation significantly enhanced the richness and diversity of cecal microbiota and increased short-chain fatty acid concentrations. In conclusion, SA at an optimal supplementation level of 6% may be effectively utilized in Zhedong white geese diets to improve growth performance, gut health, and antioxidant capacity.

Effect of Ideal Amino Acid Ratio of Arginine to Lysine on Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Growth Performance, Antibody Titers of Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bronchitis Disease, and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers.

This study aimed to assess the effects of different arginine (Arg) to lysine (Lys) ratios on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and antibody titers of Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bronchitis (IB) disease in broilers during 35 days of trial. For this purpose, a total of 816 day-old broiler birds having an average weight of 38 ± 3 g were divided into six dietary treatments in such a way that each treatment had eight replicates and each replicate had 17 birds. The treatments were 0.95 (1.19/1.25, 1.12/1.18, and 1.05/1.1), 1 (1.25/1.25, 1.18/1.18, and 1.1/1.1), 1.05 (1.31/1.25, 1.24/1.18, and 1.17/1.1), 1.10 (1.38/1.25, 1.30/1.18, and 1.23/1.1), 1.15 (1.44/1.25, 1.36/1.18, and 1.28/1.1), and 1.20 (1.50/1.25, 1.42/1.18, and 1.34/1.1) Arg/Lys divided into different amounts according to the nutritional needs of starter, grower, and finisher diets, respectively. The results showed that in the finisher phase, the FI was influenced cubically, while in the overall period, a quadratic effect was observed for the FI (p < 0.05). The results of BWG showed that BWG was linearly increased in birds given different Arg/Lys in the grower, finisher, and overall period (p < 0.05). The results also showed that during the grower, finisher, and overall phases, the body weight gain (BWG) was better in birds fed with 1.05 and 1.10 Arg/Lys (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a better feed conversion ratio (FCR) was shown in the starter and grower phases at 1.10 and 1.15 Arg/Lys (p < 0.05). The results of nutrient digestibility explored showed that the experimental treatments had a better effect (p < 0.05) on dry matter and crude fat digestibility in birds fed with 1.19/1.25, 1.12/1.18, and 1.05/1.1 and 1.25/1.25, 1.18/1.18, and 1.1/1.1 Arg/Lys in their diets while the crude protein digestibility remained unaffected with different treatments (p > 0.05). The treatments had no effect (p > 0.05) on relative organ weights, immune organs, and carcass characteristics. However, higher titers of ND and IBD were observed in birds fed with Arg/Lys of 1.38/1.25, 1.30/1.18, and 1.23/1.1 and 1.50/1.25, 1.42/1.18, and 1.34/1.1 in their diets (p < 0.05). Based on the results of the current study, it is concluded that the inclusion levels of 1.38/1.25, 1.30/1.18, and 1.23/1.1, and 1.44/1.25, 1.36/1.18, and 1.28/1.1 Arg/Lys resulted in better growth performance and immune response in the broiler birds, respectively. Therefore, adjusting the levels of Arg/Lys in feed is recommended to enhance broilers' growth performance and immune response.

Exploring the Potential Effects of Soybean By-Product (Hulls) and Enzyme (Beta-Mannanase) on Laying Hens During Peak Production.

This study determined the interaction between soybean hulls (SHs) and enzymes (β-mannanase) to improve the sustainability and efficacy of feeding programs for laying hens during peak production while ensuring the best health and efficiency. In a completely randomized design (CRD), 200 golden-brown hens were fed for four weeks (33 to 36 weeks) and randomly distributed into four groups, each containing four replicates of ten birds, with one group receiving a control diet (P0) and the others receiving diets that contained four combinations of SHs and enzymes (ENZs). e.g., 3% SHs and 0.02 g/kg ENZs (P1), 3% SHs and 0.03 g/kg ENZs (P2), 9% SHs and 0.02 g/kg ENZs (P3), and 9% SHs and 0.03 g/kg ENZs (P4). Although most egg quality measures remained similar, the P2 group showed enhanced (p = 0.630) egg weight, albumen weight, and height. Moreover, the P2 group improved gut (p < 0.05) shape by increasing villus width, height, crypt depth, and surface area throughout intestinal sections, while the P4 group markedly improved total cholesterol and LDL (p = 0.022) levels. The P1, P2, and P4 groups exhibited a significant enhancement in dry matter (p = 0.022) and crude fiber (p = 0.046) digestibility, while the P2 group demonstrated superior crude protein digestibility (p = 0.032), and the P1 and P2 groups showed increased crude fat digestibility compared to the other groups. In conclusion, adding 3% of SHs and 30 mg/kg of ENZs (β-mannanase) to the feed may help laying hens, enhance gut health and some egg quality indices, and decrease blood cholesterol and LDL levels without compromising nutrient digestibility.

Particle size of wheat straw from genetically improved wheat affects the production performance and feeding behavior of Sahiwal cows.

The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of particle size (PS) and inclusion level of wheat straw (WS) obtained from genetically improved wheat on the performance and feeding behavior of Sahiwal cows. Twelve multiparous, mid-lactating Sahiwal cows (DIM 135 ± 25, mean ± SD; 12.8 ± 1.6kg/d milk, 331 ± 21kg of BW) were split into groups of 4 and subjected to each of four treatments in a 2*2 cross-over design. For experimental diets, TMR differed in the length and inclusion level of the WS component in that diet, (1) straw chopped with a 2cm screen (Fine chopped- FC, and inclusion, i.e., FCA = 20% and FCB = 30%) or (2) straw chopped with a 4cm screen (long chopped-LC, and inclusion, i.e., LCA = 20% and LCB = 30%). The increased dry matter (DM) intake (9.10kg/d) and crude protein (CP) intake (1.25kg/d) were observed in FCA. The diets with the shorter PS and higher inclusion (i.e., FCB) exhibited higher neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intake (3.77kg) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) intake (2.72kg). The findings of digestibility showed higher DM-digestibility in LCA (55.24%). Meanwhile, the higher digestibility of CP (52.9%) and ADF (36%) was found in LCB, and NDF (38.5%) was observed in LCA. Moreover, cows receiving FCA diets showed improved milk (15.5kg/d), 3.5%FCM (17.76kg/d), fat (0.683/d Kg), and protein (0.516kg/d) yields and production efficiency. However, the milk composition was improved in cows fed with LCB diets. Furthermore, the behavioural activities showed higher eating (i.e., 228.3min/day), rumination (391min./day), and chewing (617.9min./day) activities in LCB diets. Whereas, the lying activity (568.5min/day) was greater in FCA-fed cows. Our study suggests that incorporating fine-chopped WS @ 20% improves the overall production performance and feeding behavior of the cows.

Microencapsulated Escape Lysine with Tannin as an Adjuvant in Sheep Diets.

The use of escape protein, which is absorbed in the small intestine, can improve the production of ruminant animals because it meets their protein requirements better. This study hypothesized that wax lipid matrices are effective encapsulants for escape lysine in ruminants and tested tannin extract as an adjuvant. Forty intact male Santa Ines × Dorper sheep (~4 months old, BW 23 ± 1.2 kg) were allocated, in a randomized block design, to four treatments: control group (no lysine addition), supplementation with free lysine, escape lysine, and escape lysine + tannin extract. The ether extract intake was higher in the sheep fed escape lysine + tannin compared to the control and free lysine group. The sheep fed escape lysine presented higher DM and aNDF eating efficiency (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the free lysine and control groups. Escape lysine with and without tannin presented greater TDN compared to free lysine and control. The NFCs were lower in the free lysine diet, and the crude protein digestibility was higher in the sheep fed lysine + tannin and the control group compared to the escape and free lysine groups. The lysine treatments did not affect (p > 0.05) the performance, ingestive behavior, and blood parameters. The rectal temperature was higher in the sheep fed lysine escape compared to those fed free lysine. The sheep fed escape lysine + tannin exhibited reduced (p ≤ 0.05) large particles and improved peNDF 12 h after feeding. The escape lysine diet, regardless of the addition of tannin, improved the total digestible nutrients and eating efficiency, without affecting the performance, feed conversion, and blood variables of the sheep.

A simple laboratory method for estimating the standardised precaecal digestible crude protein in pig feeds

A simple laboratory method for estimating the standardised precaecal digestible crude protein in pig feeds

The effects of poultry by-product meal and multi-strain probiotics on production performance, immune response, gut health and nutrient utilisation of broilers

This study assessed the potential of a commercial probiotic mixture on performance, gut health and nutrient utilisation of broilers-fed poultry by-product meal (PBM)-based diet. Three-hundred-and-twenty Ross-308-day-old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial poultry hatchery. The chicks were randomly assigned to four different treatment groups, each consisting of four replicates (n = 10) in a randomised complete design. The positive control group (CON) was fed commercial poultry ration, and the negative control group (N-CON) was fed PBM partially replacing soybean meal at a 65% level. The MSP1 and MSP2 groups contained the same diet as the N-CON group but supplemented with multi-strain probiotics (MSP) at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. Overall N-CON group performed poorly, but the addition of probiotics in group MSP1 and MSP2 diets significantly improved performance. Feed efficiency and bird weight gain were improved (p < .05) by multi-strain probiotics supplementation in MSP1 and MSP2 groups compared to N-CON. The highest weight gain was observed in MSP2 and lowest in the N-CON group. Increasing levels of probiotics significantly increased villi length, width and surface area in probiotics-supplemented groups compared to non-supplemented groups. Dry matter and crude protein digestibility were improved (p < .05) in probiotics-supplemented groups compared to N-CON. In conclusion, PBM at a 6.5% level was successfully used to replace soybean meal with multi-strain probiotics supplementation without compromising broiler health.

Effect of multi-strain probiotic supplementation as alternative to antibiotics on growth, blood biochemistry, ileal digestibility, bacterial growth, and gut histomorphology of broiler fed on poultry byproduct meal

ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the effects of multi-strain probiotic (MSP) on broiler growth, health, and nutrient utilization under high animal protein concentrate conditions. Male Ross-308 broilers were assigned to four groups: a control (C), MSP at 50 mg/kg (MSP50), MSP at 100 mg/kg (MSP100), and Zinc bacitracin (ZB) as a positive control. MSP supplementation significantly improved feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency, with MSP100 demonstrating the best feed conversion ratio during both starter and finisher phases. MSP also enhanced dressing percentages and positively influenced blood lipid profiles. The supplementation reduced harmful bacterial growth (E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens) while promoting beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus). Moreover, MSP positively impacted gut histomorphology, showing higher villus height, width, and crypt depth in the MSP100 group. Digestibility of dry matter and crude protein was enhanced in birds fed the MSP100 diet. Overall, MSP supplementation exhibited positive effects on broiler performance, health, and nutrient digestibility, indicating its potential as an antibiotic alternative for improving practices in the poultry feed industry.

Exploring Feed Digestibility and Broiler Performance in Response to Dietary Supplementation of Chlorella vulgaris.

This study evaluated the feed digestibility of diets including autotrophic Chlorella (C.) vulgaris in 252 male broilers (Ross 308), comparing unprocessed biomass (trial 1) and pulsed electric field (PEF) processed biomass (trial 2) at inclusion levels up to 20%. In trial 2, performance and meat color were also evaluated. Each trial included seven treatments (0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (%w/w on dry matter (DM)) C. vulgaris) with six replicates (three birds per replicate) per treatment. Data were analyzed using linear, quadratic, and broken-line models. Control feeds without microalgae inclusion achieved a crude protein digestibility of 82.04 ± 1.42% (trial 1) and 81.63 ± 1.90% (trial 2), while feed with 20% non-processed microalgae inclusion only had a protein digestibility of 66.96 ± 1.16% (trial 1) and feed with PEF processed microalgae at 20% had a protein digestibility of 72.75 ± 0.34% (trial 2). In general, increasing inclusion levels of C. vulgaris impaired nutrient digestibility, significantly reducing crude protein, crude fat, gross energy, and crude ash digestibility (p < 0.001). Broken-line models identified critical inclusion thresholds beyond which digestibility declined significantly, i.e., at 10% for crude protein, 12.53% for crude fat, and 9.26% for gross energy in unprocessed microalgae feeds (trial 1). For PEF-processed microalgae, only a broken line fit was obtained for gross energy, with a breakpoint at 5% (trial 2). Furthermore, a significant linear decrease in body weight (BW) (p < 0.001), average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.001), average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p = 0.006), and relative and absolute breast filet weight was observed as microalgae inclusion level increased (trial 2). Color parameters also changed significantly with increasing microalgae inclusion level: L* showed a significant linear decrease (p = 0.029), b* and a* showed a significant linear increase (p < 0.001) (trial 2). This research advances the exploration of sustainable protein alternatives, highlighting the potential of microalgae in broiler feed and the benefits of processing methods such as PEF to enhance nutrient utilization.

Phytobiotic effects of Guinea grass supplementation on production and health performances of coloured-broilers

Growing concerns about antibiotic resistance in the livestock industry have prompted researchers to explore alternative solutions. This study investigated the effects of Megathyrsus maximus as a phytobiotic supplement on the production performance and health of Sasso broilers raised in tropical environments. 216 Sasso mixed-sex broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six treatment groups (six replicates per treatment): Treatment 1 (T1) as a negative control (no antibiotics), Treatment 2 (T2) as a positive control (100 mg/kg oxytetracycline), and Treatments 3–6 received 1.25, 2.50, 3.75, and 5.00 g/kg of M. maximus grass meal on top the basal diet, respectively, without antibiotics. At day 56, broilers in T6 had the highest final body weight (1.87 kg) and superior FCR of 1.93. Nutrient digestibility was optimised at higher doses of M. maximus, with the highest CP (67.68%) and EE (74.50%) digestibility in the T6 group (p < 0.001). Megathyrsus maximus also improved intestinal morphology, with higher VH:CD in all segments. However, microbial counts and carcase characteristics remained largely unaffected, though meat quality was significantly improved in terms of reduced drip loss and shear force at supplementation levels of 5.00 g/kg. Blood biomarkers analysis and decreased liver enzyme activity in the M. maximus groups, particularly in T6, suggests lowered inflammation and enhanced liver function. This study concludes that M. maximus supplementation, particularly at the highest inclusion level (T6) shows potential as an effective antibiotic replacement in tropical poultry production.

Effects of Medium- and Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Gut Microbiota and Immune Function in Weaned Piglets

The aim of this study was to investigate the combination effects of α-glycerol monolaurate (GML) and glyceryl tributyrate (TB) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut microbiota, and immune function in weaned piglets. A total of 120 weaned piglets with an average body weight (BW) of 6.88 kg were randomly allocated to one of the three dietary treatments: (1) CON: a basal diet; (2) 0.1%: a basal diet with 0.1% MSCFA (GML/TB = 1:1); (3) 0.2%: a basal diet with 0.2% MSCFA (GML/TB = 1:1). The experiment lasted 28 days. There were no differences on average daily growth (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Supplementation with 0.1% MSCFA increased apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE, p &lt; 0.05) on d 14 and increased GE (p &lt; 0.05) on d 28 compared with the CON group. The ATTD of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) of piglets supplemented with 0.1% MSCFA was higher (p &lt; 0.05). Compared with the CON group, supplementation with 0.1% MSCFA increased immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentration, decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (p &lt; 0.05) on d 14 and decreased malonaldehyde (MDA), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6 concentrations (p &lt; 0.05) on d 28. Supplementation with 0.1% MSCFA increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) concentration (p &lt; 0.05), decreased GSH-Px, MDA content (p &lt; 0.05) in jejunum compared with the CON group. Moreover, supplementation with MSCFA increased the activity of duodenal lipase (p &lt; 0.05) and the abundance of firmicutes and decreased the abundance of proteobacteria compared with the CON group. Overall, supplementation with MSCFA can improve nutrient digestibility, enhance immunity and antioxidant capacity, and improve the intestinal health of piglets. The combined use of MSCFA is a nutrition regulation strategy worthy of further exploration in modern animal husbandry.

Comparison of average daily gain, apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial communities, and serum antioxidant indices in Leizhou goats fed with or without rumen-protected fat

IntroductionRumen-protected fat (RPF) is a vital dietary energy source for dairy cows. However, the influences of RPF on rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) content and bacterial communities in goats are poorly documented.MethodsIn this study, 12 castrated male goats (body weight [BW]: 13.3 ± 0.02 kg; 6 months of age) were used as the experimental animal and then allocated into two groups (n = 6): a control group, fed a basal diet without RPF supplementation, and the RPF supplementation group, fed a basal diet with 2.4% RPF supplementation.ResultsThe final BW and ADG were higher (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and the ratio of dry matter (DM) intake to ADG was lower (p &amp;lt; 0.05) in the 2.4% RPF supplementation group compared with those in the control group. The 2.4% RPF supplementation group showed a higher total tract digestibility of DM, CP, OM, neutral and acid detergent fiber compared with that of the control group (p &amp;lt; 0.05). The proportion of acetate was higher (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and that of propionate was lower (p &amp;lt; 0.05) in the 2.4% RPF supplementation group compared with those in the control group. The relative abundances of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, unclassified_f__Selenomonadaceae, norank_f__Selenomonadaceae, Quinella, norank_f__Bacteroidales_RF16_group, and unclassified_o__Bacteroidales were higher (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and those of Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, norank_f__F082, Olsenella, Erysipelatoclostridiaceae_UCG-004, and Syntrophococcus were lower (p &amp;lt; 0.05) in the 2.4% RPF supplementation group compared with those in the control group.DiscussionIn conclusion, 2.4% RPF supplementation can improve the ADG and antioxidant capacity by regulating the rumen bacterial communities and enhancing the apparent total tract digestibility in growing Leizhou goats.

Effects of Substitution of Wheat Straw by Giant Reed on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Nutrient Digestibility, and Antioxidant Properties of Sheep.

The development and utilization of unconventional forage resources is crucial to alleviating the current situation of shortage of forage resources. Giant reed (Arundo donax) is a promising forage resource from the Poaceae family, one of the largest herbaceous plants globally, with fast growth, high biomass yield, and strong ecological adaptability. However, there are still very few reports on the use of giant reed in livestock and poultry production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding giant reed instead of wheat straw in total mixed ration (TMR) diets on growth performance, blood biochemical indexes, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant properties of sheep, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of giant reed herbage resources. A total of 24 fattening sheep (Han × Duper) with similar body weight (20 kg), age (2 months), and health status were randomly divided into four groups with six replicates per group. Sheep in the control group were fed a basal diet (CON), and those in the experimental groups were fed giant reed Lvzhou No. 1 instead of wheat straw, with replacement proportions of 10% (GR10), 20% (GR20), and 30% (GR30) of the total diet, respectively. The results showed that (1) the body weight (FBW) and average daily gain (ADG) of sheep in the GR20 and GR30 groups were higher than those of sheep in the CON and GR10 groups (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the feed to gain ratio (F/G) of sheep in the GR20 and GR30 groups was lower than those sheep in the CON and GR10 groups (p < 0.05), and the F/G of the GR30 group was lower than that of the GR20 group (p < 0.05). (2) The apparent digestibility of DM and CP in groups GR10, GR20 and GR30 was significantly higher than that in group CON (p < 0.005). The digestibility of NDF and ADF in groups GR20, and GR30 was significantly higher than that in the CON and GR10 groups (p < 0.05). (3) dietary substitution of giant reed for wheat straw had no effect on serum biochemical indices, except serum glucose (GLU, p = 0.014) of sheep. In addition, the substitution of giant reed for wheat straw had a tendency to decrease serum urea content of sheep (p = 0.098). (4) Dietary substitution of giant reed for wheat straw significantly improved serum T-SOD (p < 0.001) and T-AOC (p < 0.001), and significantly decreased MDA (p < 0.001) of sheep. In conclusion, replacing wheat straw with giant reed can significantly enhance growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant capacity in sheep without adverse effects on their normal physiological functions.

Effects of Fructus Aurantii Extract on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Serum Parameters, and Fecal Microbiota in Finishing Pigs.

This study investigated the effects of Fructus Aurantii extract (FAE) on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, serum parameters, fecal microbial composition, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in finishing pigs. In total, 75 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire pigs (equally divided by sex), with an initial body weight of 79.49 ± 4.27 kg, were randomly assigned to three treatment groups. The pigs were fed either a basic diet (CON) or a basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg of FAE (FAE500) and 1000 mg/kg of FAE (FAE1000). The FAE1000 group exhibited a significantly higher final body weight (FBW) (p < 0.05), and the average daily feed intake (ADFI) showed an increasing tendency in the FAE500 and FAE1000 groups (p = 0.056) compared to the CON group. Additionally, the inclusion of FAE resulted in the significantly higher apparent digestibility of crude ash (Ash), gross energy (GE), and crude protein (CP) (p < 0.05), with a tendency to the increased digestibility of dry matter (DM) (p = 0.053). Dietary FAE supplementation led to elevated serum levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and decreased levels of serum L-lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), along with a tendency to increase serum glucose (GLU) levels (p = 0.084). The FAE500 group demonstrated higher serum concentrations of motilin (MTL) and gastrin (GAS) (p < 0.05), and a tendency for reduced serum glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) level (p = 0.055) compared to the CON group. Furthermore, alpha diversity analysis revealed that the FAE500 group significantly increased the Chao 1 and Observed_species indexes (p < 0.05). Similarly, beta diversity analysis indicated that FAE feeding altered the fecal microbial structure (p = 0.083). Notably, compared with the control group, CF231, Pediococcus, and Mogibacterium displayed higher relative abundance in the feces of the FAE500 group, whereas Tenericutes showed a reduction in relative abundance (p < 0.05). Additionally, the relative abundance of Tenericute was negatively correlated with the digestibility of DM, GE, Ash, and CP (p < 0.05). Serum MTL and GAS levels correlated positively with the Coprococcus, Dorea, Pediococcus, and Mogibacterium relative abundances (p < 0.05). Collectively, dietary FAE supplementation could enhance growth performance by boosting beneficial bacteria in feces, stimulating gastrointestinal hormone secretion, and improving nutrient digestibility.

Improvement in Palm Kernel Meal Quality by Solid-Sate Fermentation with Bacillus velezensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus paracasei

To improve the quality of palm kernel meal (PKM), the effect of solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Bacillus velezensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus paracasei on nutritional components, anti-nutritional factor and antioxidant activity were investigated. The results show that inoculation ratio of three strains 4:2:1, inoculation amount 21%, moisture content 52%, fermentation temperature 34 °C and fermentation time 60 h were the optimal SSF conditions. After 60 h of fermentation, the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), cellulose and hemicellulose in PKM were significantly decreased by 22.5%, 18.2%, 20.2%, 17.6% and 32.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, the content of crude protein, soluble protein, peptides, amino acids and reducing sugar were increased significantly by 27.3%, 193%, 134%, 16.3% and 228%, respectively. SSF significantly improved the total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power. In addition, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) were increased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed microstructural alterations in PKM. The results indicate that SSF with B. velezensis, S. cerevisiae and L. paracasei is an effective and promising method to enhance the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of PKM, providing a feasible solution for increasing the utilization of PKM in animal feed.