Crude Protein Cp Research Articles

Energy and protein requirements of growing Nili‐Ravi buffalo heifers in tropical environment

AbstractThirty Nili‐Ravi buffalo heifers (average initial weight 119 kg) were used to assess energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth. The calves were randomly divided into six equal groups and were fed six diets consisting of three levels of energy (55%, 60% and 65% total digestible nutrient—TDN) in ration and two levels of protein (10% and 12% crude protein—CP) in ration in factorial arrangement ad libitum until they attained 400 kg body weight. Energy and protein requirements at different stages of growth were estimated by partitioning of the metabolizable energy (ME), CP and metabolizable protein (MP) intake for maintenance and body weight gain by regression analysis. All of the multiple regression equations derived for different body weight ranges were highly significant (P < 0.01) and had high R2 values. The ME (kJ), CP (g) and MP (g) requirements for maintenance at different body weights were 443–542, 5.89–9.38 and 4.03–6.30 kg−0.75 d−1. The respective values for average daily gain in body weight (ADG) were 26–53, 0.24–0.48 and 0.18–0.31 g−1 ADG d−1. The predicted requirements matched well with their corresponding actual intake values across the data range. Regressed values were used to develop new feeding standards for buffalo heifers. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

Nutritive value index of treated wheat straw with Pleurotus fungi

Wheat straw was inoculated with spawns of two species of Pleurotus fungi (coded: PF and PO) and incubated in a fermentation room at 22?5?C and 70?5, relative humidity. After 17 days of spawning, when the substrate was completely covered by fungal mycelia, half of the bags were removed from the fermentation room, sun dried and used for in vitro measurements and in vivo study as well, using of sheep. For the remainder of the bags, fermentation was allowed for seven weeks during which the fruiting mushroom was harvested two times, and then spent straw was collected and dried under the sun. In a feeding trial, in vivo digestibility and voluntary intake of treated straw was compared with initial straw in cattle, when the dietary treatments were: 1) Initial wheat straw (IWS); 2) Fungal (PF) treated wheat straw before mushroom formation (FTWS); 3) Fungal (PF) spent wheat straw (SPWS) after mushroom was harvested. Results showed that, the fungal treatments significantly (P<0.05) affected the nutrient composition of wheat straw by increasing the CP and ash, but decreasing the OM, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose (CL) and hemi cellulose (HCL) contents. The in vitro digestibility of DM and OM were significantly (P<0.05) the highest for PF treated straw but the lowest for the initial straw. The in vivo digestibility of most components were significantly (P<0.05) increased, in sheep, however treatment PF showed the higher amounts of digestibility than that of the PO with exception for crude protein CP and HCL. Regarding the feeding trial by cow, results indicated that, the highest amount of DM and OM digestibility were found in FTWS followed by SPWS, but the initial straw had the lowest digestibility (P<0.05). Average daily intake of DM, OM, as well as the digestible DM and OM intake were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the treatments. In comparison to the IWS, PO inoculated straw increased the voluntary intake of digestible DM and OM, at the stage of mycellial running, however, the digestibility and intake of SPWS were significantly (P<0.05) reduced to the level of initial straw. In conclusion, fermentation of wheat straw by Pleurotus florida and P. ostreatus, improved the nutritive value of straw although the effect of P.F. was more than that of the P.O. In addition, fungal treatment of straw before mushroom formation, improved the nutritive value index, but no enhancement was found in SPWS comparing with the initial straw.

Research Regarding Crude Chemical Composition and Heavy Metal Content of Some Ecological Forages Utilised in Dairy Cows Nourishment

Kowing the importance of utilised food for milk obtaining, in the current paper we determine the chemical composition of a natural meadow and green mass alfalfa cultivated in ecological and conventional systems, utilised for dairy cows feeding. Were analysed the content in: dry matter DM (%), crude ash C.Ash (%), organic substance OS (%), crude protein CP (%), crude cellulose CC (%), non-nitrogenous extractive substances NES (%), neutral detergent fibre NDF (%), acid detergent fibre ADF (%), Ca (%), P (%), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu - ppm), nitrates, nitrites and pesticides. Analysis were realised in two consecutive production years, for each indicator being made 5 determinations. Samples gathering and analysis were effectuated in according with standards and enshrined working methods. Differences between crude chemical composition of forages obtained in ecological system and the ones obtained by conventional agriculture had statistical significance (from significant � p ≤ 0.05 � to very significant � p ≤ 0.001) for the majority of indicators. Differences between those two production systems were insignificant only for crude fat (both forages), crude cellulose (alfalfa), non-nitrogenous extractive substances (both forages) and for acid detergent fibre (alfalfa). Both forages were safety regarding pollutants (heavy metals, nitrites, nitrates and pesticides), existing however statistically differences between those two production systems, in the favour of ecological

Pasture availability and dry matter intake of lactating crossbred cows grazing elephant grass ( Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.)

The trial was carried out in Brazil, from April 1992 to October 1993. Availability and voluntary dry matter intake (DMI) of elephant grass ( Pennisetum purpureum) were evaluated, using three groups of 24 crossbred lactating cows, grazing (4.5 cows/ha), during three days, paddocks varying in size (607, 494 and 417 m 2) according to the resting periods adopted. The following treatments were studied: resting period of 30 days without (30W) and resting periods of 30 (30C), 37.5 (37.5C) and 45 (45C) days with 2 kg/day (20.6% crude protein CP) concentrate supplement. From October to June the elephant grass was the sole forage, while during the dry season, cows received sugarcane plus 1% urea as roughage supplement. The average chemical composition of sugarcane mixture was: 10.1% CP, 52.5% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 31.6% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 58.5% in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and the average daily intake was 1.3 ± 0.2% of body weight (BW). Mean elephant grass availabilities of paddocks 45C (2423±92 kg of DM/ha) was greater ( p < 0.05) than (1745 and 1939 ± 92 kg of DM/ha) observed, respectively, for resting periods of 30 and 37.5 days. Daily herbage allowance was similar among treatments (11.3 ± 0.45 kg of DM/cow), but varied according to the season and year, being higher in summer, intermediate in autumn and spring and lower in winter. As the dry season was more severe in winter and spring 1993, daily herbage allowance was smaller than that in 1992. Extrusa composition was affected by the resting period ( p < 0.05), CP content decreased (0.1%) and NDF increased (0.09%) for each day beyond the 30th day of the resting periods. Total DMI estimated using chromic oxide, was lower ( p < 0.05) for non-supplemented (2.7 ± 0.12% BW) than supplemented animals (3.0 ± 0.12% BW). The elephant grass DMI varied from 1.2% (winter) and 3.7 ± 0.10% BW (summer) being similar among experimental treatments, except during the summer. In that season elephant grass DMI was smaller only in 45C in relation to 37.5C, while those observed in 30W and 30C were similar and did not differ from 37.5C. The average daily milk production (11.4 kg/cow) did not vary among treatments. Although the 30 day resting period resulted in a better quality herbage intake, it did not reflect a higher DMI or milk production. The season and, consequently, the amount of rainfall influenced the results during the year.

Influence of metabolizable energy content of the diet and of feeding level on lamb performances II. Utilization of metabolizable energy for growth and fattening

Metabolizable energy utilization efficiency ( Kpf) was determined in 2 trials on 60 early weaned lambs by the comparative slaughter technique. The lambs were fed diets with varying ME content offered ad libitum or in limited amounts. The Kpf values obtained during the first trial with 30 Berrichon (Romanov × Limousine) male lambs were lower than the corresponding Kf values calculated from diets composition, but differences were small. In the second trial conducted on 30 Ile de France (Romanov × Limousine) lambs (12 males and 18 females) the Kpf values were very low (0.24–0.49) and very different from calculated Kf values. In both trials feeding level had no significant effect on Kpf. Relationships between Kpf values and diet characteristics (crude fibre CF, crude protein CP content and metabolizability q) and body gain composition (percentage of retained energy as protein PE/TGE) were set up. The best relation Kpf = 2.954−0.317 CF × 10 −2−2.523 q−0.137 CP × 10 −2−0.618 PE/TGE had a correlation coefficient r = 0.92 and RSD = 0.040. Sources of error on Kpf determination are discussed. When this relationship is applied to different published data, the results are very close to the authors' measured Kpf value.