Crude Protein Cp Research Articles

The Variation Effect of Solvents on the Physicochemical Properties Baobab (Ophelussitularius) Seeds Oil

It is remarkable to notice that Baobab seeds are normally discarded in Sudan, without knowing the great wealth hidden. The present study was conducted to determine physicochemical properties of Baobab (Ophelussitularis) seeds oil and select proper solvent for oil extraction from seeds which contain approximately 22-45%, used n-hexane and ethanol as solvents, leaching was done by solid extraction method. Physicochemical properties of the Baobab seeds oil were evaluated by standard and established methods. Oils and solvents were separated using rotary evaporator, recovery solvent were 91.2% and 75% for n-hexane and ethanol respectively. The obtained Baobab oils color were golden yellow (reddish yellow) not effected by type of solvent, it showed resistance to change in color, results showed the maximum Baobab oil yields were 16% and 13.5 % for n-hexane and ethanol respectively. Crude protein CP was found to be13.475 g/100 g, oil content was 13.26 g/, Saponification value SV 338.4925 g and 406.725 g/100 g for Baobab oil extracted with n-hexane and ethanol respectively. Results were obtained for ash content, crude fiber, acid value, FFA and rheological properties. Physicochemical properties indicated that n-hexane was more suitable to extract Baobab oil more than ethanol and recover easy. The difference was clearly visible in PV, AV and µ, while n-hexane yields pure oil more than ethanol. All those results detected that seeds of Baobab are beneficial if they extracted using n-hexane. It is recommended to conduct additional research on this issue and insert other solvents to select the best solvent and study the effect of different solvents on the properties of resulting oil.

Optimizing Productivity of Buffel and Sudan Grasses Using Optimal Nitrogen Fertilizer Application under Arid Conditions

Most arid and semiarid areas are bare and greatly infested with intrusive wild species. Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) and Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense Piper.) are the supreme drought-tolerant grasses that are commonly grown in dry regions. Besides water, nitrogen (N) is a vital element limiting the growth, yield, and herbage quality of such grasses since it has key roles in physiological and biochemical functions in plants. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the performance of Buffel and Sudan grasses under nitrogen fertilization in Mandera County. This study comprised a field trial laid as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with grasses being assigned to the main plots, whereas N rates (0, 35, 70, 105, and 140 kg N ha−1) occupied the subplots. Data were collected on growth parameters (plant height, leaf length, number of leaves per plant, leaf width, stem girth, and tiller number), yield parameters (shoot weight, root weight, and aboveground biomass yield—DBY), and quality attributes (acid detergent fiber—ADF, crude protein—CP, and neutral detergent fiber—NDF). Across the seasons, plant height progressively increased with increasing N rates up to a maximum of 141 and 246 cm for Buffel grass and Sudan grass, respectively, which were associated with a 105 kg N ha−1 rate. Nonetheless, there was no noteworthy enhancement in plant height (142 and 246 cm) with an additional upsurge in N fertilizer rate to 140 kg N ha−1 relative to the one of 105 kg N ha−1. Regarding the leaf length, Sudan grass had longer and wider leaves at all treatment levels than the Buffel grass. Plant height, leaf length, width, and the number of leaves per plant increased with increasing N level up to the rate of 140 kg N ha−1, though this was not statistically different from the rate of 105 kg N ha−1 for both kinds of grass. The results revealed that Sudan grass contained higher crude protein than Buffel grass at all levels of treatments (10.33 and 8.80% at the rate of 105 kg N ha−1, respectively). More so, crude protein content was found to be higher in plots where N application was performed than in the control plots. There were great associations between the dependent variables (DBY, ADF, NDF, and CP) and independent variables (plant height, leaf length, No. of leaves, leaf width, stem girth, and No. of tillers), with the coefficient of regression ranging from 0.56 to 0.96 for Buffel grass and 0.59 to 0.96 for Sudan grass. Findings from this study indicate that for optimal growth, yield, and nutrient content benefits, Buffel and Sudan grasses ought to be grown using nitrogen fertilizer at a 105 kg N ha−1 rate.

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. vaginatum AND A. globosum subsp. grandicaule AND THEIR EFFECT ON IN VITRO RUMINAL FERMENTATION KINETICS

<p><strong>Background</strong>: <em>Arceuthobium vaginatum</em> subsp. <em>vaginatum</em> (BM; black mistletoe) and <em>Arceuthobium globosum</em> subsp. <em>grandicaule</em> (YM; yellow mistletoe), are two parasitic plant species abundant in the forests of northern and central Mexico and Central America, affect 43% of the <em>P. </em><em>hart</em><em>wegii</em> tree population in the Nevado de Toluca Flora and Fauna Protection Area (NTFFPA), including mistletoe as a complementary feed in sheep can reduce the environmental impact generated by these pests to the forest and also reduce the purchase of feed for livestock. <strong>Objective</strong>: To evaluate the chemical composition, phenolic content and <em>in vitro</em> fermentation kinetics of two mistletoe species (M) <em>Arceuthobium vaginatum</em> subsp. <em>vaginatum</em> (BM; black mistletoe) and <em>A. globosum</em> subsp. <em>grandicaule</em> (YM; yellow mistletoe), in four age categories (AC) of <em>Pinus hartwegii</em> (AC: small sapling, large sapling, juvenile and adult) collected in the Nevado de Toluca Flora and Fauna Protection Area (NTFFPA). <strong>Methodology</strong>: The chemical composition (dry matter DM; neutral detergent fiber NDF; acid detergent fiber ADF and crude protein CP), phenolic content (total phenols TP; total tannins TT and condensed tannins, CT), <em>in vitro</em> fermentation kinetics parameters and <em>in vitro</em> digestibility were analysed. The experimental design used was completely randomized design with 2x4 factorial arrangement. <strong>Results</strong>: DM content was different between M (P< 0.05), the highest was found in BM. The NDF and ADF content was different between M, ranging from 364.45-467.43 g/kg DM. No differences (P>0.05) were observed in CP which averaged 62.08 g/kg DM. The TP, TT and CT content was different between M (P<0.05), the highest content was in YM with no effect observed in AC. B-gas production (mL of gas) presented differences between M and AC sampled (P<0.05). The gas production rate c on average was 0.042. Lag time was different between M (P<0.05). The <em>in vitro</em> digestibility of dry matter and organic matter were different between M (P<0.05). <strong>Implications</strong>: The results reported here serve as a tool for decision making on its possible inclusion as a forage addition to a diet in sheep feeding. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The chemical composition and <em>in vitro </em>digestibility was different between M and the AC, contain secondary metabolites such as total phenols and condensed tannins and have an impact on <em>in vitro</em> fermentation.</p>

Effects of Amount and Profile of Amino Acids Supply on Lactation Performance, Mammary Gland Metabolism, and Nitrogen Efficiency in Holstein Dairy Cows.

To evaluate the effects of amount and profile of amino acid (AA) on milk protein yield (MPY), mammary metabolism, and efficiency of nitrogen use (ENU), ten cows were used in 5 × 5 replicated Latin squares and fed a positive control (16.1% crude protein-CP) or two lower CP diets (14.6 and 13.2%) with or without essential AA (EAA) infusion. The EAA solutions provided predicted limiting EAA in each treatment and were continuously infused into the abomasum of the cows. Milk production and MPY were not affected by treatment (mean 35.4 kg/d and 1.03 kg/d, respectively). Efficiency of nitrogen utilization was increased as dietary CP decreased but was not affected by EAA infusion (p < 0.01). Energy-corrected milk production was increased by EAA infusion into 13.2% CP, but not into 14.6% CP diet (p = 0.09), reaching the positive control value. Infusions increased mammary affinity for non-infused EAA (Ile, Phe, Thr, and Trp), allowing the same MPY despite lower arterial concentrations of these AA. Higher arterial concentrations of infused EAA did not increase their mammary uptake and MPY (p = 0.40; p = 0.85). Mammary metabolism did not fully explain changes in N efficiency, suggesting that it might be driven by less extramammary catabolism as AA supply was reduced.

Effect of Castration Type and Diet on Growth Performance, Serum Sex Hormones and Metabolites, and Carcass Quality of Heavy Male Pigs.

Simple SummaryCastration is indispensable in male pigs intended for the production of high-quality dry-cured ham; however, for welfare reasons, alternatives are being sought and, among them, immunocastration stands out. The literature shows that immunocastration might generate lower fat deposition than surgical castration, which is undesirable for the dry-curing process. Therefore, it would be interesting to confirm the impact of immunocastration in male pigs and to test feeding plans that benefit fatness. The aim of this trial was to assess the effect of type of castration (surgical vs. immunological) and diet (control vs. high energy vs. low crude protein and amino acids) on growth performance, serum sex hormones and metabolites, and carcass quality of male pigs destined for the Protected Designation of Origin Teruel ham. Although immunocastration improved productive performance, it reduced carcass fatness. Also, alternative diets to control improved the feed conversion ratio but did not influence carcass quality traits. In conclusion, under a quality point of view, surgical castration would be preferable over immunocastration for dry-cured ham production, and the use of moderately high-energy or low-crude-protein and -amino-acids diets from 80 to 137 kg of body weight would not provide improvements.A trial was carried out to study the effect of type of castration and diet on pigs destined for Teruel ham production, which is a Spanish protected designation of origin for dry-cured ham. A total of 144 Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) male pigs were used. Half of them were surgically castrated and the other half were immunocastrated with three doses at approximately 25, 58 and 79 kg of body weight. Furthermore, three diets (control vs. high energy vs. low crude protein-CP- and amino acids-AA) were tested from 80 to 137 kg of body weight. Growth performance, serum sex hormones and metabolites, and carcass quality were evaluated. Immunocastrated males grew faster and had better feed conversion ratio than surgically castrated males, but presented lower carcass fatness. Pigs fed the high-energy diet and the low-CP and -AA diet were more efficient at transforming feed into gain than those fed the control diet, but no effect was detected on carcass quality. In conclusion, surgically castrated males are preferable than immunocastrated males for Teruel dry-cured ham elaboration. Besides, a high-energy diet or a low-CP and -AA diet might improve productive performances, but does not provide any benefit in terms of carcass quality.

Performance, Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance and Ingestive Behavior of Young Feedlot Bulls Supplemented with Palm Kernel Oil.

Simple SummaryVegetable oil can be used to increase energy density in diets; manipulate ruminal fermentation; alter nutrient degradation, digestion and absorption; and improve carcass characteristics and quality. Palm kernel oil (PKO) is extracted from the fruit of the oil palm (Elaeis guineenses), a plant of African origin adapted to tropical regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate PKO as a supplementary fat source in ruminant diets. Thus, two studies were developed to understand the effects of PKO inclusion on performance, ingestive behavior, nutrient digestibility, fermentation parameters and carcass characteristics. The results showed a reduction in dry matter intake with consequent negative effects on digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics due to the dietary inclusion of PKO. However, the addition of the lipid source reduced protozoa counts and the acetate/propionate ratio, important characteristics for reducing ruminal methanogenesis, in further studies.Vegetable oils can be used to increase energy density in diets; manipulate rumen fermentation; and alter the capacity for degradation, digestion and absorption of nutrients. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate palm kernel oil (PKO) in the diet of confined bulls with the inclusion of 0.0, 11.5, 23.0 and 34.6 g PKO/kg dry matter (DM). The first experiment evaluated nutrient intake, performance, ingestive behavior and carcass characteristics. In the second experiment, steers crossbred with a ruminal cannula were used to evaluate digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis, short-chain fatty acid levels and protozoal counts. The results showed that the inclusion of PKO linearly reduced intake in kg/day (DM, crude protein—CP, neutral detergent fiber—NDFap, nonfibrous carbohydrates—NFC and total digestible nutrient—TDN) and digestibility (DM, NDFap and TDN). Ether extract intake increased quadratically with the predicted maximum intake of 15.4 g/kg DM. Regarding ingestive behavior, there was a quadratic increase in rumination time and a quadratic reduction in idle time. Nitrogen balance, nitrogen intake, nitrogen retention, microbial protein production, acetate, butyrate, acetate/propionate ratio and protozoa count showed linear decreases due to dietary PKO inclusion. Regarding the carcass characteristics, linear decreases were observed for the final weight, average daily gain, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, hot carcass yield, cold carcass yield, loin eye area and subcutaneous fat thickness. The inclusion of PKO at up to 34.6 g/kg DM in diets for confined bulls reduces intake, negatively affecting digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics.

Formulation and efficacy testing of bio-organic fertilizer produced through solid-state fermentation of agro-waste by Burkholderia cenocepacia

Bio-organic fertilizers (BIOs), prepared from inoculating plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) into agro-industrial wastes, are gaining more attention due to their tremendous positive effects on soil health. This study was conducted to prepare and evaluate the effect of bio-organic fertilizers on maize. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria were isolated from rhizospheric soil of farmer's field near Islamabad, Pakistan and were screened for plant growth promotion characters and one strain Burkholderia cenocepacia was selected based on PGPR's characteristics. In-vitro characterization, the whole genome sequence analysis, RAST and antiSMASH analysis were performed. The number of coding sequences was 7157 with the number of subsystems 382. The GC contents included 66.96%. The sequence was submitted to NCBI with BioProject submission number PRJNA730996. Inoculum of selected bacterial strain Burkholderia cenocepacia was used for carrying solid-state fermentation of organic wastes. Four different agro-industrial wastes with a good amount of crude protein were selected: black gram husks (BGH) (15–22% Crude protein CP), rice bran (RB) (10–15% CP), peanut shell (PS) (6–7% CP), and dry leaves (DL) (as conventional fertilizers for comparison) were collected, dried, ground and sieved. Different parameters like pH, moisture content, particle size, temperature etc. were optimized. Inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis of bio-organic fertilizers was performed. In general, concentration of nitrogen was higher in the first three biofertilizers i.e. BGH, RB and PS as compared to DL. Germination and glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of four different BIOs on maize growth. The results showed that agro-industrial wastes inoculated with PGPR (BIOs) significantly enhanced (ϸ 0.05) germination percentage (100%) as compared to control (80%), whereas germination index, promptness index and seedling vigour index showed 32%, 34% and 21% increase respectively as compared to control. In the pot experiment, chlorophyll content increased by 28%, relative water content by 39.28%, protein by 3% and amino acid increased by 20.73% as compared to control. It was concluded that there is a positive effect of BIOs on germination parameters and the growth of maize. Thus, these BIOs can be recommended to farmers for the production of maize.

Growth and survival of hatchery-produced and feed-weaned striped murrel Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) fingerlings in cement tanks

The growth and survival of hatchery produced and feed weaned fingerlings of striped murrel Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) was estimated in cement tanks in a subtropical climate. Each tank was stocked with 215 fingerlings (20 fingerlings m-3) of length 6.7+1.0 cm and weight 2.21+1.05 g and fed exclusively on commercial floating pellet diets of two grades (crude protein CP 40-45%, lipid 8-10% and fibre 3-5%). Fish attained a total length of 28.0±2.8 cm and weight 202.7±59.1 g with 85% survival in 330 days of rearing in a subtropical climate in freshwater having a temperature regime of 15±1.5 to 29±2.5ᵒC. The estimated fish biomass was 3.5 kg m-3, which was found exceptionally high. ‘W’ values were found to follow Fulton’s cube law with exponent ‘b’, ‘R2’ and ‘K’ in the range 2.072-3.216, 0.776-0.943 and 0.715-0.915 respectively. The values of b, R2 and K were found size and temperature dependent. The present study revealed that cannibalism in this species could be controlled to a negligible level with hatchery produced and feed weaned fingerlings. Keywords: Condition factor, Growth, LWR, Production, Survival

Characteristics of ensiled cassava leaves and maize stover as dry season feed for ruminants

Insufficient quantity and quality of feed for ruminants during the dry season is a major limiting factor for effective production and management. Smallholder farmers generate large crop residues in the wet season, which are rich in nutrients in which ruminants can feed on in the dry season by proper ensiling. Cassava Leaves (CL) and Maize Stover (MS) residues were thus ensiled to evaluate their nutritional qualities as feed for ruminants. Fresh cassava leaves and maize stover were collected, chopped and wilted. Silages were prepared as: T1 (100%CL), T2 (100%MS), T3 (50%CL+50%MS), T4 (25%CL+ 75%MS) and T5 (75%CL+25%MS). Ensiling lasted for 21 days after which they were opened to determine the quality using physical assessment of colour, smell, texture, pH and temperature. Chemical composition of the silages comprising Crude Protein-CP, Crude Fibre-CF, Ether Extract-EE, ash content, Acid Detergent Fibre-ADF, Neutral Detergent Fibre-NDF and Acid Detergent Lignin-ADL were assessed. Nutritive values of the diets were evaluated using in vitro fermentation technique to determine Total Gas Production (TGP), methane, Metabolizable Energy (ME), Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) and Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD). Coefficient of Preference (COP) was determined using a cafeteria feeding technique. Olive-green colour, alcoholic smell and firm texture were observed in the silages. The pH ranged from 4.13 to 4.73 while higher pH was observed in 100%CL. The temperature was between 31°C and 32ºC. The values obtained for the DM ranged from 64.37 to 67.9%. The CP values varied between 8.64 and 19.68%. The lowest CP of 8.64% was observed in T2 (100%MS) while 19.68% was obtained in T1 (100%CL). The ash content ranged from 8.65 to 13.00% and the CF value varied from 33.70 to 40.39%. It was observed that 100%MS had significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher CF (40.39%) compared to other treatments. The EE values varied between 4.45 and 5.22%. The EE value in 100%CL (5.22%) was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher compared to other silage treatments. The NDF, ADF and ADL values varied from 62.70-69.80%, 43.95-47.90% and 22.95-25.80%, respectively and significant differences were observed. The total gas volume ranged from 8.33 to 13.8mL, methane 5.3 to 7.6, OMD (32.72-42.5%), ME (4.06-5.28kCal) and SCFA (0.15-0.27). The CoPof the silages was ≥to the unity of one with the exception of T2. It can be concluded that, combinations of 50% cassava leaves and 50% maize stover could be used as feed for ruminants.

Does vertical substrate could influence the dietary protein level and zootechnical performance of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in a biofloc system?

The biofloc technology (BFT) system has been gaining more space in the world aquaculture scenario. Nowadays, the demand for information regarding BFT has grown, and new studies have been developed with the aim of increasing the system’s productivity without harming the environment. In the present study, two dietary protein levels were evaluated (30 and 35% crude protein CP) with the addition or absence of a vertical substrate within the culture units. Ninety-six Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp juveniles (3.55 ± 0.26 g) were stocked in 12 tanks (eight per tank) with an operative volume of 18 L. Both water quality parameters and the microbial profile were monitored during the trial along with a proximate composition analysis of the shrimp at the end of the trial (6 weeks). No interaction between substrate and protein level was observed (P < 0.05); however, a higher final weight, a higher specific growth rate, and a lower feed conversion ratio were reached in treatments containing substrate (P < 0.05). The yield, final biomass, and survival values were not different according to the inclusion of the vertical substrate. Regarding the planktonic community, the groups found in higher concentrations occurred in the following order: diatoms (174.75 ind mL−1), rotifers (80 ind mL−1), nematodes (26 ind mL−1), cladocerans (20.5 ind mL−1), and ciliated protozoans (14.25 ind mL−1). With respect to the proximate composition analysis, differences were observed for dry matter and protein contents. The results suggested that the addition of a vertical substrate enabled savings on dietary protein without losses on growth performance and chemical aspects of shrimp reared in a biofloc system.

The effects of diets varying in fibre sources on nutrient utilization, stool quality and hairball management in cats.

Pet food companies use fibrous ingredients in cat foods to aid weight and hairball management. Miscanthus grass could be an alternative novel fibre source for cat foods. The objectives of this work were to determine the effects of Miscanthus grass as a fibre source on nutrient utilization, stool quality and hairball management in cats. Dry extruded cat foods (average chemical composition; digestibility trial: 94.54% dry matter—DM, 34.47% crude protein—CP, 11.67% crude fat, 7.06% ash and 13.04% total dietary fibre—TDF; and hairball trial: 94.88% DM, 34.60% CP, 11.30% crude fat, 7.02% ash and 9.77% TDF) were fed to 12 cats for a 9‐day (digestibility trial) or 16‐day (hairball trial) adaptation period followed by a 5‐day total faecal collection period. Digestibility trial was performed as a replicated Latin square design, and the hairball trial was performed as a switchback design. In general, the cats fed the beet pulp diet (BPD) had higher DM, organic matter, gross energy and TDF digestibility than cats fed Miscanthus grass (MGD) or cellulose (CED) diet (p < .05). However, CP digestibility was lower for cats fed BPD (82.1 vs. 84.7 and 85.1%, respectively, for BPD, MGD and CED). These differences could be due to the differences in dietary fibre content and(or) composition. Faecal scores were lower for cats fed BPD (2.84) compared with MGD (3.32) and CED (3.21; p < .05). No effects due to fibre were reported on the faecal hairball variables, with the exception of less total hair weight and hair clumps per gram of dry faeces for cats fed Miscanthus grass (MGH) compared with control diet (COH; p < .05). In conclusion, Miscanthus grass could be used as an alternative ingredient to cellulose in cat diets.

Assessment of the nutritional quality of crop contents of scavenging local chickens in Akwa Ibom state of Nigeria

The nutritional quality of feed resource available to indigenous or local scavenging chickens reared in four villages (Mbiabam-Ibiono, Ekpene-Ukim, Ibiaku-Issiet and Utu-Abak) in Akwa Ibom State, southern Nigeria using their crop contents was assessed. A total of 56 local chickens (cocks and hens) purchased from the four villages were slaughtered, defeathered and eviscerated. Their full crop contents were collected separately, oven dried at 70°C to constant weights and subjected to proximate, mineral and vitamin analyses. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The weight of fresh crop contents (16.5 – 36.67g) and their dry matter (32.27 – 52.17%) varied significantly. The crude protein-CP (13.27 – 14.18%), ether extract (5.50 – 5.95%), ash (3.57 – 3.98%) and the crude fibre (3.10 – 3.45%) levels of the crop contents also varied significantly across villages. The CP and apparent metabolizable energy levels were lower than the reported levels and requirements for optimal performance of Nigerian indigenous chicken. Minerals (mg/100g) determined were calcium (233.30 – 235.8), iron (11.70 – 12.13), potassium (33.33 – 36.17), magnesium (43.0 – 46.67), manganese (0.043 – 0.053) and phosphorus (170.8 – 180.0); while vitamins (mg/100g) measured were ascorbic acid (14.55 – 14.92), thiamine (0.082 – 0.118), riboflavin (0.128 – 0.163), niacin (2.20 – 2.36) and β-carotene (36.87 – 43.33) that varied significantly except for calcium and magnesium that were similar. The minerals and riboflavin levels in the scavenged feed could not meet the birds’ requirements. Local birds’ diet need to be supplemented daily with concentrate or ration from locally available feed ingredients to meet their nutritional requirements for optimal performance. Awareness creation on the importance of supplementary feeding to alleviate poverty and malnutrition among the subsistent rural poultry farmers is vital. Keywords: Feed resource, proximate, minerals and vitamin composition, nutrient requirements DOI : 10.7176/ALST/76-06 Publication date :November 30 th 2019

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF SMART VENTILATION SYSTEM FOR MANAGING THE BIOENVIRONMENT OF THE HYDRPONICS SYSTEMS

From the technical, environmental and economic perspectives, using air conditioning systems (ACS) to manage the bioenvironmental conditions inside the sprouting chambers is considered a common mistake. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to design and evaluate a smart evaporative cooling system for executing efficient ventilation and conserving a suitable bioenvironment. Multi-stage smart evaporative cooling system (MSECS) was designed and installed to manage bioenvironment conditions inside the chamber. This system consists of Multi-stage evaporative cooling unit, smart control unit and air exhaust unit. To evaluate the proposed ventilation system two types of trials were executed. The first deals with temperature uniformity through the chamber and the second deals with production quantity and quality. Dry bulb temperature Tdb was measured, analyzed and drawn to study the temperature uniformity. Three levels of relative humidity ratios RH% and three types of multi-stage smart evaporative cooling systems were studied through complete randomize trial. Physical and chemical properties of the green fodder production were laboratory measured and statistically analyzed. The trials results statistical and graphical analysis revealed that: (1) Using MSECS with four exhaust fans led to significant decrease at (p<0.05) in the Tdb variance comparing with the ACS. (2) Using MSECS with one or two exhaust fans hasn’t significant effect at (p<0.05) on the Tdb variance comparing with the ACS. (3) Using MSECS with four exhaust fans led to in-crowd and uniformity of Tdb contouring lines comparing with the ACS. (4) Using MSECS with four exhaust fans led to significant increase at (p<0.05) in the desired properties of the green fodder such as percentage of dry matter Dm and crude protein Cp, and the in desired properties such as percentage of crude fiber Cf and Ash. Therefore, the research conclusion is substitution of the ACS by smart MSECS with four exhaust fans for managing the bioenvironmental conditions of sprouting chambers at Tdb 20oC and RH75%.

EFFECT OF FEEDING DIFFERENT CRUDE PROTEIN DIETS ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF HOLSTEIN DAIRY COW

In light of increasing global protein prices and with the need to reduce environmental impact of contemporary systems of milk production, the current study was performed to evaluate the effect of feeding on ration with different crude protein CP levels, in Holstein dairy cows ration on feed intake, milk production, reproductive performance and some hormonal and biochemical parameters in blood serum and milk. Two hundred and four Holstein dairy cows in three groups, 103, 63 and 38 were fed diets containing 20% CP, 18.4% CP and 17.5% CP for Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Amino acid methionine and rumen undegredable protein (RUP) increased by decreasing the amount of CP. The average feed consumption and average milk production /head/day was reported. Gonadotrophin, Prostaglandin, Gonadotrophin protocol “GPG” were applied to the studied groups and artificial insemination were applied and ultrasonography was used to detect pregnancy and different reproductive findings. Blood and milk samples were collected to estimate serum progesterone hormone and milk urea nitrogen (MUN). Milk from each group was collected for analysis of milk compositions. The obtained results showed non-significant difference in the average dry matter intake per head per day between the studied groups (25.65 ± 0.92 kg), (24.45 ± 0.60 kg) and (24.62 ± 0.49 kg) respectively, with significant increase (P < 0.05) in the average milk production /head/day in group 3 (35.34 ± 1.27 kg) compared to group 1 (31.63 ± 0.57 kg). The analysis of milk samples revealed no significant difference in its constituents except in case of fat % which showed significant increase (P < 0.05) in group 3, (3.94 ± 0.04 %) compared with group 2, (3.70 + 0.05) also milk samples showed significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the average milk urea nitrogen concentration in group 3 (13.09 ± 1.15 mg/dl) compared to group 1 (16.64 ± 0.79 mg/dl). The obtained results showed highly significant increase (P < 0.01) in conception rate in groups 3 and 2 (39.47%) and (41.27%) respectively compared with group 1(17.48%). Serum progesterone level 12 days post-insemination showed significant increase (P < 0.05) in group 3 (2.06 ± 0.25 ng/ml) compared to group 1 (0.74 ± 0.11 ng/ml). This study concluded that reducing the CP level as in group 3 with adjusting the requirements of amino acids, energy and RUP improved fertility and profitability in Holstein dairy cows.

In Vitro Evaluation of Nutrient Content of Asian Palmyra Palm’s (Borassus flabellifer L.) Husk Fermented with EM-4 for Beef Cattle Feed

Beef cattle livestock production that affects domestic meat needs is highly determined by meeting feed needs. However, the production is often hampered by continuity and feed cost issues. The husk of Asian Palmyra palm contains high nutrient and can be used as alternative feed. The husk is first fermented with EM-4 to improve its nutrient content. Husk’s potency as livestock feed can be determined by measuring its nutrient, digestibility, and total digestible nutrient TDN value in vitro. This study aimed to determine the effect of in vitro treatment using Asian Palmyra palm fermented with EM-4 on its nutrient content (dry matter-DM, organic matter-OM, crude protein-CP, crude fiber-CF, and crude fat) when it is fed to beef cattle. This experimental quantitative study used Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment was differenced by the concentration of EM-4 as fermenter on the husk of Asian Palmyra palm, i.e. 0% (PO); 0.1% (P1); 1% (P2); 5% (P3); and 10% (P4). Parameters observed on nutrient content were among other dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), and crude fat following Association of Official Analytical Chemists-AOAC (1980). To determine the influence, proximate analysis and statistical analysis using One Way ANOVA were employed, followed with 5% Least Significant Difference (LSD) test when significant influence was found. Study result indicated that using husk waste from Asian Palmyra palm (P<0.05) significantly affects nutrient content (DM, OM, CP, CF, and crude fat). Average 1% EM-4 in the husk of Asian Palmyra palm is already capable of improving nutrient content (DM, OM, CP, CF, and crude fat).

Teores proteicos em dietas para vacas Holandesas leiteiras em confinamento

Avaliou-se o efeito de dietas com níveis de proteína bruta ‒ PB (10, 12, 14 e 16% na matéria seca ‒ MS) em vacas Holandesas mestiças com produção de leite médio (PL) de 13kg/dia. Utilizou-se silagem de milho como volumoso, e a relação volumoso:concentrado foi de 75:25. Houve aumento linear para o consumo de todos os componentes da dieta, exceto para o consumo de carboidratos totais e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), que reduziram linearmente. O consumo dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) apresentou comportamento quadrático, com valor máximo estimado de 10,13kg/dia, na dose de 15,62% de PB na dieta. As digestibilidades de PB, EE, FDN e FDNcp aumentaram linearmente. Já os valores de digestibilidade de MS, MO, CNF e NDT apresentaram efeito quadrático, estimando-se ponto de máximo de 65,09; 67,23; 78,35 e 67,92 nas doses de 15,39; 15,22; 15,62 e 15,68% de PB, respectivamente. A PL, sem e com correção para 3,5% de gordura, a variação de peso corporal e a composição do leite aumentaram linearmente, exceto para lactose, que não apresentou efeito. O nível de 14% de PB na dieta é o mais indicado para alimentação de vacas com produção média de 13kg/dia de leite.

Enrichment of protein content in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) by&lt;br&gt;supplementing with yeast for use as animal feed

The aim of this investigation was to study the kinetics of yeast S. cerevisiae growth in different media and tostudy the enrichment of cassava chip by fermentation using yeast. Experiment was conducted according to a2x4 factorial arrangement in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to study growth kinetics of Baker's yeast(YB) and Brewer's yeast (YC) cultivated in 4 media with following composition: (urea:molass:water) =40:32:100 (M1), 48:24:100 (M2), 56:16:100 (M3), 64:08:100 (M4) at pH 3.5-5.0 at 27 C for 120 h. The kineticdata of yeast growth were collected at 0 and every 6 h post-cultivation. All treatments were selected from theoptimum cultivation time (66 h) mixed with cassava chip at ratio of 1 ml:1.3 g. For yeast fermented cassavachip protein (YEFECAP) products were analyzed for proximate composition. The results showed that kineticgrowth of S. cerevisiae in YBM3 was the highest in number (3.0 x 1011 cell/ml) at 66 h post-cultivation.However, YEFECAP production in YBM4 (Baker's yeast with urea: molasses: water at ratio 64:08:100 (M4))was highest in protein content at 47.5% crude protein CP when compared to other treatments. Furthermore,further research is required to study the use of YEFECAP as a protein source to replace soybean meal in in vivofeeding trials especially in productive ruminants.

Effect of Different Levels of Dietary Calcium and Potassium on Growth Indices, Biochemical composition and Some Whole Body Minerals in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Fingerlings

Two completely randomized experimental designs were conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary Ca (0.95%, 1.21%, 1.41% and 1.61%) and K (0.72%, 0.9%, 1.1% and 1.3%) on some growth indices, body biochemical composition and some whole body elements in rainbow trout fingerlings in a culture system. Tow basic diets with 0.95% Ca and 0.72% K were prepared and with CaCO3 for experiment І and K2CO3 for experiment ІІ, other dietary treatments were built. In initiation of each experiments, 25 pieces of rainbow trout fingerlings (12.18 ± 0.04 and 15.60 ± 0.05) introduced in each experimental units respectively, and were fed with dietary treatment ad libitum two times daily at 9:00 and 15:00 for a 8 week period. It was resulted that different levels of inorganic dietary-Ca in diets, had not significantly affected on growth factors (W1, WG, G%, SGR% day-1 and TGC), but different levels of inorganic dietary-K in diet had significantly affected (p<0.05) on these factors. FCR and survival rates did not show significant differences between the treatments in each experiment. In The first experiment, crude protein CP% and Ash% significantly increased and total lipid showed depletion with an increase in the dietary Ca (p<0.05). Change in inorganic dietary-Ca had significantly affected on Ca, P, Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe of whole body contents (p<0.05) and not affected the Mg and K of whole body. With increasing the inorganic dietary-K, diet with 0.9% total K, had significantly increased in CP% (p<0.05), however not significant differences between the trails in Ash% and total lipid% were observed. The Ca, K, P, Mg, Zn, Fe and Cu of whole body were significantly changed (p<0.05), and Mn had not significantly changed with increasing the inorganic dietary-K. Results were obtained in these studies, showed that, changes in amount of inorganic Ca in diets at the range of 0.95- 1.61% could not significantly affect on growth indices but dietary-K at the range of 0.72-1.3% affected the growth indices significantly (p<0.05). Significant effects on biochemical composition and some whole body minerals of cultured rainbow trout fingerlings with changes the dietary Ca and K were observed.

Evaluation of feeding rate based on growth, feed conversion, protein gain and carcass quality of fingerling Indian major carp,Catla catla(Hamilton)

The effects of feeding rates on growth, feed conversion, protein deposition and carcass quality of fingerling Catla catla (3.61 ± 0.03 cm; 0.71 ± 0.04 g) were worked out by conducting a 16-week feeding trial. Fingerlings were fed with a casein-gelatin-based purified diet (40% crude protein CP; 14.95 MJ kg−1 digestible energy; DE) at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6% and 7% body weight per day. The absolute weight gain (AWG; 10.50 g fish−1) and feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.41) were highest at the feeding rate of 5% body weight per day. However, protein gain (PG; 0.36 g fish−1) and carcass protein content attained the maximum values at 4% BW day−1. Quadratic regression analyses of AWG g fish−1 and PG g fish−1 at 95% maximum response indicated that these parameters attained the best values at 4.19% and 3.81% BW day−1. On the basis of the above results it is recommended that the feeding rate in the range of 3.81–4.19% BW day−1 with a P:E ratio of 26.69–27.74 mg protein MJ−1 DE is optimum for maximum growth, efficient feed conversion and best carcass quality in fingerling C. catla.

The determination of qualities in different whole-plant silages among hybrid maize cultivars

This study was conducted in order to determine the effects of 12 maize hybrids (Goldeclat, Falkner, Maverik, Tivak 6661, Tivak 678, Bora, Consur, DK 626, Ada 9510, Pioneer 3167, TTM 815, and LG 55) on the nutrient composition (that is, dry matter - DM, crude ash - CA, organic matter - OM, crude protein CP, ether extract - EE, crude fiber - CF), pH, Fleig point (FP) values, and the mineral contents of maize silages. The maize hybrids were harvested at the milk-line maturity stage and ensiled as whole plant in 5-L plastic jars without additives. The jars were stored at 25 ± 2°C under standard laboratory conditions. the silages were uncovered and sampled for chemical analyses 60 days after they were ensilaged. There were statistically significant differences among maize hybrid silages for DM, CA, OM, CP, EE, CF contents, pH, and FP values (P 0.05); but there were significant differences among hybrids for Al (P<0.05).