Crude Polysaccharide Research Articles

The structural characteristic of bamboo shoot shell polysaccharides extracted using ultrasound‐assisted phosphotungstic acid hydrolysis and its protection against cell oxidative injury

SummaryIn this study, crude polysaccharide (BSSP) was extracted from bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) shoot shell using the ultrasonic‐assisted phosphotungstic acid hydrolysis method. Then, BSSP was further fractionated by DEAE Sepharose fast flow column and serial NaCl solution elutions to obtain two fractions, BSSP‐A and BSSP‐B. The results showed that the maximum yield of BSSP was 195.2 mg g−1 (19.52%) under optimised conditions. Structural analysis indicated that both BSSP‐A and BSSP‐B were heteropolysaccharides with α‐pyranoside bond structure and mainly consisted of xylose by scanning electronic microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, thermal characterisation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. BSSP‐B showed a better protective effect than BSSP‐A against H2O2‐induced oxidative injury in WRL‐68 cells by protecting the cell membrane structure, maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing intracellular antioxidant enzymes activities. Immunoblotting indicated that polysaccharides might up‐regulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes through the Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathway and thus alleviate H2O2‐induced cell injury. The findings of this study suggested that polysaccharides from bamboo shoot shell may act as potent antioxidants in functional food industries.

Optimization for the extraction of polysaccharides from Huidouba and their in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition mechanism

Huidouba is a kind of fungus plant that grows by spiders parasitizing tea trees at an altitude of 1500 m above Mount Emei. The bioactive polysaccharides extracted from Huidouba have been traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes in China. In this study, the optimal hot-water extraction condition of crude Huidouba polysaccharides was obtained using Box–Behnken design: the temperature of 93.7 °C, the time of 3.57 h, the liquid-to-solid ratio of 28.47 mL/g, and the yield was 0.46%. Three purified Huidouba polysaccharides (HDBPs, including HDBP-d, HDBP-1, and HDBP-2) were separated through deproteinization, ultrafiltration, and column chromatography. Then the inhibition mechanism and kinetics of HDBPs against α-glucosidase were investigated. The inhibitory activity of HDBPs on α-glucosidase was positively correlated with their concentration, and their mechanism of quenching fluorescence was ascertained to be the static type induced by the formation of HDBPs-α-glucosidase complex. HDBP-d and HDBP-2 inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase in a reversible competitive-type manner while HDBP-1 was a noncompetitive-type inhibitor. The inhibitory activities of HDBPs on α-glucosidase correlated inversely with temperature in most cases, and showed weaker inhibitory activity at extreme acidic or alkaline conditions. These findings highlight the efficacy, kinetics and mechanism of HDBPs inhibiting α-glucosidase in vitro. The study provided a replaceable approach for chemical inhibitors of α-glucosidase with natural fungus plant extracts, and suggested the theoretical basis that the plant-derived polysaccharides with glucosidase inhibition effects were applied in medicines.

A preliminary study on preparation, characterization, and prebiotic activity of a polysaccharide from the edible mushroom Ramaria flava.

Polysaccharides derived from edible mushrooms were sources of new prebiotic compounds. Limited studies of their prebiotic effects, as well as the presence of residual dark colors, impede their use as prebiotics in the food industry. To boost the prebiotic value of polysaccharides from the edible mushroom Ramaria flava, a decolorization method, and the physicochemical characterization and prebiotic potential of the decolorized polysaccharide (DRFP) were investigated in this study. The reversed micelle system consisting of n-hexanol/isooctane (3:7, v/v) and 200 mM surfactant (CTAB) was an appropriate decolorized method for R. flava crude polysaccharide. That decolorized polysaccharide was 101.68 kDa and contained glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, and glucuronic acid in a ratio of 40.61:26.97:17.72:7.78:6.31:0.11:0.06:0.44. Furthermore, DRFP exhibited typical shear-thinning behavior and possessed good thermal stability. And 98.76% of DRFP was allowed to transit through the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract nearly indigestibly in vitro fermentation. It also revealed a prebiotic availability through stimulating Lactobacillus rhamnosus proliferation and inducing enterocoel acidification. When utilized as a carbon source, DRFP significantly improves the production of short-chain fatty acids by L. rhamnosus, particularly acetic, propionic, isobutyric, and hexanoic acids. Therefore, this work suggests the further application of R. flava polysaccharides as emerging prebiotics, which may be used as an ingredient in functional food and nutraceutical products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Prebiotics could regulate gut microbial community and are closely associated with host health. This work reported that a decolorized polysaccharide (DRFP) prepared from the edible mushroom Ramaria flava was indigestible and could improve Lactobacillus rhamnosus proliferation and short-chain fatty acid production, which could provide useful information for the application of DRFP as a prebiotic additive in the food industry.

Mellow and Thick Taste of Pu-Erh Ripe Tea Based on Chemical Properties by Sensory-Directed Flavor Analysis.

The mellow and thick taste is a unique characteristic of pu−erh ripe tea infusion, and it is closely related to the chemical composition of pu−erh ripe tea, which is less studied. This paper clarifies and compares the chemical composition of pu−erh ripe tea to that of the raw materials of sun−dried green tea, and uses membrane separation technology to separate pu−erh ripe tea into the rejection liquid and the filtration liquid. The results show that microorganisms transformed most physicochemical components, except caffeine, during the pile fermentation. It was found that total tea polyphenols, soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, theabrownin, and galloylated catechins became enriched in the rejection liquid, and the rejection liquid showed a more obvious mellow and thick characteristic. Taste interactions between crude protein, crude polysaccharide, and theabrownin were determined. They illustrated that the mellow and thick taste of pu−erh ripe tea with the addition of theabrownin increased from 4.45 to 5.13. It is of great significance to explore the chemical basis of the mellow and thick taste in pu−erh tea for guiding the pu−erh tea production process and for improving the quality of pu−erh tea.

Ginseng under forest exerts stronger anti-aging effects compared to garden ginseng probably via regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, SIRT1/NF-κB pathway and intestinal flora

BackgroundGinseng is deemed to be an effective anti-aging therapy. Evidence for differences in representative active ingredients and anti-aging effects between garden ginseng (GG) and ginseng under forest (FG) is insufficient. PurposeThe study was designed to systematically analyze the differences in the mechanistic protective effects of GG and FG on aging mice based on their compositional differences. MethodsThe chemical ingredients in GG and FG were first determined. In vivo, D-galactose-induced aging mice were orally administered GG or FG (400 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. Behavioral parameters of mice were measured by the radial 8-arm maze, and the changes in body weight and organ indices were recorded. Blood, brain tissue, and feces were collected for biochemical analysis, histopathological staining, Western blotting, and 16S rDNA intestinal flora sequencing, respectively. ResultsThe absolute contents of total ginsenosides, polyphenols, crude polysaccharides, starch, and protein in GG were 0.71, 0.68, 1.15, 2.27, and 1.08 folds higher than those in FG, respectively; while FG exhibited a higher relative abundance of representative active ingredients (total ginsenosides, polyphenols, crude polysaccharides, and protein) but lower relative content of starch than GG. GG and FG improved hippocampal lesions and poor weight gain, organ indices, and behavioral indices, and prevented excessive oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity in aging mice. What's more, GG and FG treatment ameliorated excessive apoptosis and inflammatory reaction in the aging brain by modulating apoptosis-related proteins, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and SIRT1/NF-κB pathway. GG and FG also restored the diversity and structure of gut microbiota, up-regulated the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus), and tended to exert key anti-aging effects via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Notably, in vivo experiments confirmed that FG had a stronger anti-aging activity than GG. ConclusionFG exerts a more powerful anti-aging effect than GG by regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and the microbe-gut-brain axis, possibly relying on the higher relative abundance of representative active ingredients (total ginsenosides, polyphenols, crude polysaccharides, and protein) in FG.

Enhancing radical scavenging activity of Cordyceps militaris extract by gamma irradiation

AbstractNowadays, irradiation treatment has been well‐known as an effective tool to eliminate the pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms existing in foods and food ingredients in order to ensure their hygiene and extend their shelf‐life. In the present study, the dried fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris were irradiated under gamma source at Hanoi Irradiation Center, then extracted to collect crude polysaccharides and to evaluate the effects of gamma ray on antioxidant properties and functional groups of bioactive components in the extract (CME). Our preliminary results showed the antioxidant ability of CME, which is presented by DPPH radical scavenging activity, increased with concentration and radiation dose. The concentration required to induce 50 % antioxidant activity or median inhibition concentration (IC50) of CME decreased with radiation dose, and the smallest SC50 obtained with the CME irradiated at 15 kGy. These results suggested that the antioxidant capacity of CME can be much improved by irradiation. However, gamma radiation insignificantly affected the functional groups of CME as analyzed with Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy although the intensities of some characteristic peaks were distorted by high dose radiation.

Inhibition on α‐Amylase and α‐Glucosidase of Polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus and Effects on Delaying the Digestion of Polysaccharides‐Dough system

AbstractIn the present study, three alcohol precipitation polysaccharides fractions (IOP40, IOP60, and IOP80) are isolated from Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides (IOP). In vitro starch digestion experiments suggest that IOP40 and IOP60 show stronger inhibitory effects than crude polysaccharides. Inhibition kinetics demonstrates that IOP60 has reversible and anti‐competitive inhibitory effect on α‐glucosidase. I. obliquus polysaccharides also have a significantly effect on the digestion of dough. Furthermore, in vivo studies prove IOP60 can inhibit the increase in postprandial blood glucose level. IOP60 is further purified to gain IOP‐2S. The results of monosaccharide composition show that IOP‐2S consisted of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose in Moorbys of 0.521:0.511:1.551:0.793:0.567:0.232. IOP‐2S's molecular weight is 26.76 kDa. Congo red results reveal that IOP‐2S contains a triple helix structure. This study indicates that I. obliquus polysaccharides might be used in functional foods for postprandial hyperglycemia control.

The Effect of Qiweibaizhu Powder Crude Polysaccharide on Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea Mice Is Associated With Restoring Intestinal Mucosal Bacteria.

BackgroundQiweibaizhu powder (QWBZP) has been shown to be effective in treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Previous research has reported that plant polysaccharides can promote the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria and inhibit the multiplication of pathogenic bacteria, thus effectively treating diarrhea. Here, we investigated the effect of QWBZP crude polysaccharide on the diversity of intestinal mucosal bacteria and their community structure composition in mice with AAD, and the aim of this study was to provide the scientific basis for the efficacy of QWBZP crude polysaccharide on diarrhea.Materials and MethodsEighteen Kunming (KM) mice were randomly divided into the normal (mn) group, the model (mm) group, and the QWBZP crude polysaccharide treatment (ma) group, with six mice in each group. An AAD model was constructed using a mixed antibiotic solution and treated with gavage crude polysaccharide solution of QWBZP. The intestinal mucosa was extracted from the jejunum to the ileum of mice, and the metagenome was extracted and then analyzed using MiSeq sequencing to characterize the intestinal mucosal bacteria in mice.ResultsThe spleen and thymus indices of each group of mice had no significant differences. The Chao1 and ACE indices of the mn and mm groups were similar, the Simpson index was the largest and the Shannon index was the smallest in the mm group, and there was no significant difference in the diversity indices of all three groups. In the PCA and PCoA, the mn and ma group samples were both relatively concentrated with a high similarity of community structure. In contrast, the samples in the mm group were more scattered and farther away from the samples in the mn and ma groups, i.e., the community structure similarity within and between the groups was low. Compared with the mm group, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Lactobacillus, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio in the ma group was decreased, while that of Enterococcus continued to increase. In the LEfSe analysis, there were significant differences in the characteristic bacteria in the mn, mm, and ma groups.ConclusionThe single crude polysaccharide component is not very effective in treating AAD, so the clinical efficacy of the QWBZP crude polysaccharide is subject to further investigation.

Sargassum horneri as a Prebiotic Dietary Supplement for Immunity Development in Streptococcus parauberis Infected Zebrafish Model

Sargassum horneri (SH) is a brown macroalgal species commonly found along the coast of Japan, China, and Korea. SH possesses valuable bioactive compounds that can be developed as functional food ingredients as well as pharmaceutical agents for both humans and animals. In this study, SH was tested for its potential prebiotic effect. Several solvent-assisted extracts of SH were tested on the growth of three species of probiotics (LAB) (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus brevis) and fish pathogen bacteria (Streptococcus iniae, Streptococcus parauberis, Edwersiella tarda) both in vitro and in vivo. According to the in vitro results, Celluclast extract (SHC) and crude polysaccharide extract (SHCPs) of SH showed outstanding growth enhancing activity in all LAB species and excellent antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria dose-dependently. Both SHC and SHCPs induced the production of secondary metabolites from LAB. The secondary metabolites successfully reduced pathogenic bacterial growth. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that co-treatment with LAB and SHC/SHCPs diminished the mortality of Streptococcus parauberis infected zebrafish by modulating iNOS, COX-2 expressions. Similarly, SH act as an anti-inflammatory agent against S. parauberis infection by hindering NF-κB pathway activation. Conclusively, the results achieved from the study suggest that S. horneri has the potential to be used as a prebiotic dietary supplement and possesses a protective effect against S. parauberis infections in the aquaculture industry.

A method for tracing the six geographical indication (GI) jujube species by crude polysaccharide characterization

BackgroundJujube resources are abundant in China, and Shanxi Province in particular is one of the places where they originated. The most famous 6 geographical indication (GI) jujube species in Shanxi are often masqueraded by nonoriginal jujube species, which seriously undermines the brand image. However, the current national quality standards, which have simple indicators, cannot completely trace the botanical and geographical origin of GI jujubes. Compared with small biomolecules and genes, polysaccharides possess a complicated structure and are sensitive to their geographical location and botanical origin, and these characteristics are important for botanical and geographical traceability. Therefore, we selected the 6 most famous GI jujube species in Shanxi Province, measured and analyzed their crude polysaccharide characterizations, and then selected efficient tracing indicators.ResultsThe crude polysaccharides from 6 GI jujube species of Shanxi Province were tested with several parameters, including their purity (the content of polysaccharides), uronic acid content, Mw distribution, monosaccharide composition, functional groups and bonds. In the assays that measured purity and uronic acid content, the purity varied within a very narrow band (96–99%) and presented no negative or positive correlation with uronic acid content. In the experiment that measured the Mw distribution by HPGPC, five peaks (RT1, RT2, RT3, RT4, RT5) were almost observed in 6 jujube species, and the RT3 content (240–250 Da), which showed a significant correlation to the content of RT4 and RT5, exhibited significant differences among 6 jujube species (RSD = 1.28 > 1.00). The monosaccharide composition indicated that the polysaccharides from 6 jujube species were rich in glucose (55–75%), arabinose (10–15%) and galactose acid (10–20%), with small amounts of rhamnose, glucosamine hydrochloride, galactose, xylose, and mannose (less than 5%). The FT-IR spectrum showed that crude polysaccharides from six jujube species shared similar functional groups and chemical bonds.ConclusionsThe results above indicated that in the 6 GI jujube species, both homogeneity and differences were observed in the Mw distribution of crude polysaccharides. First, five peaks (RT1, RT2, RT3, RT4, RT5), which represent the Mw of 186,646–285,262 Da (RT1), 4634–17,296 Da (RT2), 240–250 Da (RT3), 98–103 Da (RT4) and 57–64 Da (RT5), respectively, could be detected in all 6 jujube species. Second, the RT3 contents exhibited significant differences among the 6 jujube species (RSD = 1.28 > 1.00) and showed a significant correlation with RT4 and RT5. Therefore, the Mw distribution may be treated as a potential distinguishing indicator among the 6 jujube species.Graphical

Characterization of polysaccharide fractions from Allii macrostemonis bulbus and assessment of their antioxidant

In order to comprehensive understanding of the active substances of Allii macrostemonis bulbus (AMB), this study conducted the extraction, purification, structure and antioxidant activity of AMB polysaccharides. The crude polysaccharides were obtained by hot water and ethanol precipitation extraction, and five purified polysaccharide fractions were obtained (AMBP-1, AMBP-2, AMBP-3, AMBP-4 and AMBP-5) with different molecular weights. Structural characterization of five fractions by chromatography, spectroscopy, TGA and Zeta potential analysis. AMBP-1, AMBP-2 and AMBP-3 were primarily composed of mannose, glucose and galacturonic acid. Whereas AMBP-4 and AMBP-5 were primarily composed of mannose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose. Five fractions possessed differences in characteristic morphology, thermal stability and Zeta potential. Further investigated,the results revealed that five fractions comprised of 1 → 4、1 → 6 linked d-glucopyranose as the main chain with different branch by using methylation with GC-MS and 1D-NMR. Any one of AMB polysaccharides displayed the ability to scavenge free radicals, chelate iron with a dose-effect relationship. Among which AMBP-5 displayed the strongest antioxidant contribute to its rich uronic acid, monosaccharide composition and large molecular weight. This study has enriched the research on the chemical composition of AMB and provides a theoretical basis for developed as a functional food.

Two Novel Polysaccharides From Clitocybe squamulosa: Their Isolation, Structures, and Bioactivities.

The crude polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Clitocybe squamulosa (CSFP) were isolated by hot-water extraction. Two novel polysaccharides, CSFP1-β and CSFP2-α, were further purified by DEAE-52 anion exchange and Sephacryl S-400 gel filtration chromatography, and the purities reached 98.44 and 97.83%, respectively. The structural characteristics and bioactivities of CSFP, CSFP1-β, and CSFP2-α were identified by the combination of chemical and instrumental analysis. Results showed that CSFP was formed by the aggregation of honeycomb spherical materials; CSFP1-β and CSFP2-α were interwoven by reticular and fibrous structures, respectively. Purified components of both CSFP1-β and CSFP2-α showed typical infrared absorption peaks of polysaccharides, and contents of nucleic acid and protein decreased significantly. Simultaneously, CSFP with a molecular weight (Mw) of 1.948 × 104 Da were composed mainly of glucose, mannose, galactose, and rhamnose. CSFP1-β was composed mainly of glucose, galactose, and mannose, while CSFP2-α was composed of glucose, and both their Mw distributions were uneven. Compared with CSFP, the antioxidant activities of CSFP1-β and CSFP2-α were significantly improved (p < 0.05), and they both showed good abilities to bind free cholesterol and bile acid salts in vitro. The binding abilities of the two compounds were found to be 68.62 and 64.43%, and 46.66 and 45.05 mg/g, respectively. CSFP, CSFP1-β, and CSFP2-α had good bacteriostatic effects with a linear increasing relationship to increasing concentration. In addition, CSFP promoted the growth of RAW264.7 cells and has potential immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities.

Microwave assisted extraction, characterization of a polysaccharide from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and its antioxidant effects via ferroptosis-mediated activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

A microwave-assisted extraction procedure for the crude Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPs) obtained from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge was optimized. Four independent variables were studied: microwave power, extraction time, solvent-to-solid ratio, and concentration of ethanol, with optimal settings of 1200 W, 12 min, 38, and 86 %, respectively. The SMPs were successively purified by DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephadex G-100 chromatography to produce a novel polysaccharide termed SMP1. The SMP1 was composed of glucose, galactose, and fructose in a molar ratio of 1:1.67:1.12 with an average molecular weight of 6087 Da. Pharmacological studies showed that SMP1 protected from OGD/R-induced ferroptosis and lipid peroxidation by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in PC12 cells. Our research systematically indicated that polysaccharide could inhibit ferroptosis to alleviate oxidative stress injury, which laid the foundation for the future clinical application of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide.

Effects of Different Bud Thinning Methods on Nutritional Quality and Antioxidant Activities of Fruiting Bodies of Pleurotus eryngii.

The cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii was studied by different methods, such as puncturing and fixed-point mushroom production, shading treatment at the top of the bag, and pulling the top of the bag. The agronomic characters, yield, nutritional components, and antioxidant activities in vitro of fruiting bodies of P. eryngii were determined. The results showed that the number of buds in the perforated treatment was less than that in the production method of traditional fruiting bodies to a certain extent. When a circular hole with a diameter of 1.5 cm was drilled in the perforated treatment, the number of buds was 5, which was less than that in the control group. The efficiency of artificial removal of buds was significantly higher than that of the control group, but the harvesting date was longer than that of other methods. The number of buds in shading treatment and bag opening treatment was significantly less than that in the control group, which could effectively control the number of buds and reduce the cost of manpower and material resources. In terms of nutritional components, the A3 treatment group with a hole diameter of 1.0 cm and a quantity of one had the highest crude protein content of 151.34 g, and a significant difference was observed in crude fiber content compared with other treatments. The extraction rate of B5 crude polysaccharide was the highest, and the extraction rate was 12.90%. The antioxidant activities in vitro increased with the increase of crude polysaccharide concentration. Using A3 treatment to cultivate fruiting bodies is conducive to meeting people’s requirements for improving quality of life.

Polysaccharides From Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.: Characterization and Antioxidant Activities.

Two polysaccharide fractions from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (P. cablin) (designated as PCB-1 and PCB2-1) were isolated by water extraction and purified by Sepharose chromatography. The chemical properties of the polysaccharides were characterised, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated. The sugar content of the crude polysaccharide (PCB), PCB-1, and PCB2-1 was 58.74, 90.23 and 88.61%, respectively. The molecular weights of PCB-1 and PCB2-1 were determined to be 97.8 and 12.8 kDa, respectively. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that all the three polysaccharides consisted of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, and arabinose, but with varying molar ratios. The polysaccharides exhibited significantly high antioxidant activities in vitro based on the scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals, metal ion-chelating and ferric-reducing abilities. In vivo experiments in an oxidatively damaged mice model showed that PCB-1 increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and inhibited malondialdehyde formation in the serum and liver. These findings suggest that PCB-1 has significant potential as an antioxidant in functional foods.

Influence of Radio Frequency Heating on the Pasteurization and Drying of Solid-State Fermented Wolfiporia cocos Products

Rice bran and soybean residue are high in nutrients and active ingredients. They are used as media in the solid-state fermentation of Wolfiporia cocos. They not only reduce raw material costs, but also raise the economic value and applications of soybean residues and rice bran. After 30 days of fermentation, the moisture content (w.b.) of the W. cocos product was approximately 40%, requiring it to be pasteurized and dried later. The objective of this research is to use radio frequency (RF) rapid heating technology to pasteurize and dry the solid-state fermented product. A 500 g bag of solid-state fermented W. cocos product took only 30 and 200 s at the RF electrode gap of 15 cm to pasteurize and reduce the moisture content (w.b.) below 15%, respectively; therefore, the methods can be used instead of the traditional 60 min autoclave sterilization and 100 min hot air drying at 45 °C. After RF treatment, the fermented W. cocos product was white, indicating that browning was prevented; the product contained 5.03% mycelium, 9.83% crude polysaccharide, 4.43% crude triterpene, 3.54 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (DW) of total polyphenols, and 0.38 mg quercetin equivalent/g DW of flavonoid contents and showed a good antioxidant capacity.

Preparation and characterization of electrospun nanofibers-based facial mask containing hyaluronic acid as a moisturizing component and huangshui polysaccharide as an antioxidant component

A novel nanofiber material incorporating hyaluronic acid (HA), crude huangshui polysaccharide (cHSP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were prepared to obtain dry facial masks (PVA/HA/cHSP) via electrospinning. The facial mask was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water absorption and retention evaluation, in vitro release study, DPPH and hydroxyl free radical scavenging measurements, red blood cell hemolysis and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay. The results suggested that the fiber mask was densely homogeneous, uniform and well distributed with a diameter <260 nm. Meanwhile, the water absorption rate was >300 %, DPPH and hydroxyl free radical half-inhibitory concentrations of cHSP aqueous solution scavenging were 0.2781 and 1.029 mg/mL, respectively. The PVA/HA/cHSP could retain the antioxidant capacity of cHSP, possessing simultaneous excellent moisture retention and oxidation resistance. Importantly, the mucous membrane irritation experiment indicated that it was mild and safe.

Effects of intravenous administration of polysaccharide purified from fermented barley on tumor metastasis inhibition via immunostimulating activities

The present study was aimed that determine the effects of polysaccharide isolated from fermented barley about tumor metastasis inhibition via immune related factors such as complementary system, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). To characterize the tumor inhibition effects through immunostimulation of polysaccharides purified from fermented barley, the active crude polysaccharide (BF-CP) was isolated from fermented barley and further fractionated into three purified polysaccharides (BF-I, –II, and –III) with different molecular weights through gel permeation chromatography. BF-I was mainly composed of four monosaccharides, including xylose (32.90%), arabinose (26.71%), and glucose (33.43%). BF-I augmented the secretion of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α, through peritoneal macrophages and potently activated the complement system. In the experiment for NK cells and CTL activities, intravenous (i.v.) administration of BF-I significantly augmented the cytotoxicity of NK cells and CTL-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells. In addition, i.v. administration of BF-I potently inhibited tumor metastasis in a mouse model of lung cancer and tumor metastasis in mice with suppressed NK cell function through anti-asialo GM1. Consequently, BF-I shows potent tumor inhibition effects, and these effects are related to various immune factors such as macrophages, the complement system, NK cells, and CTL. Therefore, BF-I, the polysaccharide purified from fermented barley possess the new possibility for developing functional foods and medical ingredients.

Structural Characterization and Anti-inflammatory Activity of a Galactorhamnan Polysaccharide From Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis.

This study aimed to extract polysaccharides from Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis (finger citron fruits) and analyze their structures and potential bioactivities. A new polysaccharide named K-CMLP was isolated and purified by Diethylaminoethylcellulose (DEAE)-Sepharose Fast Flow and DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography with an average molecular weight of 3.76 × 103 kDa. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that K-CLMP consisted of rhamnose, galactose, and glucose, with a molar ratio of 6.75:5.87:1.00. Co-resolved by methylation and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), K-CLMP was alternately connected with 1, 2-Rha and 1, 4-Gal to form the backbone, and a small number of glucose residues was connected to O-4 of rhamnose. The results of DPPH⋅ and ABTS+⋅ radical scavenging assays indicated that both crude polysaccharide Citrus medica L. var. polysaccharide (CMLP) and K-CLMP exhibited strong free-radical-scavenging properties in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, K-CMLP significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RAW 264.7 cells treated with LPS. These results provide a basis for further use as one of the potential functions of food or natural medicine.

Use of ultrasound treatment to extract mannan polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

AbstractThe threat of food shortages has increased the demand for sustainable technology worldwide. We investigated the use of ultrasonic waves to extract polysaccharides from yeast for use as a feed source. Saccharomyces cerevisiae polysaccharides were extracted using ultrasound treatment (output: 400–1000 W, frequency: 20 kHz, operating hour: 2–8 h, and operating temperature: 70°C). To extract polysaccharides from the ultrasonic extract, the supernatant was recovered by treatment with .4% α‐amylase and 1% alcalase after ethanol precipitation. Monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and structure of crude polysaccharide were analyzed using ion chromatography, rapid separation liquid chromatography, and H1‐nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured in RAW 264.7 cells using Griess reagent. The ultrasonicated extracts comprised mannose polysaccharides with an α‐(1→6) backbone and α‐(1→2) and α‐(1→3) side chain linkages with molecular weight of 31–34 kDa. This extract increased the nitric oxide content in RAW264.7 cells. Although the ultrasonic intensity did not significantly affect polysaccharide structure or NO production, extraction time did. Overall, our findings established a strategy to enable the eco‐friendly production of feed materials with immune enhancement effects.Practical ApplicationsIt is a well‐established fact that yeast polysaccharides exhibit immune‐enhancing effects. Chemical and physical extraction methods are used to extract these polysaccharides. In this study, we employed ultrasonic extraction technology to meet the demand for eco‐friendly technology development. Consequently, we were able to reduce the use of chemical solvents and obtain high polysaccharide yields. Notably, we discovered that polysaccharides of 31–34 kDa molecular weights had potent immune‐enhancing effects. Lastly, we developed functional polysaccharide materials as alternatives to antibiotics used in the animal feed industry.