Crude Palm Oil Production Research Articles

Implementation of Value Stream Mapping for Waste Reduction in Crude Palm Oil Production Process

PT. Perkebunan Nusantara I Cot Girek is one of the palm oil mills owned by PT. Perkebunan Nusantara I which is engaged in processing palm oil into Crude Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil. The problem faced by PTPN I Cot Girek Unit is that there are several wasteful activities that cause the company to experience time losses, production does not reach targets and quality damage to Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) and Coconut Palm Oil (CPO). The problem solving method used are Value Stream Mapping to identify wasteful activities, the 5W1H method to identify the causes of waste and the Weighted Product Method to determine the order of priority for improvement. Based on the results of the study, there are 4 activities that can be taken corrective action. After being analyzed using VSM, it was found that the Manufacturing Lead Time decreased from 1185.70 minutes to 1069.73 minutes and the Process Cycle Efficiency value increased from 67% to 74%.

Perspective on Crude Palm Oil Production: The Effect of Raw Palm Oil and Biofuel Prices

Efficiency is the important things in production process. Some production factors as labor,
 materials, and machinery must be calculate accurately. The purpose of this research is for
 analyzing the influence of raw palm oil and Biofuel prices against crude palm oil
 production. Sample in this research is time series data that specialized production data, The
 technique analysis is using analysis of multiple linier regression. The results from analysis show
 correlation between raw palm oil and biofuel prices with crude palm oil production is 57.1 %,
 The relationship between raw palm oil against crude palm oil production have significant effect
 and biofuel prices against crude palm oil production have no significant effect. Based on the
 results of F test there are the significant influence between raw palm oil and biofues prices
 against crude palm oil production. finding in this research is PT. Wilmar using 3 type of fuel
 for production process, petroleum, biofuel and waste of raw palm oil production which makes
 biofuel prices have no effect on crude palm oil production

Evaluation of dual crude palm and kernel oil production in North Colombia via computer-aided exergy analysis

Palm production chains in Colombia have some unsatisfied demands that affect their competitiveness. Specific demands include efficiency in energy use. Therefore, in the present report, an exergy analysis for the dual crude palm and kernel oil production process was carried out to determine the main energy sinks and suggest technological improvements that allow better use of energy. For this study, the process was initially simulated in the Aspen Plus ® software, where the chemical and physical exergies of the species and streams involved were quantified. The process irreversibilities, the exergy loss, the exergy of waste, and the exergy of utilities were calculated for each stage and the whole process. An overall exergy efficiency of 18% was achieved, while the highest process irreversibilities contribution was due to the destroyed exergy with the waste in the threshing stage. To increasing the global exergy efficiency of dual crude palm and kernel oil production, it is proposed the evaluation of palm rachis use to obtain biofuels and/or high-value products.

Case Analysis: FGV Holdings Berhad

This empirical study is pursued with the objective to examine the evolution of FELDA since its establishment in 1956 until the listing of its investment holding company, FGV Holdings Berhad, at Bursa Malaysia in 2012. Due to the poor financial performance of FGV, Felda has no choice but to take it out from Bursa Malaysia. From the literature review, the FGV company is one of the biggest producers of crude palm oil (CPO) in the world, contributing about 15% of Malaysia’s total annual production of CPO over the past ten years. FGV company operates in 9 countries throughout Asia, the Middle East, North America and Europe. Backed by a powerful workforce of more than 45,000 employees, FGV is indeed a multinational company. The main business focus of FGV has been on three key industry sectors - plantation, sugar, and logistics. FGV Holdings Berhad holds one important vision which is “To be among the world’s leading, integrated and sustainable agribusiness that delivers value to customers and stakeholders especially the smallholders”. However, the poor performance of FGV over the past five years has raised some concerns among its shareholders and stakeholders. FGV is supposed to focus on creating value through human capital development, the embodiment of governance and compliance, building an integrated value chain advantage, and lastly cultivating diversification in commodities and geography. Overall, Felda understands the importance of FGV in nation building and this major shareholder is very concerned about value of partnership, integrity, dynamism, and sustainability because these are the critical factors for entrepreneurial success in the long run.

Forecasting on the crude palm oil production in Malaysia using SARIMA Model

Today, accurate prediction on the seasonal trend of the crude palm oil production is critical for the government and agriculturist management to aid in decision-making. The study aims to forecast the Malaysia crude palm oil production by using the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model. The monthly data of Malaysia crude palm oil production were obtained from Malaysian Palm Oil Board, from January 2014 until September 2019. The Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model was applied to the data by using the Box-Jenkins approach. Based on the adequacy checking and accuracy testing, SARIMA(1,0,0)(0,1,1)12 is the best fitted model for the Malaysia crude palm oil production. As a result of the findings, the SARIMA(1,0,0)(0,1,1)12 model appears to be the best choice for decision makers to make reliable and accurate long-term forecasts on Malaysia crude palm oil production.

THE EFFECT OF PRICE BEHAVIOUR ON INDONESIAN CPO EXPORT QUANTITY

Unpredictable changes in supply and demand may cause the variation of price behavior. Crude Palm Oil (CPO) as Indonesian main export commodity has the highest risk of uncertainty price which is influenced by world price while it tends to fluctuate and become volatile in the given period. In order to increase CPO production, government has implemented biodiesel mandatory regulation namely B30 in 2019. It means that the use of diesel fuel with 20 percent of biofuel content. Besides that, government also applies zero tax policy to stimulate CPO producers in doing export. The objectives of this research are to analyze price volatility and its effect on export volume in the long term. Daily Indonesian CPO price since January 2010 to December 2017 was analyzed by Historical Volatility Method and Cointegration Test. This research shows that both domestic and world price of CPO tends to be high while domestic price is less volatile than world price. Furthermore, CPO’s price and export volume are cointegrated and have negative relation in the long term.

Waste management of the palm oil industry: present status and future perspective

Numerous research and developments have emerged in the last 100 years, primarily dedicated to waste management. Among the subjects they have focused on are life-cycle assessments, treatment and minimisation of waste and mitigation of waste environmental impact. These massive efforts came into effect to mitigate the detrimental impacts of waste generation from production industries. One industry that has been plagued with rising sustainability issues is the palm oil industry, which is the main engine of development in South East Asia. The oil palm is a significant flex crop. In Malaysia and Indonesia particularly, crude palm oil production has raised red flags due to its massive waste generation. To illustrate, different types of wastes are generated from 1 t of processed fresh fruit bunches – namely, palm oil mill effluent (POME) (60%), empty fruit bunches (23%), mesocarp fibres (12%), shell (5%) and gas emissions. The high nitrogen content, high chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand of POME cause severe environmental pollution. Nevertheless, the biomethane generated from POME through anaerobic digestion can be harnessed as renewable bioenergy. Hence, the sustainability of the palm oil industry could be ensured by combining both the production of renewable energy and the treatment of waste water.

Analysis and mitigation of machine maintenance for sustainable industry

The manufacturing industry must maintain high productivity and quality to be competitive and sustainable. The best way to achieve this is done through preventive maintenance programs. The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of engine performance, identify the constraints of the performance of a screw press machine, and determine preventive actions to minimize engine performance ineffectiveness. The research was conducted on Crude Palm Oil (CPO) production in Jambi Province. The analysis tools used are Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE), Fishbone Diagram, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), and 5-Whys analysis. The results show that OEE is still below world-class standards. The cause of screw press machine failure is the entry of foreign matter and wear from the machine. The most significant risk that has the potential to hamper the performance of the screw press is the loss of oil on the pulp or fiber and damage to components inside the screw press machine. Mitigation actions to minimize engine performance ineffectiveness are periodic maintenance, the application of preventive maintenance, and magnetic parts installation.

Cradle to Gate Life Cycle Assessment of Palm Oil Industry

Crude palm oil production Indonesia especially in Aceh every year continues to increase because the consumption of its derivative products such as cosmetics, food and fuel increases. The increasing demand for CPO has caused palm oil companies expanding their plantations. Based on data from the Ministry of Agriculture in 2018, the total area of Indonesian palm oil reaches 14.3 million hectares. The focus of this paper aims to evaluate the cradle to gate impact produced at land preparation, the nursery stage and the process of producing palm oil. Life cycle assessment is used to evaluate the impact of product for its entire life cycle. This research was conducted with simulation using SimaPro 9.0 software and impact 2002+ method. The results of the data processing with the simulation showed that fertilization stage was the stage with the largest impact with persentage 83% of the category, namely human health, ecosystem quality, climate change and resources 0.0000567 DALY, 9.44 PDF.m2.year, 148 kg CO2 eq and 1650 main MJ, respectively. Meanwhile, the processing of palm oil into CPO the largest environmental impact was in the category of non-renewable energy and global warming of 90 MJ and 9.6 kg CO2 eq.

Retalism mechanism in Indonesian and European Union trade disputes regarding CPO commodity exports

In 2019, the European Union Parliament made a policy to stop the use of Crude Palm Oil (CPO). The decision was taken after the European Union Parliament agreed to use environmentally friendly renewable energy as stated in the “Report on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the Promotion of the use of Energy from Renewable Sources”. This policy makes Indonesia one of the largest CPO producers with the potential to lose its market. This policy makes Indonesia conduct a counter attack (retaliation) by using the World Trade Organization (WTO). Previously the President Republic of Indonesia, Joko Widodo also conducted retaliation in the form of a boycott products from the European Union such as airplanes from the French manufacturer, Airbus. The retaliation is considered effective because Indonesia accounts for 5.7% of the Airbus market in Asia Pacific with a valUni Eropa of US $ 42.8 billion. This amount is still far greater than Indonesia’s CPO exports on the European Union market which is only worth US$ 4 billion. Its means that if this retaliation occurs, Indonesia will have a better bargaining than the European Union, so it is hoped that the European Union can soften and end trade disputes between the European Union and Indonesia.

Optimasi Kondisi Proses Sintesis Biodiesel Berbasis Reaksi Esterifikasi Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Dengan Katalis Cu-Hidroksiapatit Dari Limbah Tulang Ikan

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel to a diesel engine that can replace or reduce the use of petroleum diesel. PFAD (Palm Fatty Acid Distillate) is a by-product of physical refining of crude palm oil products and is contained of free fatty acid (FFA) more than 85 wt.%. Esterification is a chemical reaction used to produce biodiesel from feedstocks with high FFA. Hydroxyapatite derived from waste fish bones has been effectively utilized as a support for preparation of the heterogeneous copper acid catalyst. The Copper- Hydroxyapatite catalyst has been prepared through wet-impregnation.This study intends to produce biodiesel with Cu- Hydroxyapatite catalyst derived from fishbone waste in esterification of PFAD and methanol. Esterification reaction parameters were varied to obtain the maximum yield of biodiesel. Optimization of esterification reaction parameters such as methanol to PFAD ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction temperature was carried out by Response Surface Methodology-Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD). The optimum yield obtained using regression models were found to be reaction temperature 62oC, catalyst to PFAD weight 1,82 wt.%, and PFAD to methanol molar ratio 1:8,28. The reaction under the optimum condition predicted at 92,52% of biodiesel yield.

Optimization rate of empty fruit bunch and NPK compound fertilizer for 4-years-old oil palm

Indonesia is the world’s largest producer of Crude Palm Oil (CPO), followed by Malaysia as the second producing country. CPO production of Indonesia and Malaysia reaches 80% of all world production. However, fertilizing empty fruit bunches should be combined with inorganic fertilizers. Empty fruit bunches of oil palm are waste from CPO processing, and the amount is very abundant. The use of empty bunches combined with compound NPK fertilizer is intended to increase the vegetative growth and support productivity. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum rate of empty fruit bunches and NPK compounds. The research was conducted at the Teaching Farm of IPB-University, Jonggol, Bogor, from March 2016 to March 2017. The treatment consists of two factors, the first factor is the treatment of empty bunches (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg plant−1 year−1) and the second factor is NPK compound (0, 2, 4, and 6 kg of plant−1 year−1). The results of this study determined that the optimum rate of empty fruit bunches fertilizer is 128 kg palm−1, and the optimum rate of NPK compound fertilizer is 4.61 kg palm−1 for 4-year-old oil palm.

The utilization of mushroom growing media waste as raw material for biogas production: energy productivity ratio (EPR) study

Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest crude palm oil (CPO) production. Besides CPO production the mills also produce various type of wastes in large quantity. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are the largest solid waste produced during the process. One of the OPEFB utilizations that has been done by the community around the mills area is to make mushroom as growing media. However, the rest OPEFB from mushroom media which cannot be degraded becomes a new problem for the community. The technology that can be used to overcome this waste is the anaerobic composting process. This paper describes the utilizing OPEFB waste from the rest of the mushroom growth media into energy through the anaerobic composting process. The energy productivity ratio (EPR) was also calculated and reviewed during the process and utilizing by products in the output. The result revealed that the design of OPEFB waste treatment into biogas and its purification are expected to be applied to the concept of clean production (zero waste) and the productivity ratio of energy values obtained from calculations was > 1. This shows that the needs of energy output in the pilot plant are greater than the input.

A Sustainable In situ Treatment Method to Improve the Quality of Crude Palm Oil by Repurposing Treated Aerobic Liquor

The production of crude palm oil is a resource-intensive process because it requires a considerable amount of clean water during milling and generates a large amount of wastewater. The goal of this work was to improve the process sustainability by repurposing the treated wastewater (i.e. aerobic liquor, AL) for improving the quality of crude palm oil (CPO). The AL was first pre-treated by filtration and heating before it was used to wash the CPO under mixing. Critical quality parameters of CPO, i.e. free fatty acid, anisidine value and Deterioration of the Bleachability Index, showed improvement after washing with AL. The level of phytonutrient present in the CPO was not affected by washing. Furthermore, the amount of undesirable trace elements phosphorus, iron, copper and chlorine showed a significant reduction. By repurposing the AL to treat CPO, the quality of the CPO can be improved. This practical and sustainable treatment process can be performed in situ in a palm oil mill without the need for clean water and chemical.

Visualization of the Sustainability Level of Crude Palm Oil Production: A Life Cycle Approach

The Malaysian palm oil is an important source of social development and economic growth in the country. Nevertheless, it has been accused of conducting unsustainable practices that may affect the sustainability of this industry. Thus, this study aims to identify the level of sustainability of crude palm oil (CPO) production. Environmental impacts were assessed using the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standardized life cycle assessment (LCA). Economic impacts were evaluated using life cycle costing (LCC). Social impact assessment was identified based on the UNEP/SETAC Guidelines for social life cycle assessment (S-LCA). Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) was used to combine three methods: LCA, life cycle costing (LCC) and S-LCA using the scoring system method. Finally, a presentation technique was developed to visualize the LCSA results. The results show that crude palm oil production requires more improvement to be a sustainable product. The study feasibly enables the decision-makers to understand the significant environmental, economic, and social hotspots during the crude palm oil production process in order to promote palm oil production.

ANLISIS MODEL BISNIS SISTEM E-PROCURERMENT TANDAN BUAH SEGAR (TBS) SAWIT PETANI SWADAYA UNTUK MENDUKUNG PROGRAM PENGEMBANGAN BIODIESEL

The biodiesel biofuel conversion program requires more Crude Palm Oil (CPO) to produce environmentally friendly fuels. Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) from independent smallholders' oil palm lands are relied on to meet CPO needs. To ensure independent smallholders 'palm fruit is actually used in the biodiesel and green fuel program, it is necessary to carry out a digital transformation in the procurement of independent smallholders' FFB by building an integrated e-procurement system makes it easier for DPDPKS to monitor the procurement of FFB by cooperatives and the production of CPO by PKS as raw material for biodiesel. This study aims to analyze the business processes of independent smallholders' FFB procurement to design an integrated independent smallholder FFB e-procurement system, ensuring that CPO production for biodiesel comes from independent smallholder oil palm lands. E-procurement also integrates the FFB harvest schedule managed by the cooperative and the CPO production schedule created by the Palm Oil Mill (PKS). This e-procurement will facilitate the coordination of FFB procurement between PKS and cooperatives and between cooperatives and independent smallholders. This e-procurement is supported by cloud computing technology, allows realtime services to be accessed anytime and anywhere. All procurement activities are recorded in the cloud servicse so that the amount of FFB supply from independent farmers for biodiesel can be monitored as well as downstream biodiesel shipments can be monitored ensuring subsidies for biodiesel distribution are right on target.

The Impact of Hydraulic Retention Time on the Biomethane Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in Two-Stage Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor

Indonesia is currently the most significant crude palm oil (CPO) producer in the world. In the production ofCPO, 0.7m3 of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is emitted as the wastewater for every ton of fresh fruit bunches processed in the palm oil mill.With the increasing amount of CPO production, an effective POME treatment system is urgently required to prevent severe environmental damage. The high organic content in the POME is a potential substrate forbio-methane production. The biomethane production is carried out by two groups of microbes, i.e., acidogenic and methanogenic microbes. Each group of bacteria performs optimally at different optimum conditions. To optimize the biomethane production, POME was treated sequentially by separating the acidogenic and methanogenic microbes into two stages of anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBR). The steps were optimized differently according to the favorable conditions of each group of bacteria. Although perfect separation cannot be achieved, this study showed that pH control could split the domination of the bacteria, i.e., the first stage (maintained at pH 4-5) was dominated by the acidogenic microbes and the second stage (kept neutral) was governed by methanogens. In addition to the pH control, natural zeolitewas added as microbial immobilization media in the AFBR to improve the performance of the microorganisms, especially in preventing microbial wash out at short hydraulic retention time (HRT). This study was focused on the understanding of the effect of HRT on the performance of steady-state continuous AFBR. The first stage as the acidogenic reactorwas rununder acidic conditions (pH 4-5) at five different HRTs. In comparison, the second stage as the methanogenic reactorwasrun under the neutral condition at four different HRTs. In this work,short HRT (5 days) resulted in better performance in both acidogenic AFBR and methanogenic AFBR. The immobilization media was hence essential to reduce the risk of washout at such a short HRT. The two-stage system also resulted in quite a high percentage of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal, which was as much as 96.06%sCOD.

Corruption and Deforestation in Indonesia

This paper evaluates the impact of corruption on deforestation in Indonesia. The world’s nature environment and global warming questions are one of the main factors of international concerns. Massive deforestation threatens Indonesian biodiversity. This research paper analyses issues of whether deforestation in Indonesia is caused by corruption and supported by crude palm oil production. This issue was questioned earlier by using Engel Granger cointegration test, three time series of data, specifically corruption perception index (CPI), rate of deforestation and price of crude palm oil that was inspected for a long-run relationship. Yet long-run relationship was not found. The author of this article shows that while answering this question, CPI values are not as important as the very nature of corruption in Indonesia. However, CPI is still extremely high in Indonesia as the nature of corruption is convenient for illegal logging. Thus, international response is needed so that to decrease the level of deforestation in Indonesia. With the new European Union Law that requires legal sourcing of wood products, Indonesia commits to enforce new rules in the Asia’s largest rainforest. For example, FLEGT licensing became operational on November 15, 2016. The European Union is strictly enforcing these rules what is a good step against deforestation in hand with illegal logging in Indonesia. In this way to analyse in detail the FLEGT programme and the EU activities, is beyond the scope of this paper. There stays questioned the Indonesian Presidents’ ban on new palm oil plantations and mining licence, because such approach can potentially increase corruption and unofficial economy at local levels. The author of this paper wants to fulfil the gap in understanding about the link between deforestation in Indonesia and corruption. The level of corruption in Indonesia is not the main issue, but the nature of corruption is the main problem.

Formulation of control strategy on the environmental impact potential as a result of the development of palm oil plantation

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze strategies for controlling potential environmental impacts as a result of developing oil palm plantations.Design/methodology/approachResearch sites in the first year have been carried out in potential areas for the development of oil palm plantations, both through plasma through Badan Usaha Milik Negara (state-owned enterprises) and Badan Usaha Milik Swasta (private-owned companies) and self-help by the community. The research locations were carried out in the Riau mainland areas, including Kampar, Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi regencies. In contrast, the Riau coastal areas were Pelalawan, Siak, Bengkalis, Indragiri Hilir, Indragiri Hulu and Rokan Hilir. The two research areas have different productivity caused by differences in soil fertility. The method used for data collection is the rapid rural appraisal method, which is a participatory approach to obtain data/information and general evaluation in the field in a relatively short time.FindingsOil palm commodities are the most popular, especially in the Riau region. This is evidenced by the rapid development of oil palm plantations, namely, 1,119,798 ha in 2001 and increased to 2,372,402 ha in 2013. During the 2001–2013 period, the average growth rate was 6.46% per year, whereas other plantation commodities such as rubber and coconut have decreased. #R2.6 An increase follows the expansion of the plantation area in the production of fresh fruit bunches (FFB). Crude palm oil (CPO) production from 1,792,481 tons in 2001 increased to 7,570,854 tons in 2013, with an average annual growth of 12.76%. CPO production capability in Riau is supported by 172 palm oil mill (POM) units with a processing capacity of 7,800 tons per hour. POM is not spread evenly but is concentrated in nucleus and plasma plantations. Independent smallholders with their scattered land located far from the existing POM. This condition causes the low quality of FFB to the mill due to the distance between the plantation and POM.Originality/valueThe virtue of this research is to find an institutional arrangement strategy for oil palm agriculture to spur growth through the development of the downstream palm oil industry. The strategy is intended to create economic added value so that efforts to accelerate community economic development can be increased.

Evaluating the Sustainability and Inherent Safety of a Crude Palm Oil Production Process in North-Colombia

The African palm is the main source of vegetable oil worldwide, representing about 29.60% of the total oil and fat production around the world. The rapid expansion of this sector has faced several concerns related to environmental and social aspects that have driven the search for sustainable alternatives. In this work, the inherent safety analysis and sustainability evaluation for the crude palm oil production process was performed using the inherent safety index (ISI) method and the sustainable weighted return on investment metric (SWROIM), respectively. The process was designed for a processing capacity of 30 t/h of palm bunches and under North-Colombian conditions. Three technical indicators were considered to evaluate the process sustainability including exergy efficiency, potential environmental impacts output (PEI output), and the total inherent safety index (ITI). The economic factor is directly considered since the SWROIM is an extension of the conventional return on investment (ROI). The resulting ITI at 11 indicated an inherently safe process, and the highest risk was observed for the process equipment safety subindex. The SWROIM reached a higher value (53%) compared to the conventional ROI (49.39%), which suggests positive impacts on sustainability. The novelty of this work lies in detecting the inherent risks and providing a decision making criteria for this project through a complete evaluation that relates economic, energy, environmental, and safety criteria.