Crude Palm Kernel Oil Research Articles

The strategy improvement of the engine maintenance

PT. A is a company engaged in the manufacture of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO). Constraints faced by PT. A is no planned scheduling of machine maintenance. Therefore, it is necessary to design a maintenance strategy in the form of a machine maintenance schedule to overcome the problem, as well as an analysis of the causes of failure of engine components that are often damaged. This problem is solved by using the Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) methods in determining repair priorities so that a more optimal treatment plan is obtained. The Pareto diagram is used to determine the most critical machine in the RCM method. The results of the pareto diagram obtained by the screw press machine are the most critical machines. Furthermore, the results of the application of RCM methods obtained components that must be treated regularly (time directed).

Assessing water footprint for the oil palm supply chain- a cradle to gate study

Water footprint (WFP) has gained importance due to the increase of water scarcity in the world. This paper analyses the WFP the oil palm supply chain (cradle to gate) which produces oil palm fresh fruit bunch (FFB), crude palm oil, palm kernel and crude palm kernel oil. The water accounting and vulnerability evaluation (WAVE) method was used. This method analyses the water depletion index (WDI) based on the local blue water scarcity. The main contribution towards the WFP at the plantation was the production of FFB from the crop. At the mill the burden shifts to the water added during the process which consists of the boiler and process water. There was a 33 % reduction in the WFP when there was no dilution or water addition after the screw press at the mill. When weight allocation was performed the WFP reduced by 42 % as the burden was shared with the palm kernel and palm kernel shell. At the kernel crushing plant (KCP), the main contributor towards the WFP came from the palm kernel which carried the burden from upstream followed by electricity used for the process and transportation of the palm kernel. Two sensitivity analysis was carried out, first for mills with biogas capture versus no biogas capture and the WFP had no difference for both scenarios. Second was comparison between weight, economic and energy allocation Weight and economic allocation gave a 42% and 38% reduction respectively while energy allocation gave a 60% reduction to crude palm oil. The comparison when the KCPs operate in the proximity of mills as compared to those operating in the proximity of ports only gave a reduction of 6 % for the WFP. The milling stage had the most significant impact on the WFP. Mills should avoid dilution to reduce this impact.

An Availability Analysis of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) by the method of the Food Supply Chain Network (FSCN) PT. XYZ


 XYZ is a manufacturing company that is engaged in oil palm processing into Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Crude Palm Kernel Oil (CPKO). Supply chain structure model adopted in PT. XYZ is the Mass Balance. Mass Balance is a supply chain model that allows a claim to be transferred from one certified palm oil products to other products either through physical blending or administratively under tightly controlled circumstances. non-fulfillment of processing capacity due to lack of supply of fruit coming into the plant from the garden supplier FFB does not reach the target supply to meet the plant's capacity, while at the time of supply of the third party can not meet that capacity. This will increase the cost per palm product so that profits earned by the company to be reduced because production capacity is not the same with a capacity / installed capacity owned by the manufacturer. Analysis of the results using the Food Supply Chain Network (FSCN) that causes a decrease in the availability of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) is influenced by the decreasing productivity of the garden as a supply based, which has been aged more than 20 years. Of the six aspects FSCN method, one aspect observed is the development of the supply chain and improvements to the supply-based to do the replanting of consideration to yield potential.

Optimization of Response Surface Methodology by D-Optimal Design for Alkaline Hydrolysis of Crude Palm Kernel Oil

Optimization of Response Surface Methodology by D-Optimal Design for Alkaline Hydrolysis of Crude Palm Kernel Oil

Engine performance and emissions of fuel produced from palm kernel oil

In this research work, the experimental investigation on effect of preheating on the performance and emissions of a direct injection diesel engine has been reported. Four different fuels were tested using the same diesel engine: crude palm kernel oil (CPKO), preheated crude palm kernel oil (PCPKO), palm kernel oil methyl ester (PKOME) and petroleum diesel (petrodiesel) as reference fuel. A novel technique of using engine coolant to preheat the CPKO to PCPKO was employed. A bypass was created from the engine for the coolant to pass through and heat a series of coiled copper tubes inside the fuel tank and on which was the PCPKO. Preheating CPKO to obtain PCPKO reduced the viscosity by 59% and improved brake torque and brake power by 14%. BTE and BSFC of PCPKO was better than CPKO by 16% and 36%, respectively because the lowered viscosity of PCPKO facilitated a better atomization during combustion. While PKOME, biodiesel, recorded 21% less carbon monoxide and 71% less THC emissions than CPKO.

Identification criteria and indicators of palm oil industrial solid waste processing technology

The palm oil industry continues to grow from year to year — processing of the palm oil industry into Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO). The ratio of the amount of oil produced by both products is 30% of the raw material. This means that 70% is palm oil waste. The amount of palm oil waste will increase in line with the development of the palm oil industry. The amount of waste generated by the palm oil industry if it is not handled properly and effectively will contribute significantly to environmental damage. Industrial activities ranging from raw materials to produce products will disrupt the lives of people around the factory. There are many alternative technologies available to process other industries, but problems that often occur are difficult to implement the most appropriate technology. This paper describes an application of multiple criteria analysis (MCA) in assessing criteria and indicators of palm oil industrial solid and liquid waste. These methods were used in a participatory decision-making environment where a team representing various stakeholders and professionals used their expert opinions and judgments in assessing different criteria and indicators (C&I).

Biosynthesis of butyl esters from crude oil of palm fruit and kernel using halophilic lipase secretion by Marinobacter litoralis SW-45.

Initially, a new moderate halophilic strain was locally isolated from seawater. The partial 16S rRNA sequence analysis positioned the organism in Marinobacter genus and was named 'Marinobacter litoralis SW-45'. This study further demonstrates successful utilization of the halophilic M. litoralis SW-45 lipase (MLL) for butyl ester synthesis from crude palm fruit oil (CPO) and kernel oil (CPKO) in heptane and solvent-free system, respectively, using hydroesterification. Hydrolysis and esterification of enzymatic [Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL)] hydrolysis of CPO and CPKO to free fatty acids (FFA) followed by MLL-catalytic esterification of the concentrated FFAs with butanol (acyl acceptor) to synthesize butyl esters were performed. A one-factor-at-a-time technique (OFAT) was used to study the influence of physicochemical factors on the esterification reaction. Under optimal esterification conditions of 40 and 45°C, 150 and 230rpm, 50% (v/v) biocatalyst concentration, 1:1 and 5:1 butanol:FFA, 9% and 15% (w/v) NaCl, 60 and 15min reaction time for CPO- and CPKO-derived FFA esterification system, maximum ester conversion of 62.2% and 69.1%, respectively, was attained. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis confirmed the products formed as butyl esters. These results showed halophilic lipase has promising potential to be used for biosynthesis of butyl esters in oleochemical industry.

Identification criteria and indicators of palm oil industrial liquid waste processing technology

Every year the development of the palm oil industry continuously. Crude palm oil (CPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO) are processed in the palm oil industry. Comparison of the amount of oil produced with the product produced is 30% of the raw material, so that 70% of the processed oil will be solid or liquid waste. The development of the palm oil industry then result in an increase in the amount of waste that will be produced. The amount of waste that will be produced by the oil palm industry if not handled properly and effectively will result in a significant damage to the environment which is dangerous. Oil palm industry activities that are processed starting from raw materials to producing finished products will disrupt the environment of people around the plant because of the waste and engine noise that occurs. There are many alternative technologies available to process the palm oil industry, the problem is that it is difficult to determine the right technology. This study can explain the application of various criteria analysis (MCA) in assessing indicators and criteria for palm oil waste that occur both solid and liquid in the palm oil industry. These methods are used when participatory decision making will be carried out by experts representing various stakeholders and professionals in their fields using their opinions and analysis and expert opinions in assessing various criteria and indicators (C & I).

Palm oil spot-futures relation: Evidence from unrefined and refined products

This study examines the palm oil spot-futures relation in terms of mean and volatility spillovers from 2010 to 2018. Based on the cross-correlation function of standardised residuals and its squared residuals, our results show: first, crude palm oil (CPO) futures returns Granger cause refined palm oil, palm stearin and palm olein spot returns. Second, refined palm kernel oil spot returns Granger cause crude palm kernel oil futures returns in mean and variance. Third, CPO spot and refined palm olein futures returns are independent; and fourth, there is volatility spillover from CPO futures market to refined palm oil spot market within longer time. These findings suggest that refiners can use CPO futures returns instead of crude palm kernel oil futures returns for predicting the future spot return of refined palm oil products. To lock in purchasing price of unrefined palm oil products, the producers can rely on the spot volatility to decide the optimal number of crude palm kernel oil futures contracts.

Biosynthesis and characterization of co and ter-polyesters of polyhydroxyalkanoates containing high monomeric fractions of 4-hydroxybutyrate and 5-hydroxyvalerate via a novel PHA synthase

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of microbial polyesters that are widely studied due to their versatile physicochemical and mechanical properties. The biosynthesis of PHAs is governed by the enzyme PHA synthase. We have previously reported the discovery of a novel wide substrate specificity PHA synthase isolated from a mangrove environment. In this study, we report the biosynthesis, via the novel PHA synthase, of various PHA co- and terpolymers containing 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB) and 5-hydroxyvalerate (5HV) monomers, which are lipase degradable. The biosynthesized polymers have varying 4HB and 5HV contents between 5 and 70 mol % depending on the concentration of precursor compounds used. All the polymers exhibit low melting temperature (Tm) and crystallinity and elastomeric behaviour due to high 4HB and 5HV monomer contents. Supplementation of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) as carbon source with appropriate precursors enabled the biosynthesis of interesting terpolymers and copolymers containing 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx) along with 5HV and/or 4HB monomers. Lipase degradation assays indicated that co- and ter-polymers containing 4HB and 5HV monomers were successfully hydrolysed by various lipases, but addition of 3HHx monomers in the polymer chain reduced its degradability. These properties of the polymers suggest potential uses as biomaterials.

Hybrid Approach for Optimisation and Analysis of Palm Oil Mill

A palm oil mill produces crude palm oil, crude palm kernel oil and other biomass from fresh fruit bunches. Although the milling process is well established in the industry, insufficient research and development reported in optimising and analysing the operations of a palm oil mill. The performance of a palm oil mill (e.g., costs, utilisation and flexibility) is affected by factors such as operating time, capacity and fruit availability. This paper presents a hybrid combined mathematical programming and graphical approach to solve and analyse a palm oil mill case study in Malaysia. The hybrid approach consists of two main steps: (1) optimising a palm oil milling process to achieve maximum economic performance via input-output optimisation model (IOM); and (2) performing a feasible operating range analysis (FORA) to study the utilisation and flexibility of the developed design. Based on the optimised results, the total equipment units needed is reduced from 39 to 26 unit, bringing down the total capital investment by US$6.86 million (from 18.42 to 11.56 million US$) with 23% increment in economic performance (US$0.82 million/y) achieved. An analysis is presented to show the changes in utilisation and flexibility of the mill against capital investment. During the peak crop season, the utilisation index increases from 0.6 to 0.95 while the flexibility index decreases from 0.4 to 0.05.

Understanding the expansion of oil palm cultivation: A case-study in Papua

The overall objective of this article is to understand the reasons underlying the expansion of oil palm plantations in forested land, as well as to define ways to improve business as usual practices in Indonesia. In order to do so, a case study is addressed in a recently established oil palm plantation in Papua, Indonesia. Based on field work and literature data a cost benefit analysis comparing the benefits of the original primary forest land use to those of the newly established oil palm plantation was conducted. It was shown that development is important to local population; oil palm plantations can bring wealth and improved living standards, but establishment on forested areas also takes a lot of value away due to the loss of ecosystem services. The benefits from primary forest ecosystem services were estimated at 3,795.44 USD ha−1 y−1 while the profits estimated for the new established oil plantation were 2,153.00 USD ha−1 y−1, therefore the land use change was not feasible. When running sensitivity analysis, it was revealed that prices of carbon emissions and commodities (Crude Palm Oil and Kernel Oil) have a large impact on the results. The beneficiaries are changing due to land use change, being the local population the biggest loser and the plantation company the biggest winner. Benefits are transferred from the local and global level to the national level. Case to case feasibility analysis including economic, environmental and social aspects should be required in advance to decide on the approval of an oil palm project.

Optimization and analysis for palm oil mill operations via input-output optimization model

A typical palm oil mill produces crude palm oil, crude palm kernel oil and other biomass from fresh fruit bunches. While the milling process is well established in the industry, insufficient research and development has been done on analyzing the operational performance of a mill. Factors such as operating time and fruit availability affect the performance of a palm oil mill (e.g., capital, operating and labor costs). This paper presents an input-output model to optimize the operations of a palm oil mill based on maximum economic performance. Following this, feasible operating range analysis (FORA) is performed to study the utilization and flexibility of the process. A palm oil mill case study in Malaysia is used to illustrate the proposed approach. Based on the optimized results, it was found that 37% reduction in capital cost and 49% increase in economic performance is achieved. Meanwhile, the utilization index of the mill during peak season increases from 0.48 to 0.76.

Oil Palm Based Cellulose Esters as Raw Material for Environmentally Friendly Bio-plastic

Besides producing oil, oil palm is also produces huge amount of biomass such as empty fruit bunch. Both of those products had a potential to be used as a source of plastic raw materials called bio-plastics. Long-chain fatty acid source can be obtained from crude palm oil (palmitic acid and oleic acid) and palm kernel oil (lauric acid) while cellulose can be obtained from oil palm empty fruit bunch waste (OPEFB). Cellulose was produced from OPEFB by alkaline process on pilot plant scale. The yield of α-cellulose obtained as much as 32-38% of the OPEFB processed. The cellulose ester was synthesized by esterification reaction between cellulose of OPEFB and modified fatty acid from palm oil in a mild condition. Conversion of cellulose ester produced reached 92.7% with percent increase weight reach 460%, Degree Substitution (DS) 2.21 and melting point 201 o C. The tensile strength of the cellulose ester film was lower than tensile strength of petroleum-based plastics (Low Density Poly Ethylene/LDPE), which averaged 73 kg/cm 2 versus 108 kg/cm 2 , so it was necessary to add additives to increase tensile strength and elasticity properties.

Input–output optimisation model for sustainable oil palm plantation development

Due to the increase in global demand for palm oil products, the oil palm industry has continued to expand in the past decades. Continuous production of fresh fruit bunches in oil palm plantation is essential to meet this growing demand. Meanwhile, the productivity of plantations is highly dependent on the supply of resources (e.g., water, fertilisers and sunlight) and on proper plantation management systems. The harvested fresh fruit bunches from oil palm plantations have to be immediately sent to palm oil mills to ensure the quality of the crude palm oil and crude palm kernel oil. In this study, oil palm plantation operations are optimised using an input–output model to determine maximum yield with minimum plantation size and greenhouse gases emissions. Multiple scenarios can be incorporated in the proposed model. To illustrate the proposed model, a case study of an oil palm plantation supplying fresh fruit bunches for a 60 t/h capacity palm oil mill in Malaysia is presented. Various plantation management practices with different resources supply constraints are considered. Based on the optimised result, the sustainability of a plantation is greatly improved. The plantation area needed to meet the requirement of the palm oil mill is reduced by 24% when using combined organic and inorganic fertilisers. A significant drop in greenhouse gases emissions from 282.95 to 200.73 kt CO2e/y can thus be achieved. This result implies that widespread use of such optimal practices can help meet growing global demand without the need to convert pristine ecosystems into new plantations.

Performance Evaluation of Polydimethylsiloxane-Solvent Blends as Defoamer for Crude Oil Foam

The study is directed at the use of polydimethylsiloxane-based defoamer formulated with different solvent blends that are capable of breaking and preventing crude oil foam. The control or elimination of the foam that arises in oil and gas industrial processes is a crucial factor in the smooth and efficient operation of the plant. Foam can reduce available capacity of processing vessels, and interfere with the efficiency of the process. Foaming problem is common in the three-phase separators in crude oil flowstations; it can result in level control difficulties and carryover of valuable crude oil into the gas scrubbers and eventually to the gas flare, resulting in loss of production. The effectiveness of these solvent blended defoamers in controlling crude oil foam was determined using foam-rise or Bikerman test method. The collapse rates of the foam with the application of each defoamer sample at various treatment rates (10ppm, 15ppm and 20ppm), were observed as against a blank as control. It was observed that at 10ppm treatment, defoamer A had the highest foam collapse rate (0.0108mm/s). At 15ppm treatment, defoamer G had the highest foam collapse rate (0.0110mm/s), and at 20ppm treatment, defoamer E had the highest foam collapse rate (0.0108mm/s). This shows that defoamer A, which is the conventional formulation (i.e. 20 %vol. silicone + 80 %vol. kerosene), had the highest foam collapse rate at the lowest dosage of 10ppm. On the overall, the highest foam collapse rate (0.0110mm/s) was obtained with defoamer G at 15ppm treatment. Defoamer G is 20 %vol. Silicone + 80 %vol. of a (1:1 %v/v) blend of kerosene and crude palm kernel oil. This suggests that the presence of crude palm kernel oil in the solvent blend had a remarkable effect on the crude oil foam collapse rate. Conclusively, the performance of defoamers varies considerably with the kind of solvent or blend of solvents used for the dispersion of the silicone fluid. It is also worthy of note that the treatment dosage of a defoamer, together with the foam collapse rate are key factors that influence the selection of an effective defoamer.

Analisis Manajemen Risiko Lingkungan, Sosial dan Tata Kelola pada Usaha Budidaya dan Pengolahan Kelapa Sawit (Studi Kasus: PT PP London Sumatra Tbk)

Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the main commodities in Indonesia . The production of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) in Indonesia has increased significantly in recent years. The palm oil industry is often accused of causing environmental degradation because some of the cultivation and processing practices are suspected to cause greenhouse gas emissions. The Government has implemented the obligations of certification of Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) in accordance with the Government of Indonesia's commitment to improve the sustainability of the Indonesian palm oil industry. The objectives of this research are (1) To identify and analyze the impact of risk on environment, social and governance (ESG Risk) at each stage of oil palm cultivation and processing. (2) To identify and analyze the level of readiness to fulfill ISPO requirements (3). Determine the recommendations of risk control in the cultivation and processing of oil palm. The method used in this research is descriptive and analytic method which is a case study. Results of analysis at PT. London Sumatra (Lonsum) especially at Arta Kencana Estate, Lahat, South Sumatera which was not ISPO Certified yet, shows that there are 16 ESG risks and the highest is related to the preparation stage of the land area. Risk control recommended is Risk Avoidance. Arta Kencana Estate in general have fulfilled almost all of the requirements for compliance with required principles with an average index of 8.86. Arta Kencana Estate are need to complete and perform administrative improvements and requirements documents to be able to meet the gap. In this study found that the ESG risk on palm oil can be mitigated through the fulfillment of ISPO principles.

Intersepsi Radiasi Matahari pada Pertanaman Padi Sawah (Oryza sativa L) di Prafi Manokwari

<p><em>Palm Oil is versatile crops. In general, most of products coming from fresh fruit bunch (FFB) producing crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) are used for food, oleo chemical and biofuel. Besides that, its leaves and empty fruit bunch can be used for natural fertilizer, pulp and paper. Palm oil crops also give benefits for countries that produce palm oil crops. For example, in Indonesia, palm oil crops not only have numerous contributions to gross domestic products (GDP) but also it creates employment, increases income level of farmer� and provides basic amenities and infrastructure in rural area where the oil palm plantation there.�</em><em>However, palm oil crops have some negative impacts for envi

Industri Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit dalam Konteks Pembangunan Berkelanjutan

<p><em>Palm Oil is versatile crops. In general, most of products coming from fresh fruit bunch (FFB) producing crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) are used for food, oleo chemical and biofuel. Besides that, its leaves and empty fruit bunch can be used for natural fertilizer, pulp and paper. Palm oil crops also give benefits for countries that produce palm oil crops. For example, in Indonesia, palm oil crops not only have numerous contributions to gross domestic products (GDP) but also it creates employment, increases income level of farmer� and provides basic amenities and infrastructure in rural area where the oil palm plantation there.�</em><em>However, palm oil crops have some negative impacts for environment. The expanse of oil palm plant

Productivity improvement with green approach to palm oil factory productivity

The palm oil factory (POF) processes fresh fruit bunches into crude palm oil (CPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO) by products in the form of liquid and solid waste. One of the solid wastes produced in POF Tanjung Kasau is empty fruit bunches of palm oil (FBPO) which have been burned completely on incinerator tubes so that potentially produces pollutants that pollute the environment. If FBPO waste is managed properly, it will improve the productivity of the company. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study to find out how far the increased productivity of the company can reduce their impact on the environment, if FBPO is used as raw material of liquid smoke. The productivity improvement approach is done by Green Productivity concept, by looking at three aspects: environmental, social and economical. Green Productivity aims to protect the environment simultaneously by increasing the productivity of the company. One way is to turn FBPO waste into liquid smoke product is by pyrolysis process. The results showed that turning FBPO solid waste into liquid smoke will increase productivity by 18.18%. Implementation of Green Productivity can improve productivity through the improvement of FBPO waste treatment process which has been done by perfect combustion by pyrolysis process so that waste can be minimized to create environment industry POF clean and friendly environment.