Crude Oil Degradation Research Articles

A Step Closer to Real Practice: Integrated Tandem Photocatalysis-Activated Sludge Process Towards Degradation of Crude Oil

A Step Closer to Real Practice: Integrated Tandem Photocatalysis-Activated Sludge Process Towards Degradation of Crude Oil

Characterization of Efficient Biosufactants Producing Bacteria and its Efficacy on Bioremediation of Crude Oil

The present work was aimed to isolate efficient hydrocarbon degrading and biosurfactant producing bacteria strain from oil contaminated site. Biosurfactant are low molecular surface active compounds involved in the degradation of hydrocarbons. Biosurfactant activity of isolated strain were detected by using different screening method. The study showed that efficient biosurfactant producing bacteria were identified as Arthrobacter globiformis. More over, crude oil degradation as consortium degraded more effectively than individual strain.

Microbial community diversity and potential bioremediation of drill cuttings in two oil reservoirs

Drill cuttings (DCs, Table 1), which are produced during hydrocarbon drilling operation, are rock coated with drilling fluids and hydrocarbons. DCs without adequate treatment could leave behind thousands of tons of hazardous materials, resulting in a large environmental liability. In this work, seven DCs samples were collected from Tu and Qing oilfields, and microbes inhabiting the DCs were revealed through 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The DCs from Qing oilfield showed higher microbial community abundance than those from Tu oilfield. The dominant microbes were Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Nesterenkonia, Trichococcus, Soehngenia, Proteiniclasticum, and Fusibacter. Most of microorganisms could produce biosurfactant which has an ability of degradation of crude oil and bioremediation. Biosynthesis and biodegradation were predicted to be the most significant metabolic pathways in all samples. This study provides a fundamental insight into the potential reuse and save the cost of conventional treatment DCs, environmental bioremediation applications of DCs through indigenous microbes produced biosurfactant and degraded ability in oil reservoirs.

Improved degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by co-culture of fungi and biosurfactant-producing bacteria

Microbial remediation has proven to be an effective technique for the cleanup of crude-oil contaminated sites. However, limited information exists on the dynamics involved in defined co-cultures of biosurfactant-producing bacteria and fungi in bioremediation processes. In this study, a fungal strain (Scedosporium sp. ZYY) capable of degrading petroleum hydrocarbons was isolated and co-cultured with biosurfactant-producing bacteria (Acinetobacter sp. Y2) to investigate their combined effect on crude-oil degradation. Results showed that the surface tension of the co-culture decreased from 63.12 to 47.58 mN m−1, indicating the secretion of biosurfactants in the culture. Meanwhile, the degradation rate of total petroleum hydrocarbon increased from 23.36% to 58.61% at the end of the 7-d incubation period. In addition, gas chromatography – mass spectrometry analysis showed a significant (P < 0.05) degradation from 3789.27 mg/L to 940.33 mg/L for n-alkanes and 1667.33 μg/L to 661.5 μg/L for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Moreover, RT-qPCR results revealed the high expression of alkB and CYP52 genes by Acinetobacter sp. Y2 and Scedosporium sp. ZYY respectively in the co-culture, which corelated positively (P < 0.01) with n-alkane removal. Finally, microbial growth assay which corresponded with Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activity, highlighted the synergistic behavior of both strains in tackling the crude oil. Findings in this study suggest that the combination of fungal strain and biosurfactant-producing bacteria effectively enhances the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, which could shed new light on the improvement of bioremediation strategies.

Degradation of Crude Oil by Bacteria Isolated from Various Soil Plantation at Idanre, Nigeria

Degradation of crude oil by bacteria isolated from three plantations soil at Idanre, Nigeria were comparatively investigated. Soil samples collected by hand trowel at 5cm rhizosphere of Cocoa, Orange, and Teak plantations from Idanre, Ondo State. The crude oil – forcados blend was obtained from Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. Gram negative bacteria were isolated from rhizosphere soil sample using standard microbiological methods. Preparation of Biomass was done by centrifuging nutrient broth repeatedly to wash cells. Harvested cells were obtained for the degradation of crude oil. Harvested cells were inoculated with crude oil and then incubated in a shaker. Degradation of crude oil was monitored by using spectrophotometer to read the OD at 540 nm. The bacteria isolated from rhizosphere of cocoa include: Citrobacter freundii, Yersinia pestis, Edwardsiella tarda,. Serratia marcescens. Rhizosphere of orange; Providencia stuatii while Enterobacter agglumerans, Moellerella wisconsis were isolated from rhizosphere of teak. The most effective hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria was Enterobacter agglumerans, which resulted in increase in population densities and reduction in hydrocarbon contents in the crude oil. Findings from this study shows the effectiveness of degrading hydrocarbon in liquid medium and further confirmed the potency of bacterial cells to degrade crude oil.

Characterization of bacterial community in oil-contaminated soil and its biodegradation efficiency of high molecular weight (>C40) hydrocarbon

In this study, two biosurfactant producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa sp. were isolated from motor oil contaminated soil for crude oil, alkane and PAH degradation studies. Metagenomics analysis identified as proteobacteria phyla was the dominant. Isolated two bacterial species were well grown in mineral salt medium with 1% of crude oil, alkanes (dotriacontane and tetratetracontane) and PAH (pyrene, benzopyrene and anthracene) as sole carbon sources. Total biodegradation efficiency (BE) of strains PP3 and PP4 in Crude oil degradation evaluated by the analysis of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was 50% and 86% respectively. BE of PP3, PP4 and mixed consortium in alkane biodegradation were 46%, 47% and 36%, respectively. BE of PP3, PP4 and mixed consortium in PAH biodegradation were 22%, 48% and 35%, respectively. Based on the results revealed that strain pp4 was more efficient bacteria to degrade the crude oil, alkane and PAH than pp3. This was due to the higher production of biosurfactant by PP4 than PP3 and also confirmed in the test of emulsification index (E24). FTIR results showed that the produced biosurfactant could partially solubilize the crude oil hydrocarbons, alkanes and PAH and confirmed as glycolipid (rhamnolipid) in nature. Thus, the obtained results from the GCMS showed that all hydrocarbons were utilized by bacteria as carbon source for biosurfactant production and utilize the high molecular weight hydrocarbons. Based on the present study we can suggest that identified potential biosurfactant producing bacteria are used for biodegradation of high molecular weight hydrocarbon (>C40).

The Occurrence of Crude Oil-Degrading Bacteria in Some Sponges Collected at the Persian Gulf: Ecological Importance and Biotechnological Application

The Persian Gulf is the most critical aquatic environment in the world. The relationship between marine animals and degrading bacteria not well understand. The purpose of this investigation is the description of symbiont crude oil-degrading bacteria in some sponges in the Persian Gulf. Marine sponges were collected from four stations at the Persian Gulf. Symbiont crude oil-degrading bacteria were isolated from marine sponges by enrichment in ONR7a medium after four subcultures. The isolated bacteria were identified by biochemical and molecular methods. The degradation of crude oil was determined by spectrophotometric, gravimetric, and GC-FID methods for each strain. In this study, 38 crude oil-degrading bacteria were isolated from 8 sponge samples. The efficient strains that had the highest crude oil degradation belonged to the genus Cellulosimicrobium, Shewanella, Alcanivorax and Cobetia. The GC-FID analysis confirmed that the strains IAUK3532, IAUK3537 and IAUK3519 exhibit maximum degradation of crude oil (respectively, 94.5%, 88.13% and 85%). It is observed that when the concentration of crude oil increased, the degradation decreased. It can be concluded from these results that the microbes that coexist in the sponges located at the Persian Gulf can degrade crude oil. These symbionts crude oil-degrading bacteria can be applied to decrease the oil pollution in the Persian Gulf. Also, the symbiotic relationship between sponges and crude oil-degrading bacteria increases sponge survival and contributes to the development of their colonies in the Persian Gulf.

Degradation of Rhodococcus erythropolis SY095 modified with functional magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles.

Alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding technology is widely employed to extract crude oil to enhance its production. The bacterial strain Rhodococcus erythropolis SY095 has shown high degradation activity of alkane of crude oil. In the past, many treatment strategies have been implemented to reduce oil concentration in wastewater. Previous studies mainly focused on the extracellular products of Erythrococcus rather than its degradation properties. In the current study, we designed an immobilization method to modify the surface of R. erythropolis SY095 with functional Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) for biodegradation of crude oil and separation of the immobilized bacteria after degradation. We characterize the synthesized NPs through various methods, including scanning electron microscope energy-dispersive spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a vibrating sample magnetometer. We found that the size of the synthesized NPs was approximately 100 nm. Our results showed that R. erythropolis SY095 was successfully coated with functional magnetic NPs (MNPs) that could be easily separated from the solution via the application of an external magnetic field. The coated cells had a high tolerance for heavy metals. Our findings demonstrated that the immobilization of MNPs to bacterial surfaces is a promising approach for the degradation of crude oil.

Population dynamics and crude oil degrading ability of bacterial consortia of isolates from oil-contaminated sites in Nigeria.

Application of bacterial consortium of hydrocarbon degraders to crude oil-contaminated site can enhance bioremediation. This study evaluated the population dynamics and crude oil degradation abilities of various consortia developed from bacterial strains isolated from crude oil-contaminated sites using crude oil-supplemented Bushnell Haas media. Each consortium consisted of three bacterial strains and was designated as Consortium A (Serratia marcescens strain N4, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain N3R, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain W11), B (Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain N3R, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain W11, Pseudomonas protegens strain P7), C (Serratia marcescens strain N4, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain W11, Pseudomonas protegens strain P7), and D (Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain W15, Providencia vermicola strain W8, Serratia marcescens strain W13). There was progressive decline in the populations of Serratia marcescens strains in the consortia as the incubation period progressed. This may have led to reduction in their synergistic contribution and, subsequently, total degradation ability of crude oil by the consortia. The gravimetric analyses showed that Consortium D produced the highest % crude oil degradation of 29.66% compared to Consortia A, B, and C with 23.73%, 11.86%, and 19.49% respectively. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses, Consortium D produced the highest percentage total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation of 73.65% compared to 68.24%, 68.94%, and 69.19% produced by Consortia A, B, and C respectively. The biodegradation potential of Consortium D also demonstrates the significance of using isolates from the same isolation site in development of consortium for bioremediation.

The diversity of fungi consortium isolated from polluted soil for degrading petroleum hydrocarbon

Abstract. Novianty R, Saryono, Awaluddin A, Pratiwi NW, Hidayah A, Juliantari E. 2021. The diversity of fungi consortium isolated from polluted soil for degrading petroleum hydrocarbon. Biodiversitas 22: 5077-5084. One of the major problems in the petroleum industry nowadays is crude oil spills. Riau Province, Sumatra is one of the largest oil producers in Indonesia. Accidental releases of petroleum products are of particular concern to the environment. The process of drilling and refining petroleum generates a large amount of oil sludge. One of the effective technologies used in the waste degradation process is bioremediation using certain microorganisms. The prime objective of the current research was to evaluate the efficiency of fungi consortiums in crude oil degradation in Bumi Siak Pusako-Pertamina Hulu, Indonesia. There are three potential fungi isolates as petroleum hydrocarbon degradation agents with four consortium variations. The parameter values of Optical Density (OD), pH, and diluted CO2 were measured on 0, 4, 8, and 16 days. To evaluate the fungal biodegradation activity using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The result showed that consortium II (KF II) has the highest potential to degrade petroleum hydrocarbon (50.61%). The visual GC-MS examination confirmed a decrease in the peak area for eight hydrocarbon compounds, indicating the efficiency of the fungi in the oil decomposition and dismantling of hydrocarbons. Our findings may provide new information on native fungal resources from chronically contaminated terrestrial environments, and will be useful for petroleum-contaminated bioremediation and other industrial applications.

A novel, divergent alkane monooxygenase (alkB) clade involved in crude oil biodegradation.

Alkanes are ubiquitous in marine ecosystems and originate from diverse sources ranging from natural oil seeps to anthropogenic inputs and biogenic production by cyanobacteria. Enzymes that degrade cyanobacterial alkanes (typically C15-C17 compounds) such as the alkane monooxygenase (AlkB) are widespread, but it remains unclear whether or not AlkB variants exist that specialize in degradation of crude oil from natural or accidental spills, a much more complex mixture of long-chain hydrocarbons. In the present study, large-scale analysis of available metagenomic and genomic data from the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) oil spill revealed a novel, divergent AlkB clade recovered from genomes with no cultured representatives that was dramatically increased in abundance in crude-oil impacted ecosystems. In contrast, the AlkB clades associated with biotransformation of cyanobacterial alkanes belonged to 'canonical' or hydrocarbonoclastic clades, and based on metatranscriptomics data and compared to the novel clade, were much more weakly expressed during crude oil biodegradation in laboratory mesocosms. The absence of this divergent AlkB clade in metagenomes of uncontaminated samples from the global ocean survey but not from the GoM as well as its frequent horizontal gene transfer indicated a priming effect of the Gulf for crude oil biodegradation likely driven by natural oil seeps.

Biodegradable Capability of the Indigenous Micrococcus sp. Oil Degrading Bacteria Isolated from Oil Contaminated Soil, Motor Workshop Area of Bahror, Alwar, Rajasthan, India.

Crude oil contamination is one of the important issue in the current environment pollution. Physical, chemical and biological methods are applied for bioremediation. Use of microorganisms is one of the most popular methods among them. In this experiment, soil samples were collected from the different motor workshop areas to isolate potential microbes capable of crude oil degradation. Isolation of the crude oil degrading bacteria was followed by enriching the microorganisms by providing suitable growth conditions. The microorganisms those were capable of degrading the crude oil were identified as Bacillus spp., Pseudoxanthomonas spp., Pheny lobacterium spp. and Micrococcus spp. by morphological and biological methods. Among them, biodegradation capability of Micrococcus sp. was studied at different oil concentrations.

Novel dispersant based on the synergy of nickel hydroxide and sulfonated lignin for applications in oil spill remediation

Chemical dispersants are a controversial solution for oil spill remediation, and the potential toxicity of chemical surfactants to the marine ecology has prompted much research for eco-friendly dispersants with superior dispersing ability. Herein, an efficient Pickering emulsifier was prepared on the basis of the synergistic effect of sulfonated lignin (SL) and nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) micron particles. The interaction of SL and Ni(OH)2 particles was characterized by the contact angle, shear viscosity and Zeta potential measurements. Confocal fluorescence microscopy and optical microscopy images revealed the oil droplet structure. The average emulsion droplet size and emulsification index were investigated. These results indicate that the addition of SL has a synergistic stabilizing effect in high salinity seawater. Here, Ni(OH)2 particles alone are not an efficient emulsifier in seawater because of the strong flocculation caused by high salinity. The adsorption of Ni(OH)2 particles by SL changed their contact angle and benefitted their adsorption at the oil-seawater interface, providing a solid barrier to avoid droplet coalescence, and the stable O/W emulsion exhibited great stability, smaller droplet size and larger oil-water interface area, which facilitated the subsequent natural degradation of crude oil. Therefore, this may be an environmentally friendly and harmless new method for SL and Ni(OH)2 particles to deal with marine oil spill problems.

Efficiency and kinetics of Assam crude oil degradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus sp.

We report kinetics of Assam crude oil degradation byPseudomonas aeruginosaAKS1 andBacillussp. AKS2, both isolated from Assam refinery sediments. The isolates exhibited appreciable degrees of hydrophobicity, emulsification index and biosurfactant production. Crude oil degradation efficiency of isolates was assessed in (1) liquid medium amended with 1%v/vcrude oil and (2)microcosm sediments (125mg crude oil/ 10g sand). In liquid culture, biodegradation rate (k) and half-life (t1/2) values were found to be 0.038day-1 and 18.09days forP. aeruginosaAKS1, and 0.020day-1 and 33.97days in case ofBacillussp. AKS2, respectively. In microcosm sediments, the estimated k and t1/2 values were 0.014day-1 and 50days forP. aeruginosaAKS1, and 0.011day-1 and 61.34days in case ofBacillussp. AKS2. The level of nutrient treatment in microcosm sand sediment was 125µgN and 62.5µg P/g sediment in case ofP. aeruginosaAKS1 and 375µgN and 37.5µg P/g sediment in case ofBacillussp. AKS2. In microcosms without inorganic nutrients, values of k and t1/2 were found to be 0.007day-1 and 100days forP. aeruginosaAKS1 and forBacillussp. AKS2, the respective values were 0.005day-1 and 150.68days. Our data providesimportant information for predictive hydrocarbon degradation in liquid medium and contaminated sediments.

Production of the biosurfactant serrawettin W1 by Serratia marcescens S-1 improves hydrocarbon degradation.

With the frequent occurrence of oil spills, the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons pollution has attracted more and more attention. In this study, we investigated the biodegradation of crude oil by the biosurfactant-producing strain S-1. The strain was isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil and identified as Serratia marcescens according to partial 16S rDNA gene analysis. It was able to effectively degrade hydrocarbons with the concomitant production of biosurfactants at 20-30°C, while there was no biosurfactant production and the degradation rate was lower at 37°C. The biosurfactant was identified as serrawettin W1 by UPLC-ESI-MS, and was found to reduce the surface tension of water to 30mN/m, with stable surface activity and emulsion activity at temperatures from 20 to 100°C, pH of 2-10 and NaCl concentrations of 0-50g/L. Serrawettin W1 significantly increased the cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) and enhanced the bioavailability of hydrocarbon pollutants, which was conducive to the degradation of crude oil, including long-chain alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Serratia marcescens S-1 has potential applications in bioremediation at low temperature.

Aerobic degradation of oil-based mud drilling fluid by in situ bacteria in the Hawizeh Marshes

The increasing global demand for hydrocarbon has brought new challenges in the petroleum reservoir's drilling process. Non-biodegradable chemical additives are used in drilling fluid and it leads to endangering the environment and personnel safety. Thus, there is a great need for new biodegradable drilling fluid additives that can protect the environment and personal safety while drilling is done well. This study with help of microbial analysis investigates the effects of in situ bacteria to degenerate the gasoline inside the oil-based mud, in the returned lubricant from one of the oil wells next to the Hawizeh Marshes. Four types of bacteria inside the oil-based mud were observed. According to the high growth and degradation of crude oil, one strain was selected. Determination of the coagulase and clumping test shows that the isolated strain belongs to staphylococcus. We investigate the performance of the staphylococcus bacterium on the lubricant from biological degradation aspects, using a gas chromatography technique. It was observed that the exposure of a small amount of the bacteria against 10 mL of lubricant indicates a considerable degree of degeneration, only in a few days. The residual crude oil in the culture medium was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and SARA. The results confirmed that the strain can degrade crude oil and produce lighter hydrocarbon. The saturate fraction increased about 23%, while the Resin and Asphaltene fractions decreased about 11% and 12%, respectively. This research is the first report on the characterization of crude oil-degrading bacteria from in situ bacteria at Hawizeh Marsh and by using this bacterium in the field the effect of oil pollution can be reduced on this marsh environment in a few days.

Experimental investigation and artificial neural network modeling of performance and emission of a CI engine using orange peel oil- diesel blends

ABSTRACT The exponential decay of crude oil and environmental degradation forced researchers to investigate alternative sustainable fuels. One of the promising alternatives to petroleum oil is orange peel oil. Orange peel oil has characteristics that are similar to diesel, and it is also simple to blend. In this paper, performance and emission parameters are investigated, and using an artificial neural network (ANN), its prediction and validation have been made. The blend shows the best results for 30% orange peel oil by vol. and 70% diesel. At peak load, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of this blend is 17.5% higher than diesel, and the brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) is 20% lower. These experimental results were used to perform prediction and validation. The prediction of data is made employing the Quasi- newton method algorithm, and it is found that it best fits the linear regression analysis. The value of R2 for BTE and BSEC is 0.994 and 0.986, respectively. The suggested ANN model performance and accuracy were totally satisfactory. There is a noticeable reduction in the emission parameters.

Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) dung and their associated fungi: Potential candidates for bio-remediation and nutrients improvement of crude oil contaminated soils

Abstract. Enyiukwu DN, Bassey IN, Nwaogu GA, Asamudo NU, Chukwu LA, Monday EA, Maranzu JO. 2021. Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) dung and their associated fungi: Potential candidates for bio-remediation and nutrients improvement of crude oil contaminated soils. Biodiversitas 22: 3276-3286. Pig dung a common agro-waste material in Nigeria is associated with many fungal saprophytes. Rising oil spillages and pollution in Nigeria have made cultivation of affected agro-lands un-rewarding. Potentials of pig dung in mitigating crude oil pollution in agro-soils are herein studied. The objectives of this study were to characterize the fungal profile associated with wet and dry dung of pig. And to evaluate the remediating impacts of pig dung and their associated fungi on crude oil and heavy metals contents, physicochemical properties, and phytotoxicity of crude oil polluted soils. Coprophilous fungi were isolated from wet and dry dung by moist chamber technique and identified. Utisoil from Umudike was polluted with crude oil, amended with 10-40% of dry pig dung and sown with soybean (Glycine max L.). The amended and un-amended crude oil contaminated utisols were analyzed to reduce crude oil and heavy metals contents; and physicochemical properties at planting, and harvesting, respectively, using classical and spectrometric methods, and the extent of crude oil and heavy metals removal determined. The percentage germination, height, number of leaves, leaf color, vigor, and biomass of the test crop were recorded from the test plant. The results showed that Aspergillus candidus, Sclerotium sp., Absidia sp., Acremonium sp., Candida tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis, and Rhizopus oryzae were consistently isolated from the dry dung specimen than the wet one. The results also indicated that the treatments significantly reduced the treated soils' crude oil and heavy metals contents. It revealed that values obtained for residual oil or heavy metals contents of the treated soils and crop performance were inversely and directly related to levels of soil amendment respectively. Crop performance in the amended soil remained statistically (P?0.05) higher compared to the control. Soil analyses showed that the dung treatments significantly increased the values of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, etc. in a directly proportional manner. Therefore, pig dung and their associated fungi hold strong potentials as cheap eco-friendly platforms to provide and stimulate microbial growth, hasten degradation and removal of crude oil and heavy metals from contaminated soils; and thus permit and sustain good performance of arable crops.

Compositional Characterization of Biosurfactant Produced from Pseudomonas aeruginosa ENO14-MH271625 and its Application in Crude Oil Bioremediation

Objectives: This study aimed to compositionally characterize the biosurfactant and its application in crude oil bioremediation. Methods: Production of biosurfactant was carried out in Bushnell Hass Broth (BHB), supplemented with 1% glucose. Compositional characterizations were performed by 1H-NMR and ESI-MS analysis. The biodegradation of crude oil was carried out by using a 0.1% (g/v) of purified biosurfactant (ENO14BS). The experiment has three sets namely Set A, Set B and Set C. The experiments are as follows: Set A contained 50 ml sterilized BHB medium with bacterial cells (5% v/v, O.D.600 ~ 1.0), 2% (v/v) of crude oil and ENO14BS (0.1 % w/v). Set B contained 50 ml of sterilized BHB medium with bacterial cells (5% v/v, O.D.600 nm ~ 1.0) and 2% (v/v) of crude oil. Set C (abiotic control) contained 50 ml of sterilized BHB with 2% (v/v) of crude oil only. This experiment was performed for 7 days. Results: Structural elucidation by NMR and Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectroscopy (ESIMS) showed the presence of six uncommon rhamnolipid homologs, m/z (mass to charge ratio) = 358.98 [M+H]+, Rha-C12:2; m/z = 391.28 [M+H]+, Rha–C6–C6; m/z = 427.38 [M+H]+, Rha–C17:3; m/z = 447.32 [M+H]+, Rha–C8- C8; m/z = 507.22 [M+H]+, Rha-Rha-C12:1; m/z = 648.17 [M+H]+, Rha-Rha- C10-C10:1. The application of biosurfactant (ENO14BS) in biodegradation of crude oil was performed at a laboratory scale. The biosurfactant (0.1% w/v) amended microcosm showed up to 73% crude oil degradation (31% higher than with culture alone) in four days. Conclusion: We conclude that ENO14BS biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ENO14 using glucose in this study has shown its potential for use in the crude oil bioremediation process.

In situ microbial and phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil by Cynodon sp.

Crude oil contamination of land and water leads to their abandonment after heavy oil recovery processes. Analogous to bioremediation, phytoremediation has provided an efficient solution towards land reclamation through enhancement of flora. The present work manifests significance of phytoremediation via reclamation of crude oil contaminated soil collected from Kalol, India. The collected soil was analyzed for pH, oxidation–reduction potential, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density, particle size, moisture. The experimental work consists three batch units; pot A, pot B and pot C with crude oil contaminated soil, fresh soil and control respectively. While observing plant growth for 120 days, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) was measured at determined intervals for estimation of percentage degradation. After 90 days of pot observation, contaminated soil was inoculated with rhizospheric bacterial inoculum developed from pot A which forms new batch for microbial-remediation as an additional scope to this work. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS-MS) was carried out for determination of naphthalene contamination. Crude oil degradation in pot A was estimated as 82.16% followed with the affirmation given by degradation kinetics whereas, 60.68% and 36.75% degradation was observed in pot C-control and new batch respectively. Cynodon sp. grown in pot A was confirmed by identification as reported.