Crude Mixture Research Articles

Characterization of the effect of pomegranate crude extract, and its post-harvesting preservation procedures, on redox tone, cellular growth and metabolic profile of MDA-MB-231 cell line

BackgroundPomegranate is known for its beneficial properties due to its high content in antioxidants and might constitute a natural option for preventing and treatment of different pathologies including cancer. Since mitochondria are involved in tumorigenesis through ROS production and modulation of oxidative metabolism, we investigated the biological effects of pomegranate on cellular redox state, proliferation and metabolism in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (MDA).MethodsMDA were treated for 24 h with graded concentration of filtered Pomegranate juice (PJ) and tested for metabolic Flux Analysis with XFe96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer, for proliferation using the xCELLigence System Real-Time Cell Analyzer and for intracellular ROS content by Confocal Microscopy Imaging.ResultsCells-treatment with freshly prepared pomegranate juice (PJ) resulted in a significant reduction of the intracellular ROS content already at the lower concentration of PJ tested. Additionally, it enhanced mitochondria respiration, and decreased glycolysis at high concentrations, inhibiting at the same time cell proliferation. As pomegranate is a seasonal fruit, assessment of optimum storage conditions preserving its bio-active properties was investigated. Our results indicated that storage conditions under controlled atmosphere for 30 days was able to enhance mitochondrial respiration at the same extent than freshly extracted PJ. Conversely, freezing procedure, though retaining the antioxidant and cell-growth inhibitory property, elicited an opposite effect on the metabolic profile as compared with fresh extract.ConclusionOverall, the results of our study, on the one hand, confirms the preventive/therapeutic potential of PJ, as well as of its post-harvested processing, for cancer management. On the other hand, it highlights the intrinsic difficulties in attaining mechanistic insights when a multiplicity of effects is elicited by a crude mixture of bio-active compounds.

Improved Process for the Synthesis of 3-(3-Trifluoromethylphenyl)propanal for More Sustainable Production of Cinacalcet HCl.

Cinacalcet (I), sold as hydrochloride salt, is a calcimimetic drug which has been approved for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal disease and for the treatment of hypercalcemia in patients with parathyroid carcinoma. Here, an improved method for the synthesis of 3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)propanal (II), a key intermediate for the preparation of I, is described. The protocol required a Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reaction between 1-bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene and acroleine diethyl acetal, catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2 in the presence of nBu4NOAc (tetrabutylammonium acetate), followed by the hydrogenation reaction of the crude mixture of products in a cascade process. Palladium species, at the end of the reaction, were efficiently recovered as Pd/Al2O3. The procedure was developed under conventional heating conditions as well as under microwave-assisted conditions. The obtained mixture of 1-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (III), impure for ethyl 3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) propanoate (IV), was finally treated, under mild conditions, with potassium diisobutyl-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride (PDBBA) to obtain after hydrolysis 3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)propanal (II), in an excellent overall yield and very high purity. Microwave conditions permitted a reduction in reaction times without affecting selectivity and yield. The final API was obtained through reductive amination of (II) with (R)-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (V) using a catalyst prepared by us with a very low content of precious metal.

The Catalytic Upgrading Performance of NiSO4 and FeSO4 in the Case of Ashal’cha Heavy Oil Reservoir

Aquathermolysis is a promising process for improving the quality of heavy oil under reservoir conditions. However, the application of catalysts during the process can significantly promote the transformation of the heavy fragments and heteroatom-containing compounds of crude oil mixtures into low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. This research paper conducted a comparative analysis of the catalytic effectiveness of water-soluble metal salts like NiSO4 and FeSO4 in the process of aquathermolysis to upgrade heavy oil samples extracted from the Ashal’cha reservoir. The temperature of the experiment was 300 °C for a duration of 24 h. Compared to the viscosity of the native crude oil, the Fe nanoparticles contributed to a 60% reduction in viscosity. The viscosity alteration is explained by the chemical changes observed in the composition of heavy oil after catalytic (FeSO4) aquathermolysis, where the asphaltene and resin contents were altered by 7% and 17%, accordingly. Moreover, the observed aquathermolytic upgrading of heavy oil in the presence of FeSO4 led to an increase in the yield of gasoline fraction by 13% and diesel fraction by 53%. The H/C ratio, which represents the hydrogenation of crude oil, increased from 1.52 (before catalytic upgrading) to 1.99 (after catalytic upgrading). The results of Chromatomass (GC MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) show the intensification of destructive hydrogenation reactions in the presence of water-soluble catalysts. According to the XRD and SEM-EDX results, the metal salts are thermally decomposed during the aquathermolysis process into the oxides of corresponding metals and are particularly sulfided by the sulfur-containing aquathermolysis products.

Validation of analytical HPLC with post-column injection as a method for rapid and precise quantification of radiochemical yields

Accurate assessment of isolated radiochemical yields (RCYs) is a prerequisite for efficient and reliable optimization of labeling reactions. In practice, radiochemical conversions (RCCs) determined by HPLC analysis of crude reaction mixtures are often used to estimate RCYs. However, incomplete recovery of radioactivity from the stationary phase can lead to significant inaccuracies if RCCs are calculated based on the activity eluted from the column (i.e. the summed integrals of all peaks). Here, we validate a simple and practical method that overcomes problems associated with retention of activity on the column by determination of the total activity in the sample using post-column injection. Post-column injections were carried out using an additional injection valve, which was placed between the outlet of the HPLC column and the inlet of the detectors. 2-[18F]Fluoropyridine ([18F]FPy) and 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine ([18F]CPFPX) were prepared with radiochemical purities of > 99.8% and mixed with [18F]fluoride at a ratio of 1:1 to simulate reaction mixtures obtained by radiolabeling reactions with an RCC of 50%. The samples were analyzed on three different C18 HPLC columns using neutral and acidic mobile phases. RCCs determined using the summed area of all peaks in the chromatograms were compared with those determined using post-column injection. Additionally, RCCs determined by post-column injection were corrected for activity losses before, during and after radiosyntheses to afford analytical RCYs, which were compared with isolated RCYs. Determination of RCCs based on the summed area of all peaks gave correct results under certain chromatographic conditions, but led to overestimation of the actual RCCs by up to 50% in other cases. In contrast, determination of RCCs using post-column injection provided precise results in all cases, and often significantly reduced analysis time. Moreover, analytical RCYs calculated from RCCs determined by post-column injection showed excellent agreement with isolated RCYs (<3% deviation). In conclusion, HPLC analysis using post-column injection enables reliable determination of RCCs independent of the chromatographic conditions and, together with a simple activity balance, rapid and accurate prediction of isolated RCYs.

A continuous-time formulation for scheduling crude oil operations in a terminal with a refinery pipeline

The reception, mixture, delivery, and processing of crude oil at a refinery are modeled and validated. We employ a continuous-time model based on priority-slots and a multi-operation sequencing approach. The refinery’s desired qualities are defined as equivalent to the terminal mixtures, thus streamlining the formulation and eliminating any bilinear terms in the equations related to pipeline delivery. The goal is to find an optimized schedule that satisfies all constraints, for which an MINLP model is proposed and solved. However, by ruling out mixtures in tanks, the formulation is reduced to a manageable MILP model. Also, the Relax & Fix strategy can be used to determine an optimized schedule of operations over a time horizon in a timely and cost-effective manner. This work presents an innovative solution to the complex challenge of crude oil reception, mixture, pipeline delivery, and refinery processing.

Experimental quantification of the performance of a horizontal multi-pipe bulk separator of water and oil with crude spiking

Subsea water separation with pipe separators is crucial for ensuring efficient and environmentally responsible extraction of oil and gas from the seabed. In this study, in a process called as “crude oil spiking,” two concentrations of crude oil (e.g., 185 and 400 ppm) are added to Exxsol D60 to mimic the separation characteristics of real crude oil mixtures in a multi-parallel pipe separator. The pipe separator performance for water–oil bulk separation such as separation efficiency, water cut ratio, the flow pattern at the separator inlet, and the thickness and evolution of the fluid layers in the separator is evaluated and compared to the values when operating with unspiked Exxsol D60. Crude oil spiking significantly reduces the efficiency of the pipe separator and reduces the water cut ratio for oil continuous regimes (low water cuts) up to 49%. Water continuous regimes with water fractions 90% have the highest efficiency values; thus, these are not affected significantly by crude oil spiking. With crude spiking, the flow regime dispersion of oil in water and water in oil (Dw/o + Do/w) occupies more area in the flow pattern map than unspiked Exxsol D60. It was observed through visual inspection that crude oil spiking induces a thicker and more stable emulsion in higher flow rates (e.g., 700 L/min). Therefore, the spiked mixture needs more time to separate. The findings of this study can help in a better understanding of the applicability of pipe separators and the usage of spiked oils to extrapolate experimental results to real field conditions.Graphical abstract

Human anterior cruciate ligament-derived mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative medicine applications

Background: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has poor healing capabilities and is the most commonly injured knee ligament. Although ACL repair is being highly studied, the current treatment involves reconstructive surgery utilizing autografts or allografts, which have limitations. The use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) as a possible therapeutic option has grown. ACL-derived MSCs are likely to be the best source because studies have shown that target tissue derived stem cells will better differentiate into the target tissue than the stem cells derived from non-target ones. However, the existing literature discusses only the isolation of a mixed population of MSCs. Here we present the isolation, differentiation and characterization of human ACL-derived MSCs according to the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) criteria.The ACL tissue was enzymatically digested. Separation of MSCs from the crude mixture of cells was then performed by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. The isolated population were passaged in specific induction medium to differentiate them into adipocyte, osteocytes and chondrocytes. The cells were then further characterized with respect to their growth curve, population doubling time, colony forming ability, anchorage independent growth, and cell surface markers. The cells were finally examined for their tumorigenic potential by cell cycle analysis.Immunoprofiling via FACSs showed an average isolation rate for cells carrying MSCs markers of 5.5%. Cells exhibited spindle-shaped morphology, and immunocytochemistry confirmed the expression of appropriate cell surface markers. The growth curve showed distinct lag and log phase. Over agar assay demonstrated no anchorage independent growth, but clonogenic potential was observed post-culture on plastic Petri dishes. The cells showed a population doubling time of about 1.5 days. Oil Red O, Alizarin Red S, and Alcian Blue staining confirmed adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, respectively. Cell cycle analysis displayed more ACL-derived MSCs in G/G phase compared to BMSCs, showing that the isolates were non-tumorigenic. The presence of MSCs within the human ACL was confirmed via ISCT criteria, paving the way for their potential use for future ACL reconstructions. Although BMSCs have been the choice for regenerative purposes, making use of MSCs derived from ACL ligament will cut down the burden of trauma one has to undergo to obtain the Bone Marrow. Moreover, it is more convenient to harvest MSCs from otherwise discarded ACL. Finally, MSCs derived from the target tissue are believed to better differentiate to the ligament tissue than the bone derived MSCs.

The extraction of effective components and an antioxidant activity study of Tulipa edulis

Plant extracts from natural sources are an excellent choice for food additives and natural antioxidants. In this study, the active components of Tulipa edulis were extracted and analysed, and their antioxidant capacity was measured. Then, the crude extract mixture was separated and purified using a Sephadex LH-20 gel, and the antioxidant activity of the purified products was determined. Human umbilical vein endothelial human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cells were treated with 35 mmol/L glucose to construct a model of oxidative stress. Then, the cells were treated with the active component to observe whether the products of T. edulis could have a good protective effect on HUVEC cells induced by glucose. Transcriptome analysis was also performed on HUVEC cells after same treatment to explore the possible mechanism of the component F2 protecting HUVEC cells from oxidative stress induced by high glucose. The results showed that component F2 obtained from T. edulis has strong antioxidant activity. Moreover, F2 can play a strong antioxidant protective role in HUVEC cells. Meanwhile, the gene expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), γ-glutamyl cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) in HUVEC cells was up-regulated after treated with F2. This study provides reference value for the further development and application of T. edulis and the development of functional food.

3-(4-(Benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine

The [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine derivative 3-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine was prepared in a 73% isolated yield by means of an oxidative ring closure of a hydrazine intermediate. Sodium hypochlorite was used as the oxidant and ethanol as a solvent, making the process a clean, green approach. The reaction was performed at room temperature for 3 h, and then the heterocycle was isolated in an analytically pure form by extraction, followed by passing the crude product mixture through a small plug of alumina.

Comparative study of bioremediation of crude oil spillage using Cissus populnea stem and root as bio-sorbents

The total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration decrease at the initial and final bioremediation across different variable and the comparative effect of roots and stem of Cisuss populnea biosorbent were studied. 25 g of soil was weighed into different plate, contaminated with about 10 ml of crude oil, the plate was labeled as BI, CI DI, BF, CF and DF (stem), (root) across 3 g, 6 g, and 9 g variables and A (soil and crude oil mixture) as control for initial and final bioremediation. 1 g of each contaminated soil sample was extracted using mechanical shaker at room temperature and the extracts were analyzed using GC/MS the results showed that the initial treatment of stem biosorbent were 358.47455 ppm, 248.02045 ppm, 249.97273 ppm respectively and the final treatment after 4 weeks of biodegradation were 173.40636 ppm, 70.44364 ppm, 45.60818 ppm and control 757.39864 ppm. The total effect removal of Total petroleum hydrocarbon obtained were 51.6%, 75.2% and 81.8%, while the initial treatment of the root biosorbent were 366.72762 ppm, 347.75909 ppm, 337.04227ppm, after 4 weeks of biodegradation, the Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration decreases to 143.6982 ppm, 60.05455 ppm, 52.21045 ppm and control 757.39864 ppm and the effect removal were 60.8%, 82.7% and 84.5%.

Oxidation thermolysis kinetics of asphaltenes with various chemical prehistory

In this research, six various asphaltenes extracted from crude oil mixtures of three Russian refinery plants and some heavy residues of these plants were studied with applying thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. The kinetic experiments were performed at four various heating rates (5, 10, 15, 20 °C/min), all under air static atmosphere. The TGA data were transformed to conversions and first analyzed with the approved methods of Friedman, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS). The results indicated of the complexity of decomposition-thermolysis process and a complicated and non-uniform dependency of the effective activation energy as a function of conversion, unique for each asphaltene studied. A kinetic model of two independent N-order reactions was proposed to make corresponding kinetic descriptions of complicated thermolysis reactions under non-isothermal conditions. The developed model was proved to be valid, and kinetic descriptions were obtained that fitted the experimental data. Activation energies for the first reaction and the second reaction were found to be in the interval 24–48 kJ/mol and 110–125 kJ/mol respectively (asphaltenes (1–3) extracted from the initial crude oil mixtures and pyrolysis resin). Activation energies for secondary asphaltenes (4–6) extracted from heavy refinery residues - 115–155 kJ/mol (1-st reaction) – 110–148 kJ/mol (2-nd reaction).

New technology to produce raw neon-helium mixture

Until 2022, Ukraine was a major producer of pure neon gas. The crude neon product is obtained as a byproduct at large cryogenic air separation units (ASUs) that supply oxygen and nitrogen to steelmakers. After the stop of such industries in Ukraine, a global shortage of neon, which is necessary for the production of semiconductor microchips, appeared. The conceptually new technology for obtaining the crude neon product at ASUs, which is not adapted for the selection of a raw neon-helium mixture, is proposed. The enrichment of the neon-helium mixture taken from the ASU condenser-evaporator is carried out by the pressure swing adsorption method. Calculations of the adsorption enrichment processes of the neon-helium mixture were carried out using the wave method. The wave method is based on the physically accurate concept that the nonstationary flow of components occurs as a result of propagation concentration waves in the entire adsorption layer and inside the adsorbent grains. It is shown that the proposed technology makes it possible to obtain a crude neon-helium mixture with a total concentration of neon and helium of more than 90% at an extraction ratio of 40–50%.

Bioremediation of crude oil spillage using Cisuss populnea leave as bio-sorbent

The total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration decrease at the initial and final bioremediation across different variable of cisuss populnea leave biosorbent. 25 g of soil was weighed into different plate, contaminated with about 10 ml of crude oil, the plate was labeled as BI, CI DI, BF, CF and DF (leave) across 3 g, 6 g, and 9 g variables and A (soil and crude oil mixture) as control for initial and final bioremediation. 1 g of each contaminated soil sample was extracted using mechanical shaker at room temperature and the extracts were analyzed using GC/MS the results showed that the initial treatment of leave biosorbent were 706.4482 ppm, 544.2509 ppm, 347.75909 ppm respectively. After 4 weeks of biodegradation, the concentration decreases to 310.4318 ppm, 117.8105 ppm, 60.05455pmm and control 757.39864 ppm respectively. The Total removal efficiencies of Total petroleum hydrocarbon were 56.2%, 78.4%, and 82.7% for the treatments of 3 g, 6 g, and 9 g of leaves sorbent

Influence of Elicitation on Glaucium flavum Cultures in in Vitro Conditions

Glaucium flavum Crantz is a medicinal plant species which contains high variety of isoquinoline alkaloids, the main of which is the alkaloid glaucine, possessing antitussive activity. In vitro cultivation was investigated as an alternative and sustainable approach for plant cultivation of this species which is characterized by decreasing distribution. The biotechnological production of secondary metabolites could be improved by the addition of elicitors such as jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate and yeast extract to the artificial medium. The seed germination of G. flavum was over 60% in all examined media supplemented with the abovementioned elicitors. They did not stimulate higher alkaloid production but the plants of some of the investigated in vitro cultures had similar percentage of the crude alkaloid mixture, about 3%, to the native plant population from which they had derived. The quantity of the alkaloids varied but their content in the studied samples remained similar.

Hydrogen Production from Supercritical Water Gasification of Model Compounds of Crude Glycerol from Biodiesel Industries

Biodiesel production through transesterification results in a large quantity of crude glycerol as a byproduct, the utilization of which is technically and economically challenging. Because of the ability to efficiently process wet feedstocks, supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is utilized in this study to convert crude glycerol into hydrogen-rich syngas. A significant challenge addressed through this study is the decomposition routes of different heterogeneous components of crude glycerol during SCWG. Pure glycerol, methanol and oleic acid were investigated for SCWG as the model compounds of crude glycerol. SCWG of model compounds at temperature, pressure, feedstock concentration and reaction time of 500 °C, 23–25 MPa, 10 wt% and 1 h, respectively, revealed methanol to exhibit the highest H2 yield of 7.7 mmol/g, followed by pure glycerol (4.4 mmol/g) and oleic acid (1.1 mmol/g). The effects of feedstock concentration from 30 wt% to 10 wt% increased H2 yield from all model compounds. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to develop a response curve to visualize the interactive behavior and develop model equations for the prediction of H2-rich gas yields as a function of the composition of model compounds in the crude glycerol mixture. Predictive models showed a good agreement with experimental results, demonstrating high accuracy and robustness of the model. These findings demonstrated a strong potential of crude glycerol for SCWG to generate H2-rich syngas.

Nanomole‐scale photochemical thiol‐ene chemistry for high‐throughput late‐stage diversification of peptide macrocycles

AbstractThe photochemical thiol‐ene reaction is an efficient method for rapid and chemoselective formation of thioether linkages under mild conditions. It has found widespread use in small‐molecule synthesis as well as peptide and protein chemistry. While high‐throughput experimentation provides an invaluable tool for drug discovery, the considerable potential of the thiol‐ene reaction remains unexplored in this context. Herein, we report the development of nanomole‐scale photochemical thiol‐ene chemistry, performed using an automated approach in 1536‐well plates in a cost‐efficient custom reactor. Through careful reaction design and selection of reactants, this chemistry is applied to the lateral diversification of peptidic macrocycles to yield high purity crude mixtures. Selection of the photoinitiator 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone yields volatile breakdown products, which facilitates removal in vacuo. We demonstrate the use of this approach in late‐stage diversification of peptidic macrocycles with 96 examples averaging 95% conversion to the desired product.

Recycled PMMA prepared directly from crude MMA obtained from thermal depolymerization of mixed PMMA waste

Recycled PMMA was prepared by directly polymerizing crude pyrolysis oils from lab-scale pyrolysis of collected industrial waste PMMA. The pyrolysis oils consisted mainly of methyl methacrylate (MMA, >85%), while the type and number of by-products from the thermal process were assigned through GC–MS analysis showing a clear correlation to the pyrolysis temperature. By-products can be removed by distillation; however, directly employing the crude oils to prepare PMMA through solution, suspension, emulsion, or casting polymerization was investigated to assess the potential for omitting this costly step. It was found that the crude pyrolysis oils could be polymerized efficiently via solution, emulsion, and casting polymerization to produce a polymer similar to the PMMA prepared from a pristine monomer. The impurities in the PMMAs prepared from the crude mixtures were investigated by extraction analyses followed by screening by GC–MS. In the case of casting polymerization, the GC–MS analysis, as expected, revealed various residual by-products, while solution and emulsion polymerization showed only very few impurities, mainly originating from the polymerization and not the feed material. Additional purification of the crude pyrolysis oils would be required for applications in casting polymerization. In contrast, direct polymerization by emulsion or solution polymerization is considered applicable for producing pristine PMMA from crude waste PMMA pyrolysis oil.

Hydrophobic sandwich-like PVDF/rGO/PDMS composite membrane with fast electrothermal/photothermal response for crude oil removal

Functional membranes with electrothermal/photothermal effects are considered an effective method for separating water/viscous crude oil mixtures. However, the loading of photothermal and electrothermal particles in polymeric membranes with poor compatibility will deteriorate the membrane performance, leading to the unstable photothermal/electrothermal effects. Therefore, we prepared a hydrophobic sandwich structure polyvinylidene fluoride/reduced graphene oxide/polydimethylsiloxane (PVDF/rGO/PDMS) composite membrane using a two-step electrospinning process, which improved the binding force between the photothermal/electrothermal particles and the matrix with the composite membrane exhibiting super fast electric heating and photothermal effect. The temperature of the composite membrane surface rapidly reached to 162.5 °C within 30 s at 25 V. In addition, the addition of graphene (GO) improved the mechanical properties of the composite membrane. Meantime, the composite membrane possessed stable hydrophobicity and lipophilicity, which was beneficial for separating water/viscous crude oil mixtures. Owing to the controllable pore structure and special wetting behavior, the water-in-oil emulsion was successfully separated. Importantly, the separation rates of the water/crude oil mixtures under the electrothermal effect was 2340 kg·m−2·h−1·bar−1. Thus, this study provides a new method for preparing hydrophobic sandwich-like PVDF/rGO/PDMS composite membrane with electrothermal/photothermal effects, which has significant potential for engineering applications in high-viscosity crude oil removal and water-in-oil emulsion separation.

An efficient DNAzyme for the fluorescence detection of Vibrio cholerae.

Vibrio cholerae (Vc) causes cholera disease. Vc contamination is widely found in water and aquatic products, and therefore is a serious food safety concern, especially for the seafood industry. In this paper, we attempted the rapid detection of V. cholerae. Nine rounds of in vitro selection using an unmodified DNA library were successfully performed to find specific DNAzymes of Vc. Their activity was evaluated based on a fluorescence assay and gel electrophoresis. Finally, a DNAzyme (named DVc1) with good activity and specificity with a detection limit of 7.2 × 103 CFU/mL of Vc was selected. A simple biosensor was constructed by immobilizing DVc1 and its substrate in shallow circular wells of a 96-well plate using pullulan polysaccharide and trehalose. When the crude extracellular mixture of Vc was added to the detection wells, the fluorescent signal was observed within 20 min. The sensor effectively detected Vc in aquatic products indicating its simplicity and efficiency. This sensitive DNAzyme sensor can be a rapid onsite Vc detection tool.

2-(1H-Imidazol-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine

The novel compound 2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine was obtained in very good yield via a known eco-friendly protocol. The product was isolated in pure form as a solvate by simple filtration from the crude mixture. Its structure was assigned by 1D and 2D NMR experiments and was confirmed by high resolution MS and single crystal XRD. The temperature of methanol release was determined by DSC and the energy of the process theoretically estimated.