Crude Fraction Research Articles

Phytochemical Constituents, Antimicrobial Activity of Daniellia oliveri, and X-ray Crystal Structure of Polyalthic Acid

Objectives: Daniellia oliveri Rolfe is a well-known plant of Fabaceae family whose previous phytochemical and pharmacological studies led to the identification of triterpenoid, phenol, anthraquinone oxalate with antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities. This study aimed to investigate chemical constituents and evaluate the antimicrobial potency of the root of D. oliveri. Methods: The methanol extract of the root barks of D. oliveri was subjected to silica gel chromatographic separation. The structures of the isolated compounds (1-9) were determined by analyzing their spectrometric and spectroscopic spectra. Single-crystal-Xray analysis was used to establish the absolute skeletal structure of compound 1. Crude extract, fractions and compounds were investigated against four bacteria vis Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853, Escherichia coli 5, Staphylococcus aureus 25923 and Streptococcus sp . 9619 and, two yeast vis Candida albicans14053 and Candida tropicalis 018 using broth microdilution method. Results: The phytochemical prospection of the methanol extract of D. oliveri allowed the isolation of a naturally crystallized diterpenoid type furolabdane: polyalthic acid 1, as well as eight amorphous compounds (2-9). Among the tested samples, the crude extract, fractions and compounds selectively showed inhibitory effects against the tested microorganisms with MIC values ranging from 4 to 1024 μg/mL. Fraction D1 and compounds 1, 4, 7, 8 and 9 exhibited the broadest antimicrobial effects among fractions and compounds while D5 and compound 1 showed the best activity with MIC values of 16 and 4 μg/mL respectively against E. coli which appeared to be the most sensitive strain . Conclusion: Polyaltic acid (1) showed the best activity with significant MIC value of 4 μg/mL identical to that of ceftazidine against E. coli. The MIC values of the active compounds 1, 4 and 7 are comparable to those of ceftazidime. Then, these compounds from natural origin, could serve as markers in the standardization of Daniellia plant as phytomedicine.

IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRACTS DERIVED FROM VIOLA ODORATA

The primary objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activities of various polar and nonpolar solvent extracts derived from the leaves of Viola odorata. The disc diffusion method was employed to test the antimicrobial susceptibility against a diverse range of pathogenic microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Erwinia carotovora, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and the fungus Candida albicans. The results indicated that isobutanol and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited significantly higher antimicrobial activity compared to petroleum ether, crude, chloroform and aqueous fractions. Among the tested bacteria, E. carotovora was the most susceptible bacterium to all the extracts of V. odorata, whereas S. typhi demonstrated the highest resistance. The isobutanol extract inhibited the proliferation of E. carotovora by 62 % at a concentration of 2 mg disc-1, while the ethyl acetate extract achieved 53% inhibition under the same conditions. Additionally, our findings revealed that the overall antimicrobial activity of V. odorata leaves was consistently effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.

Eleven new glycosidic acid methyl esters from the crude resin glycoside fraction of Ipomoea alba seeds.

Resin glycosides are characteristic of plants of the Convolvulaceae family and are well-known purgative ingredients in crude drugs, such as Rhizoma Jalapae, Orizaba Jalapa Tuber, and Pharbitidis Semen, which are used in traditional medicine and derived from plants belonging to this family. Isolated resin glycosides have demonstrated diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, ionophoric, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and multidrug-resistance-modulating properties, as well as cytotoxicity against cancer cells. These compounds consist of hydroxyl fatty acid oligoglycosides (glycosidic acids), with portions of the saccharide moieties acylated with some organic acids to form the core structure. This study investigated the glycosidic acid components of a crude resin glycoside fraction obtained from a methanolic extract of Ipomoea alba L. seeds (Convolvulaceae). Eleven new glycosidic acid methyl esters and one known methyl ester were isolated from a glycosidic acid fraction treated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane in hexane. Their structures were determined using acidic hydrolysis and electrospray ionization-time of fight mass spectrometry and NMR spectral analyses. These compounds are penta-, tetra-, or triglycosides, with methyl 11S-hydroxytetradecanoate or methyl 11S-hydroxyhexadecanoate as the aglycone. Although D-quinovose and L-rhamnose are common monosaccharide components, the remaining monosaccharides are D-glucose, D-xylose, or D-fucose. The crude resin glycoside fraction showed non-negligible cytotoxicity against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells.

Effective biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus subtilis CV21 against cherry leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria phytopathogens and growth promotion of flowering cherry (Prunus sargentii Rehder) seedlings

Cherry leaf spot (CLS) disease is one of the most common and deleterious disease of flowering cherry seedlings which lowers frost tolerance, growth, and biomass production during the season, and reduces flower production in following season. This study isolated two phytopathogens, Alternaria alternata CH3 and Alternaria alternata CH10, and confirmed their pathogenicity of CLS disease in flowering cherry seedlings, causing brownish spots and necrotic lesions on the leaves. We also isolated a plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), Bacillus subtilis strain CV21, and investigated its antifungal and plant growth-promoting properties. The bacterium produced cell wall-degrading enzymes such as chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and protease and effectively antagonized both A. alternata CH3 and A. alternata CH10 and the crude enzyme fraction (100 µl/mL) of B. subtilis CV21 inhibited spore germination by 40.1 % and 25.1 % and reduced mycelial growth by 29.1 % and 42.5 % against A. alternata CH3 and A. alternata CH10. The crude enzyme fraction degraded the cell walls of both phytopathogens in a concentration-dependent manner, causing swelling with bulbous structures in the hyphal cell, and cell wall lysis with severe perforations, loss of shape and aggregation of spores compared to control. Treatment with the bacterial culture broth on flowering cherry seedlings reduced CLS disease by 1.3-fold and 3.4-fold compared to the chemical treatment and the control group, respectively. In addition, B. subtilis CV21 also demonstrated plant growth-promoting properties such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production up to a maximum concentration of 3.5 µg/mL during the experimental period and exhibited potential for phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation. The inoculation of nursery seedlings with B. subtilis CV21 culture broth improved the chlorophyll content, and increased seedling growth and biomass production compared to chemical treatment and the control group. The results demonstrate that the B. subtilis CV21 could be effectively applied as a bio-fungicide to control CLS and as bio-stimulant/bio-fertilizer to enhance the growth of flowering cherry seedlings.

Antidepressant- and Anxiolytic-like Effects of Pomegranate: Is It Acting by Common or Well-Known Mechanisms of Action?

The pharmacological effects of pomegranates have been described considering metabolic aspects such as hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. The pomegranate extract has activity on the central nervous system (CNS) as a natural antidepressant and anxiolytic. The chemical composition of pomegranates is complex since the bioactive compounds are multiple secondary metabolites that have been identified in the extracts derived from the peel, seed, flowers, leaves, or in their combination; so, it has not been easy to identify an individual compound as responsible for its observed pharmacological properties. From this point of view, the present review analyzes the effects of crude extracts or fractions of pomegranates and their possible mechanisms of action concerning antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects in animal models. Serotonin receptors, estrogen receptors, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), or monoamine oxidase enzymes, as well as potent antioxidant and neuroplasticity properties, have been described as possible mediators involved in the antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like behaviors after pomegranate treatment. The pharmacological effects observed on the CNS in experimental models associated with a specific stress level suggest that pomegranates could simultaneously modulate the stress response by activating several targets. For the present review, scientific evidence was gathered to integrate it and suggest a possible pathway for mediators to be involved in the mechanisms of action of the pomegranate's antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects. Furthermore, the potential benefits are discussed on comorbid conditions with anxiety and depression, such as perimenopause transition and pain.

In Vitro Antiprotozoal Activity of Schinus molle Extract, Partitions, and Fractions against Trypanosoma cruzi.

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, represents an important and worldwide public health issue, particularly in Latin America. Limitations of conventional treatment with benznidazole and nifurtimox underscore the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies for this disease. Schinus molle, a tree used in traditional medicine for various ailments, has demonstrated promising antiparasitic activity. The in vitro anti-T. cruzi activity of Schinus molle crude methanol extract, partitions, and fractions, as well as their cytotoxicity in Vero cells and Artemia salina, and hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes were assessed. Most of the extracts possessed anti-T. cruzi effects, with Sm-CF3 being the fraction with the highest activity (IC50 = 19 µg/mL; SI = 6.8). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 20 compounds, with fatty acyls comprising the predominant chemical class (55%). We also identified the antiparasitic compounds cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid and trans-Z-α-bisabolene epoxide, suggesting their potential contribution to the observed anti-T. cruzi activity. In conclusion, our findings support the therapeutic potential of S. molle as a source of novel antiparasitic agents against T. cruzi.

Interfacial tension and contact angle of asphaltenic and resinous model oil in the presence of binary salts mixtures

Using smart or low salinity waters known as green processes gained increasing attention due to their unique features and their positive impacts on the environment. In light of this fact and since there is limited knowledge about the effects of salts under engineered concentrations or binary mixtures and crude oil fractions on the interfacial tension (IFT) reduction and wettability alteration of the resinous (RSO) and asphaltenic synthetic oil (ASO), the current investigation is designed and performed for the first time. Moreover, the dynamic behavior of the IFT variation was carefully investigated and the relaxation time was obtained and modeled to see the impact of mono and divalent salts individually and in binary conditions. The relaxation times revealed that the lowest adsorption times were obtained for NaCl/CaCl2 brine regardless of the examined oil types of ASO and RSO due to the high movement affinity of the polar functional groups toward the interface consequently reducing the required time for coverage and packing of active agents at the interface. Finally, the measured contact angle values revealed a significant effect of binary salts on the wettability alteration toward strongly water-wet conditions, especially for the RSO and ASO compared with crude oil.

Grewia flava twig extracts: phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial evaluations

BackgroundGrewia flava infusions are consumed to assist with kidney problems and stomach ailments. However, there are no scientific data on the phytochemical profile or biological properties to validate its folklore use. Thus, the study aimed to assess the phytochemical profile, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Grewia flava twig extracts.MethodologyThe antioxidant activities of the extracts were assayed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, reducing power, metal chelation, and total phenolic and flavonoid content assays. The agar well diffusion and microdilution methods were used for crude extracts and fractions (from 80% methanol extract) for antimicrobial screening against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger, and R. oryzae.ResultsThe 80% methanol twig extract (250.00 ± 2 GAE/g) exhibited a high concentration of phenolic content, followed by the distilled water extract (192.00 ± 2 mg GAE/g) and the hexane extract (43.10 ± 0.2 mg GAE/g). Fraction 14 of the methanol twig extract exhibited MIC values of 0.21–0.31 mg/mL against all test microorganisms. The root and twig extracts exhibited significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which were attributed to the extracts of bioactive phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, glycosides, anthraquinones, and tannins that were detected in the extracts. Also, the root and twig non-polar extracts were subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, which identified several bioactive compounds like betulin, β-amyrin, palmitic acid, lupenone, and phytol, highlighting the potential of the plant species as a botanical drug.ConclusionsThe study supports the traditional use of plant roots and twigs for treating various ailments, indicating their medicinal value. The twigs can be used in place of the roots to guarantee Grewia flava harvesting that is sustainable. However, a comparison of the quantities of the active compound in the twigs and roots using LC–MS is crucial.

Allelopathic Effects of Sugarcane Leaves: Optimal Extraction Solvent, Partial Separation of Allelopathic Active Fractions, and Herbicidal Activities.

The inhibitory potential of allelopathic plants is the subject of increasing research attention for their application in weed management. The sugarcane leaf is an agricultural waste product that has been reported to have allelopathic potential. Therefore, the present study determined the optimal organic solvent system and fractionation procedure to enhance the quantity of this extract and its allelopathic efficiency. Sugarcane leaves were extracted using five ethanol/water solvent ratios (v/v): 00:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:00. Their allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth were assayed in two major weeds, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and Amaranthus viridis L. The results showed that the extract concentration, solvent ratio, and their interaction significantly inhibited the growth parameters in A. viridis. Consequently, a crude ethanol/water ratio of 00:100 was used to separate the active fraction via acid-base solvent partitioning. The acidic fraction (AE) exerted the greatest inhibitory effect and completely (100%) inhibited A. viridis at all concentrations, followed by the original crude fraction, neutral fraction, and aqueous fraction. Moreover, all of the fractions had selective effects, inhibiting A. viridis much more than E. crus-galli in the laboratory tests. The chemical analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry indicated that the AE fraction contained 20 different compounds. The five major compounds included alkaloids, organic acids, and phenols. Therefore, the AE fraction was selected for formulation in a concentrated suspension and tested for its herbicidal characteristics. The formulation exhibited early post-emergence activities and had a stronger effect on A. viridis compared to E. crus-galli. The physiological mechanism of the formulation was tested against A. viridis. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and H2O2 occurred in the A. viridis leaf, which suggests lipid peroxidation and cell disruption.

LC–ESI–MS/MS-based molecular networking, antioxidant, anti-glioma activity and molecular docking studies of Clematis graveolens

Clematis graveolens Lindl., an indigenous climbing plant found in the Himalayan areas, is used by local communities for the treatment of neck tumors. The objective of this work is to examine the comprehensive metabolomic profile, antioxidant capability, in vitro and in silico anti-glioma effects on U-87 human glioma cell lines of the crude extract and fractions from C. graveolens. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (LC–MS/MS) was used to establish detailed metabolite profiling of C. graveolens. The assessment of cell cytotoxicity was conducted using MTT cell viability assay on U-87 and BHK-21. Through molecular docking studies, the mode of inhibition and binding interaction between identified compounds and target proteins were also determined to evaluate the in vitro results. The use of LC–MS/MS-based global natural products social (GNPS) molecular networking analysis resulted in the identification of 27 compounds. The crude extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and chloroform fraction exhibited significant inhibitory activity against the U-87 cell lines, with IC50 values of 112.0, 138.1, and 142.7 µg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited significant inhibitory concentration for 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity and the metal chelation activity with IC50 value of 39.50 µg/mL, 32.27 µg/mL, and 53.46 µg/mL, respectively. The crude extract showed maximum total phenolic, and total flavonoid concentration measuring 338.7 µg GAE/mg, and 177.04 µg QE/mg, respectively. The findings of this study indicate that C. graveolens consists of a diverse range of active phytoconstituents that possess antioxidant and anti-glioma properties.

Impact of altitudinal variation on secondary metabolites, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential of Adiantum venustum D. Don

Phytoconstituents are being emphasized as chemotherapeutic agents, as well as probable anticancer agents. The purpose of the present research was to assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties of crude ethanolic extracts and bioactive fractions of Adiantum venustum D. Don collected from three sites in Himachal Pradesh, India. The bioactive phytoconstituents were examined qualitatively and quantitatively in crude ethanolic extracts and fractions of all sites, and biological activities were analyzed. The potential presence of terpenoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and flavonoids was examined, and it came to light that BF-II [n-butanol fraction of Site-II (2000 m altitude)] had a significantly higher phytochemical concentration. Additionally, the crude ethanolic extracts and fractions were examined for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and BF-II was found to have potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, as verified by the IC50 values (lowest half inhibitory concentration) in the DPPH (57.86 ± 0.72 μg/mL), reducing power assay (45.20 ± 0.72 μg/mL), FRAP (73.12 ± 0.23 μM Fe equivalent), BSA (56.76 ± 0.25 μg/mL), and EAA (EAA59.84 ± 0.13 μg/mL). Following that, the anticancer potential was investigated further using the MTT assay on the HeLa cell line, MTT assay revealed that BF-II possesses significantly higher anticancer potential. Furthermore, the dominant crude ethanolic extract and fraction were further investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, and high-performance thin layer chromatography techniques from the selected plant. Overall, the study suggests that the n-butanol fraction of A. venustum possesses significantly higher therapeutic value but is still not explored to the extent of its potential.

Isolation of a new iso-quinoline alkaloid and cytotoxicity studies of pure compounds and crude extracts of Ravenia spectabilis engl

A new 2-quinolone alkaloid, iso-oligophyline (1), and two very unusual C34 terpenoids, proposed names ravespanol (2) and ravespanone (3), along with two known compounds, β-sitosterol (4), and methyl linoleate (5), were isolated from the leaf extract of Ravenia spectabilis engl. Methyl linoleate constitutes the first report of isolation from this species. We have already reported the isolation of atanine (6), oligophyline (7), ravenoline (8), and arborinine (9) from the plant. Based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometric analysis, the structure of the isolated chemicals was determined. The crude fractions and four compounds (6,7,8 and 9) were evaluated for a cytotoxicity study on a panel of six human stomach cancer cell lines (SCL, SCL-6, SCL-37′6, SCL-9, K-3, N21) by MTT assay. Among the plant extracts and isolated compounds, petroleum ether fraction and compound 7 exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity against SCL and SCL-6 cells, where the IC50 values were 17.9 and 16.56 μM, respectively.

Phytochemical profile and in vitro biological activity of the crude ethanol extract and root fractions of Eryngium horridum Malme, from the department of Cordillera, Paraguay

Eryngium horridum, es una especie vegetal que ha tenido estudios como maleza, pero con escasa información dentro del contexto de investigaciones fitoquímicas o actividades biológicas de la misma, pero si del género Eryngium. Esta especie es utilizada en la medicina popular como antiinflamatoria en infusión, especialmente las raíces y hojas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue trazar el perfil fitoquímico del extracto de raíces de la especie Eryngium horridum Malme, que se encuentra en el departamento de Cordillera, Paraguay, evaluando además su eficacia frente a bioensayos específicos buscando su potencial farmacológico. Para ello, se secaron las raíces, se trituraron y sometieron a maceración con etanol al 96%. Luego se llevó a cabo el perfil fitoquímico del extracto crudo y de las fracciones solubles en diferentes solventes (éter de petróleo, diclorometano, acetona y metanol), se realizó el perfil cromatográfico en GC-MS, los fenoles totales y actividad biológica como actividad antimicrobiana, antioxidante y hemolítica. Según resultados obtenidos, se verificó la presencia de compuestos como aldehídos, fenoles, lactonas, entre otros. La fracción soluble en acetona (E3) mostró un valor de 160,6 mg GAE.g-1 de fenoles totales. En cuanto a las actividades biológicas, se mostró capacidad inhibitoria ante 9 de las 10 cepas utilizadas, cuyo mayor porcentaje de actividad fue de 70,10% con la Pseudomonas aeruginosas, un poder antioxidante de 20,49% con el método de DPPH, y una actividad hemolítica de 97,8% en la fracción soluble en acetona (E3). Podemos concluir que la especie estudiada presenta metabolitos secundarios, actividad antimicrobiana, antioxidante y hemolítica.

Flavonoid quantitative HPLC-DAD analysis of Petiveria alliacea

Petiveria alliacea L. (Petiveriaceae), a medicinal plant found in tropical regions of South and Central America, the Caribbean, and Africa, is mainly used to treat inflammatory process and respiratory problems. In this study, we have evaluated the antibacterial activity of P. alliacea crude extract and fractions, investigated the chemical composition, and developed and validated a simple method to quantify flavanones. To verify the antibacterial activity, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Phytochemical investigations were carried out by chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis. To quantify astilbin and engeletin, we developed a method based on HPLC coupled to a diode array detector (DAD) and validated it. The P. alliacea crude extracts and fractions exhibited MIC ranged from 10 to 25 mg/mL. Chemical investigation of P. alliacea revealed the presence of trans-N-methyl-4-methoxyproline (1), ethyl-β-galactoside (2), ethyl-α-galactoside (3), and ethyl-β-fructofuranoside (4). The developed HPLC-DAD method proved suitable for determining flavonoids in P. alliacea: it presented good linearity, specificity, and satisfactory accuracy and precision. The developed HPLC-DAD method can quantify the P. alliacea chemical markers. The isolated compounds (2–4) have been described in P. alliacea for the first time.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation, Chemical Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Bassia indica (Wight) A.J. Scott.

Bassia indica (Wight) A.J. Scott is an Indian origin plant with documented medicinal and nutritional value, but has not been fully characterized yet. The present study was designed to establish pharmacognostic standards for the proper identification of the B. indica plant and its chemical characterization. The plant was standardized with World Health Organization (WHO) standardization tools and chemically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Antibacterial potential was assessed by the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and molecular docking studies were also performed. Pharmacognostic evaluation established the macroscopic and microscopic parameters for the identification of whole plant and its powder. Physicochemical parameters were also set forth while quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest quantity of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. FTIR analysis showed several functional groups such as phenols, alkanes, and alcohols while 55 phytochemicals were identified in the GC-MS analysis of the crude fraction. The crude extract and other fractions showed marked antibacterial activity, while the ethyl acetate fraction showed the least MIC (1.95-31.25 mg/mL). Phytochemicals identified in the GC-MS showed good molecular docking interactions against the DNA gyrase subunit B of bacteria with binding energies ranging from -4.2 to -9.4 kcal/mol. The current study describes the pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical profiling of B. indica and provides scientific evidence to support its use in infections.

A new empirical correlation of MMP prediction for oil – impure CO2 systems

CO2 flooding is a widely-used technique for enhancing oil production, with miscible CO2 flooding exhibiting higher recovery potential compared to both immiscible and near-miscible CO2 flooding. However, the problem of insufficient CO2 supply is increasingly critical in many reservoirs. When faced with a shortage of gas supply, the key to the successful implementation of miscible CO2 flooding lies in accurately predicting the MMP of impure CO2. This study leverages MMP data derived from both experimental and simulation results, utilizing both linear and nonlinear regression methodologies to formulate empirical correlations for MMP prediction. In addition, ridge regression is used to solve collinearity problem.Compared with former investigations, the impure CO2 correlation proposed in this study integrates the ratio of the specific injection gas mole fraction to the crude oil mole fraction as novel independent variables. This inclusion reflects the actual interaction between the specific injection gas and crude oil during the miscibility process. Furthermore, the correlation can be linearized to the greatest extent through this way and such linearization illustrates the fundamental concepts more distinctly, offering a more practical and comprehensible approach. This formula combines the prediction of the minimum miscible pressure with the interaction mechanism of the miscible process, and the dominant factors in the miscible process can be determined. In terms of reducing the minimum miscible pressure, the interaction between C4 + C5 in the injected gas and C1 + N2 in the crude oil component is the strongest, while the interaction between N2 in the injected gas and C2-6 in the crude oil was most significant in increasing the minimum miscible pressure by comparison.The correlations presented for impure CO2 yield an average absolute deviation of 2.18 % and sustain a relative deviation within ± 10 %, surpassing previously published correlations. This study highlights the accuracy and effectiveness of the developed correlations for estimating MMP for impure CO2. The suggested MMP correlation offers a practical and efficient means of determining MMP for the implementation of impure CO2 miscible flooding in the field.

Further Polycyclic Quinones of Micromonospora sp.

The crude acetone extract of a marine Micromonospora sp. strain associated with Eudistoma vannnamei was fractioned with hexane and ethyl acetate. The crude extract and both soluble fractions were assayed against several bacteria strains. The new polycyclic quinones 12-hydroxy-9-propyltetracene-6,1-dione (1), 5,12-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-9-propyltetracene-5,12-dione (2), and 4,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl- methyl-6a-(oxobutyl)-5,12-anthraquinone (3), along with the known 4,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-methyl-6a-(oxo-3-methyl-butyl)-5,12-anthraquinone (4) and 4,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-methyl-6a-(oxopentyl)-5,12-anthraquinone (5) were isolated from the hexane-soluble fraction, while from the active ethyl acetate fraction were isolated the known 4,6,11-trihydroxy-9-propyltetracene-5,12-dione (6), 4-methoxy-9-propyltetracene-6,11-dione (7), 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-9-hydroxy-4-methoxy-9-propyltetracene-6,11-dione (8), and 10β-carbomethoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-4,6,7α,9α,11-pentahydroxy-9-propyltetracene-5,12-dione (9). The structures of the new compounds were established by interpretation of HRMS and NMR techniques. A study of molecular docking was performed with the compounds from the active ethyl acetate fraction to correlate tentatively with the antimicrobial activity. Molecular docking, RMSD, RMSF, and MM-GBSA evaluations were performed to investigate the inhibitory activity of 6-8 against the protein PDB-codex 1MWT, being considered a promising target for studying drug development responsible for inhibiting replication of Staphylococcus aureus. Penicillin G was used as the standard inhibitory. Anthracyclinones 6-8 were the best hydrolase inhibitor with affinity energy -8.1 to -7.9 kcal/mol compared to penicillin G, which presented -6.9 kcal/mol. Both 8 and 7 present potent inhibitory effects against hydrolase through molecular dynamics simulation and exhibit favorable drug-like properties, promising new hydrolase blockers to fight bacterial infections from Staphylococcus aureus.

Anticonvulsant activities of the methanol crude extract and fractions of the leaf Solanum americanum (S.a.) in pentylenetetrazole and 4-amino pyridine induced seizure in white albino rats

Anticonvulsant activities of the methanol crude extract and fractions of the leaf Solanum americanum (S.a.) in pentylenetetrazole and 4-amino pyridine induced seizure in white albino rats

Characterization of antibiofilm compound from marine sponge Stylissa carteri.

The fouling phenomenon grabbed global attention and caused huge economic losses specifically in marine-related industries. Sessile behavior exposed the sponge to the risk of fouling. However, their bodies remained free from foulers, which were attributed to the chemical defense system. The objectives of this study were to determine the antibiofilm activity of the marine sponge, Stylissa carteri, and to characterize the isolated compound involved. The antibiofilm activity of S. carteri methanolic crude extract (MCE) and fractions was tested against biofilm-producing bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using two different modes of crystal violet biofilm assays: preventive and detachment. Besides that, the disc-diffusion test was conducted to screen the antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria while a cytotoxicity assay was conducted on the HepG2 cell line. Bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and solid phase extraction using a C18 Sep-Pak Cartridge. The crystal compound was isolated and characterized through thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The S. carteri MCE showed a promising result with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 20.22μg/mL in the preventive assay, while no IC50 was determined in the detachment assay since all inhibitions < 50%. The S. carteri MCE exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and displayed a non-cytotoxic effect. Fraction 4 from MCE of S. carteri (IC50 = 2.40μg/mL) reduced the biofilm in the preventive assay at all concentrations and exhibited no antibacterial activity indicating the independence of antibiofilm from antibacterial properties. Based on the data obtained, an alkaloid named debromohymenialdisine (DBH) was identified from Fraction 4 of S. carteri MCE. In conclusion, S. carteri was able to reduce the establishment of the biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa and could serve as a prominent source of natural antifouling agents.

Antifeedant Activity of Crude Extracts and Fractions Isolated from Cymodocea serrulate (R.Br.) Leaf against Tobacco Caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fab.) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Different organic solvent extracts of Cymodocea serrulata leaves exhibited antifeedant activity against Spodoptera litura larvae. Maximum antifeedant activity (88.95%) was observed in ethyl acetate extract at a 5 percent concentration. Five fractions were isolated from ethyl acetate extract by column chromatography and tested individually at four different concentrations, viz., 125, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm, for antifeedant activity. Among the five fractions, fraction I showed promising antifeedant activity (91.12%) at a 1000 ppm concentration. Deformities in larvae, pupae, and adults were also recorded. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and steroids.