Crude Feed Research Articles

Whole-genome resequencing reveals diversity, global and local ancestry proportions in Yunling cattle.

Yunling cattle, a three-breed cross consisting of 1/2 Brahman cattle, 1/4 Murray Grey cattle and 1/4 Yunnan Yellow cattle, has advantage of rapid growth, good meat quality, enhanced tolerance towards a hot and humid climate, tick resistance and crude feed forbearance. Here, we investigated the genetic diversity, global and local ancestry proportions by sequencing the genomes of 131 Yungling cattle and 31 Brahman cattle (for control). Furthermore, we used 35 published genomes of ancestry breeds (including Angus cattle [ancestry of Murray Grey], Wannan cattle [ancestry of Yunnan Yellow cattle: Wenshan and Dianzhong], Wenshan and Dianzhong cattle) to characterize the formation process of Yunling cattle. The highest nucleotide diversity was found in the Wannan cattle, followed by Wenshan, Dianzhong, Brahman, Yunling and Angus cattle. The results of LD decay in each breed was largely consistent with the results of nucleotide diversity, except for the faster decay in Angus cattle out of a smaller effective population size and a strong bottleneck during the breed formation. The population-structure analysis revealed that the cross-breed Yunling cattle harboured the ancestry with Angus (0.44), Brahman (0.48) and Wannan cattle (0.08). Subsequently, we used RFmix to infer local ancestry in Yunling cattle and then performed chi-squared test to obtain the segments whose proportions of a certain ancestry were excessive compared with the whole-genome level, leading to 391 Angus, 49 Brahman and 2,312 Wannan segments. Gene annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the excessive Angus, Brahman and Wannan segments might contribute to the rapid growth, immune resistance and indigenous adaptation, respectively, in Yunling cattle. Our results help understand ancestry components and formation process in Yunling cattle and will provide an opportunity for selective breeding by molecular approaches in future.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN SUMBER SERAT BERBEDA DALAM PAKAN TERHADAP KECERNAAN SEMU SERAT KASAR DAN HEMISELULOSA PADA AYAM PEDAGING STRAIN COBB

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FIBER SOURCES IN THE FEED TO DIGESTIBILITY OF CRUDE FIBER AND HEMICELLULOSE IN COBB STRAIN OF BROILERS. This research was carried out with the aim to determine the effect of providing different sources of fiber in feed on the apparent digestibility of crude fiber and hemicellulose in cobb strain of broilers. This study used 20 cobb strain of broilers 35-day-old. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the treatment of 4 different fiber sources in the feed which was repeated 5 times. The treatments consisted of: R0 (commercial feed),R1 (commercial feed with coffe skin), R2 (commercial feed with rice bran), R3 (commercial feed with coconut pilp). Variables measured were: apparent digestibility of crude fiber and hemicellulose. Apparent-digestibility measurements using the total collection method. Data were analyzed using general linear model (MINITAB version 16), then differences between treatments were tested with Tukey’s simultaneous test. Apparent digestibility of crude fiber feed has a very different (P<0,01) with treatment R2 and R1. The treatment of R2 was not significantly different (P>0,05) from R1. Apparent digestibility test for hemicellulose shows that R3 is the same as R0, but it is significantly different (P<0,01) with treatment R2 and R1. The treatment od R2 was not significantly different (P>0,05) from the treatment of R1. It was concluded that coconut pilp as a source of fiber in the feed of strain cobb of broilers provides better digestibility of coarse and hemicellulose fibers than coffe huks and coffe branKeywords: Apparent digestion of crude fiber, Apparent digestion of hemicellulose, strain cobb of broiler

Preliminary Analysis of Hydrogen Production Integrated with Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an interesting option for electricity generation. However, the usage of pure hydrogen feeding to PEMFC faces many problems such as high price and gas storage capacity. On-board fuel processor integrated with PEMFC is therefore a more preferable option. Two hydrogen production processes from crude ethanol feed, a by-product of fermentation of corn stover, integrated with PEMFC were developed and proposed. They are steam reforming (SR) process integrated with PEMFC and steam reforming process coupled with a CO preferential oxidation (COPROX) reactor with PEMFC. The results showed that the optimal operating conditions for both processes were similar i.e. S/F ratio of 9, WGS reactor temperature of 250oC and membrane area of 0.6 m2. However, the optimal SR temperature of both processes were different i.e. 500oC and 460oC. Both processes produced pure hydrogen gas at 0.53 mol/s. The energy requirement of the SR process alone was higher than SR process coupled with a COPROX about 0.19 MW. The produced hydrogen gas entered PEMFC at current density of 1.1 A cm-2, generating the power at of 0.44 W cm-2.

Induced Spawning of Sahar, Tor putitora (Hamilton-Buchanan) in Terai Region of Nepal

Sahar, Tor putitora (Hamilton-Buchanan) is a high valued indigenous riverine species of Nepal. This is declining in its natural habitat. Tor putitora and Tor tor (Hamilton-Buchanan) have been recommended as vulnerable and endangered species. Limited seed production using natural propagation has restricted its expansion in culture as well as rehabilitation in natural waters. The artificial propagation of sahar using synthetic hormone was conducted in Pokhara, AFU, Chitwan and CARP), Kathar during February to April 2017. Sixty five male (0.5-1.8 kg) and forty five female (1.1-2.1 kg) brood fish were reared in 200 m2 earthen ponds at 1000 kg/ha. Fish were fed with 32% crude protein feed at 3% body weight per day. Maturity was observed regularly for softness of the abdomen. Female brood fish with a soft and extended abdomen were injected with synthetic hormone (Ovaprim) at 0.5 ml/kg body weight. Males were not injected hormone. The fertilized eggs were incubated in Atkin hatching trays. A total of 16 females were induced to spawn, and they produced 1630.80±184.30 (mean±SE) eggs per kg body weight. Mean hatching and larval survival rates were 78.4±1.9 and 74.7±1.1%, respectively.

Effect of Methanolic Extract of Justicia Flava on Petroleum-Induced Reduced Cell Division and DNA Damage

The objective of this research was to determine the import of Justicia flava methanolic extract against petroleum-stimulated reduced cell division and DNA fragmentation.
 Materials and Methods. Ninety rats were distributed and treated as follows for thirty days: Group A - normal diet; Group B - normal feed + 100mg/kg bwt of Justicia flava methanolic extract; Group C - normal feed + 200mg/kg bwt of Justicia flava methanolic extract; Group D - normal feed + 300mg/kg bwt of Justicia flava methanolic extract; Group E - normal feed + 250 mg/kg bwt of standard ascorbic acid; Group F - crude oil-tainted feed; Group G - crude oil-tainted feed + 250 mg/kg bwt of standard ascorbic acid; Group H - crude oil-tainted feed + 100mg/kg bwt of Justicia flava methanolic extract; Group I - crude oil-tainted feed + 200mg/kg bwt of Justicia flava methanolic extract. After thirty days, the rats were sacrificed under chloroform sedation and the liver and kidney were collected for cellular analysis via standard protocols.
 Results. The results showed that administration of Justicia flava methanolic extract decreased petroleum-induced reduced cell division and DNA damage in the liver and kidney of experimental rats. Justicia flava methanolic extract is potent antidote for petroleum-induced DNA damage in the liver and kidney of rats.
 Conclusions. It is no doubt that ingestion of petroleum-tainted diet could culminate in DNA damage in organs and tissues of animals. However, the administration of Justicia flava methanolic extract was found to prevent this damage in renal and liver cells of experimental rats.

Meat Goat Performance, Carcass Traits, and Meat Characteristics of Kid Meat Goats Supplemented with Sunn Hemp or Concentrates on Pasture

ObjectivesFeed is a large input cost to a goat operation (Gillespiex et al., 2013) so the optimal time to supplement pasture grazing impacts the economic return on the feed investment. The objective of this study was to compare growth, carcass traits, and goat meat properties of weaned kid goats on pasture with access to sunn hemp followed by concentrate feed 50 d prior to slaughter or supplementation with concentrates and switching to sunn hemp 50 d prior to slaughter.Materials and MethodsSavanna (n = 23) and Savanna-Kiko (n = 14) kid meat goats from the Louisiana State University meat goat herd were ranked by weight within each breed into groups of the four heaviest goats, next four heaviest goats and continuing until all goats were assigned into four groups. The two treatments were sunn hemp and native pasture or native pasture supplemented with 16% crude protein feed daily at 3% of the average group body weight with two replications of each treatment. After 50 d, the animals were switched to the opposite treatment. Goats were weighed weekly and linear dimensions were measured prior to overnight fasting and humane slaughter at Day 100 at an average live weight of 27.2 kg. Temperature and pH of the M. Semimembranosus were measured after hide removal and 1 h, 3 h and 24 h after stunning. Carcasses were chilled overnight at 2°C before determination of carcass characteristics, the M. Longissimus dorsi area and body wall thickness at the 13th thoracic vertebrae, and L*, a*, and b* color of the M. Rectus abdominis flank muscle and M. Longissimus dorsi. Right sides were fabricated into USDA IMPS food service style cuts with an additional transverse cut between the fourth and fifth ribs. Consistent with previous experiments, M. Semimembranosus muscles were vacuum packaged and held at 4°C for 7 d before grilling on a conveyor oven to an internal temperature of 75°C. Cook yield was determined as cooked weight divided by raw weight. Three 1.27-cm cores were removed parallel to the muscle grain for Warner-Bratzler shear force. Data were analyzed with effects of treatment, breed, replication, and interactions by R-studio aov function with separation of least squares means and significance set at P < 0.05.ResultsSavannah goats were heavier than Savannah-Kiko goats through the 100-d trial and finished on concentrate compared with those finished on sunn hemp, but average daily gain was not different (P > 0.05) with feed or breed. The only difference among the carcass traits were dressing percentages of 50.81% with the concentrate and 48.13% with sunn hemp (P < 0.05). Boneless lean yield and shear force were not different (P > 0.05) with treatment or breed.ConclusionThe minor differences in results did not clearly distinguish between the supplementation methods to improve growth, carcass traits, or meat characteristics of the two types of kid meat goats.

An investigation of the optimum separation conditions in the Degassing stations of one of southern Iraqi oil Field

In field separation facilities operation, operators tend to determine the optimum conditions to maximize revenue.
 The object of this study is to investigate the present number of separation stages and their optimal conditions for degassing stations of oil Field. 
 A computer program model was written to predict the optimal conditions for oil field gas-oil separation stations subject to a given crude oil composition , flow rate and feed temperature and pressure using flash calculations with modified Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation of state.
 Nine Bottom-hole well samples of reservoir crude oil was collected and subjected to PVT analysis commonly performed on crude oil, Surface stage separators gas samples at steady condition were taken and analyzed by gas chromatography apparatus to determine the gas composition.
 A good agreement was found by comparing theoretical and experimental prediction for gas composition.
 The results indicate that the present five separation stages is the optimum number and the values obtained for these optimum stages pressure are (514.7,119.7,42.7,26.7,14.7 psig) for Summer and (464.7,119.7,42.7,26.7,14.7 Psig) for Winter where the current operation pressures are (614.7,119.7,42.7,26.7,14.7 psi) for Summer and Winter. The total liquid yields in stock tank reaches (1.29, 1.31 %) for summer and winter respectively and the stock tank API Gravity reaches (0.41, 0.42) for summer and winter respectively.

Robust set-point optimization of inferential control system of crude oil distillation units

The changes in the characteristics of the crude oil feed to an atmospheric distillation unit can influence the quality of the products. Also, the crude flow rate disturbances should be handled efficiently. An inferential control structure is adopted using RGA analysis where multiple tray temperatures are controlled. Then, a closed-loop stochastic optimization framework is proposed for tighter control and set of the decision variables is extended using the set-points of the decentralized PI controllers. The closed-loop simulations show improved disturbance rejection performance of the controllers against disturbances of feed flow rate and quality as well. Also, the challenges regarding the specifications of the product quality expressed as equality constraints are addressed. Both single and joint constraints cases are discussed.

Genome-Wide Signatures of Selection Detection in Three South China Indigenous Pigs.

South China indigenous pigs are famous for their superior meat quality and crude feed tolerance. Saba and Baoshan pigs without saddleback were located in the high-altitude area of Yunnan Province, while Tunchang and Ding’an pigs with saddleback were located in the low-altitude area of Hainan Province. Although these pigs are different in appearance, the underlying genetic differences have not been investigated. In this study, based on the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes of 124 samples, both the cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) and the fixation index (FST) statistic were used to identify potential signatures of selection in these pig breeds. We found nine potential signatures of selection detected simultaneously by two methods, annotated 22 genes in Hainan pigs, when Baoshan pigs were used as the reference group. In addition, eleven potential signatures of selection detected simultaneously by two methods, annotated 24 genes in Hainan pigs compared with Saba pigs. These candidate genes were most enriched in GO: 0048015~phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling and ssc00604: Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis—ganglio series. These selection signatures were likely to overlap with quantitative trait loci associated with meat quality traits. Furthermore, one potential selection signature, which was associated with different coat color, was detected in Hainan pigs. These results contribute to a better understanding of the underlying genetic architecture of South China indigenous pigs.

Genome-wide genotyping uncovers genetic diversity, phylogeny, signatures of selection, and population structure of Chinese Jiangquhai pigs in a global perspective1.

Jiangquhai pigs are one of the 42 representative local breeds listed in the national livestock genetic resources conservation project of China. This breed is known for its prolificacy, desirable meat quality, and excellent adaptability to crude feed and local environments. In this study, we genotyped 105 Jiangquhai pigs from the state conservation farm using GeneSeek GGP Porcine 80K SNP chip, and explored the SNP data to unravel genetic diversity, evolutionary phylogeny, signatures of selection, and population structure of Jiangquhai pigs in a context of 33 global breeds. Five indices of observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, effective population size, runs of homozygosity, and linkage disequilibrium extent indicate that the Jiangquhai breed are still rich in genetic diversity in comparison with other breeds also from East China despite the recent decline of its population size. Phylogenetic, principal component, TreeMix, and admixture analyses show that Jiangquhai pigs represent an authentic genetic resource and have close genetic relationships with East Chinese breeds, their geographical neighbors. A genome scan unravels a list of reproduction-related genes potentially under selection in Jiangquhai pigs. Using the neighbor-joining clustering approach, we reconstructed the family structure of the conservation population of Jiangquhai pigs. This finding allowed us to suggest a rotational mating scheme across the reconstructed families to reduce the risk of inbreeding depression in the population.

A mixed integer nonlinear programming approach for petroleum refinery topology optimisation

This work presents a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP)-based superstructure optimisation approach to synthesize an optimal petroleum refinery topology or configuration for large-scale grassroots refinery systems. We develop a superstructure to include many possible prospective configurations and formulate rigorous models for the 32 commercial refinery processes that constitute the configurations, which gives rise to a convex MINLP model. The objective function is to maximize the total refinery profit for a given crude oil feed subject to material and energy balance constraints. We apply a two-level optimisation procedure: a master module to construct configurations from the superstructure and a submodule to optimize the process unit conversions and product temperatures of the configurations. A numerical example based on an actual operating refinery in Kuwait is illustrated to implement the approach with a resulting configuration that agrees with real-world practices.

Mixed natural Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus spp. infections in suspected case of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in commercial laying hens in masaka, Nigeria

Ten (10) carcasses from a flock of about 19,000 Isabrown laying chickens from a commercial poultry farm in Masaka, Nasarawa State, Nigeria were presented for post mortem examination following complaints of sudden mortality (0.74%) and drop in egg production (20.0%) on the farm during the hot-dry period of the year, 2017 with high ambient temperature (41.3°C). The pullets (19,000) were reportedly purchased and brought to the farm as point of lay chickens with full vaccination history and were in cage battery system feeding ad libitum. Although most (65%) of the birds looked apparently healthy but the affected birds were dull in appearance with about 35.00% morbidity. On visit to the farm, greenish faecal droppings were seen on the floor while some eggs were soft-shelled, small sized and cracked with some white pigmentation. Congested wattles and combs, prolapsed vents and pale carcasses were evident on gross examination with hepatomegaly, renomegaly and cardiomegaly. The enlarged liver was pale, friable and ruptured. Fibrinous exudation, perivascular oedema and cellular infiltration with microbial clumps were seen in sampled tissues. Microbial cultures yielded Escherichia coli in the liver and heart and Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp in the lungs, respectively and were sensitive to Levafloxacin® (+++). There was marked reduction in mortality with marked increase in feed consumption and egg production following Levafloxacin® treatment. In conclusion, mixed natural Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. infections was diagnosed, as the cause of the mortality on the farm that might be triggered by stress occasioned by the prevailing high ambient temperature amongst others such as the high crude protein (16.80%) and energy feed (2680Kcal/kg).

Effect of Stocking Density on Survival and Growth of Potamon ebonyicum (Freshwater Crab)

This work investigated survival and growth performance of male and female Potamon ebonyicum, at different Stocking Densities (SD) with 38% crude protein fish feed, in intensive culture system for six weeks. Experimental treatments were three in number viz., TI, TII and TIII. The TI contained only female, TII contained equal number of male and female, and TIII contained more females than male. The SD ranged from 1 crabT-1 to 3 CrabsT-1. All the male and female crabs survived first half (3 weeks) of the experimental period. Survival period of more than four weeks was recorded in the treatments with more than one female. Growth rates were insignificant and unevenly distributed. Yield was higher in the treatment with equal number of male and female than in the other ones. There was insignificant change in the growth rates as compared to records of previous investigations with the crab species. The narrow gap in the size of small ones, weight differential and their growth rates might assist aqua culturists to adapt SD and forecast yield in the freshwater crab. It could be suggested however that increment in the number of females during high density culture might enhance yield.

A genome scan for selection signatures in Taihu pig breeds using next-generation sequencing

Taihu pig breeds are the most prolific breeds of swine in the world, and they also have superior economic traits, including high resistance to disease, superior meat quality, high resistance to crude feed and a docile temperament. The formation of these phenotypic characteristics is largely a result of long-term artificial or natural selection. Therefore, exploring selection signatures in the genomes of the Taihu pigs will help us to identify porcine genes related to productivity traits, disease and behaviour. In this study, we used both intra-population (Relative Extend Haplotype Homozygosity Test (REHH)) and inter-population (the Cross-Population Extend Haplotype Homozygosity Test (XPEHH); F-STATISTICS, FST) methods to detect genomic regions that might be under selection process in Taihu pig breeds. As a result, we found 282 (REHH) and 112 (XPEHH) selection signature candidate regions corresponding to 159.78 Mb (6.15%) and 62.29 Mb (2.40%) genomic regions, respectively. Further investigations of the selection candidate regions revealed that many genes under these genomic regions were related to reproductive traits (such as the TLR9 gene), coat colour (such as the KIT gene) and fat metabolism (such as the CPT1A and MAML3 genes). Furthermore, gene enrichment analyses showed that genes under the selection candidate regions were significantly over-represented in pathways related to diseases, such as autoimmune thyroid and asthma diseases. In conclusion, several candidate genes potentially under positive selection were involved in characteristics of Taihu pig. These results will further allow us to better understand the mechanisms of selection in pig breeding.

Design of High‐Productivity Mixed Tocopherol Purification from Deodorized Distillates by Tandem Reverse Phase Chromatography

AbstractCurrently, there is a great demand for high‐purity natural tocopherols in food supplements due to their antioxidant and Vitamin E activity. Deodorized distillate (DOD), a by‐product of the vegetable oil refining process, is a major source of these natural tocopherols. Isolation of pure tocopherols from DOD is challenging due to their lower concentration and presence of large quantities of polar and hydrophobic components. Several multistep methods are known in the art for the purification of tocopherols from DOD and crude feed stocks. This work presents a single‐step tandem reverse phase chromatography method for high‐purity tocopherols from DOD containing 4–8% of tocopherols (mixture of α, β, γ, and δ isomers). Tandem chromatography involved two consecutive chromatography columns, in which the first column is operated in frontal adsorption mode for maximum loading with partial removal of impurities and the second column operated in step wise separation mode causing high purity. The Developed tandem two‐column process produces 60% and 95% purity tocopherol grades at a high loading of 381 (g of DOD) per (L of resin). The developed method recovers up to 77% of loaded tocopherols in purified form with a productivity of 3.4 g L−1 hour−1.

Доступность к перевариванию белка кормов, клетчатки и ее фракций в рационах голштин-холмогорских коров в условиях Европейского Севера

Доступность сырого протеина кормов для переваривания в тонком кишечнике зависит от распадаемости сырого протеина в рубце. Изучена доступность белка кормов для переваривания в кишечнике в зависимости от технологических параметров (температуры) их обработки в рационах голштин-холмогорских коров с удоем 10 тыс. кг молока и выше в условиях Европейского Севера РФ. Распадаемость сырого протеина кормов определяли методом in sacco инкубацией в рубце средних проб отдельных кормов в нейлоновых мешочках в течение 12 ч. Содержание нейтральнодетергентной (НДК), кислотнодетергентной (КДК) и сырой клетчатки в сенаже из многолетних трав колеблется соответственно от 14,35 до 23,71, от 7,53 до 10,27 и от 8,50 до 11,86 % при практически одинаковой распадаемости их в рубце коров. В силосе из многолетних трав содержание НДК на 8,4 % больше, чем в силосе из однолетних трав, распадаемость ее в рубце также выше на 13,97 %. Содержание сырой клетчатки и ее фракций, НДК и КДК в сене, как и распадаемость в рубце, варьирует в широких пределах: соответственно содержание — от 16,38 до 35,93, от 34,83 до 65,68 и от 21,91 до 39,02 %, распадаемость — от 10,38 до 33,54, от 24,63 до 34,58 и от 17,04 до 19,86 %. Термообработка в разных режимах — 100 – 115 °C — высокобелковых кормов, таких как жмых и шрот подсолнечные, барда сухая ячменная, горох, соя, люпин, комбикорм стандартный, отруби пшеничные, приводит к снижению распадаемости протеина в рубце высокопродуктивных коров.

Investigation on and industrial application of degrading of methanol feed in methanol to propylene process

At present, methanol to propylene (MTP) technology developed by Lurgi Company is adopted for commercial plants and refined methanol with the purity ≥ 99.85 wt% is required as the feed of MTP unit in Lurgi's technology. Therefore, high energy cost for refined methanol production is one of the bottlenecks to improve the economy of MTP technology. Reducing the grade of feed refined methanol may be an effective method to save energy and reduce operation costs in MTP process. In this work, experiments and process simulation were carried out to investigate the influence and feasibility of degrading the methanol feed. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of crude methanol feed on conversion and selectivity of MTP reaction as well as the performance of ZSM-5 catalyst. The experimental results showed that degrading the methanol feed had no obvious influence on the conversion and selectivity of MTP reactions and the catalyst deactivation was caused by the carbon accumulation and metals deposition on the active sites. The process simulation results showed that the influence on the conversion and selectivity as well as the stream load of MTP process was negligible if 98mol% methanol was used as feed. Finally, industrial experiments were conducted by adjusting the operation parameters to degrade of feed methanol of the commercial 500 kt·a−1 MTP unit of Ningmei Group in China. The results of industrial application illustrated that annually 180 kt fuel coal and 150 kt desalted water as well as1770 MW·h−1 electricity would be saved when the water content increased from 0.01% to 0.4%. This work has identified the feasibility to improve MTP technology by degrading the methanol feed.

Effects of diet and roughage quality, and period of the day on diurnal feeding behaviour patterns of sheep and goats under subtropical conditions.

ObjectiveThis study investigated the effect of diet and roughage quality (RQ) on dry matter intake, duration and number of daytime and night-time eating bouts, idling sessions and ruminating activities in small ruminants.MethodsIn Exp 1 and 2, RQ was improved by urea treatment of veld hay, while diet quality was improved by supplementing with Lucerne hay (Exp 3), sunflower meal and lespedeza (Exp 4), fish meal (Exp 5a), and sunflower meal (Exp 5b). In all experiments goats and sheep were blocked by weight and randomly allocated to experimental diets. Day-time (06:00 to 18:00 h) and night time (18:00 to 06:00 h) feeding behaviour activities were recorded.ResultsRQ affected rumination index in Exp 1, but not in Exp 2, 3, and 5. Time spent eating and ruminating was affected by RQ (Exp 1, 3, and 4), period of day (all experiments) and their interaction (Exp 1). Intake rates (g/bout and g/min) were similar across diets. Period of day affected the duration of rumination sessions (Exp 1, 2, and 3); diet or RQ affected the duration of eating bouts (Exp 3) and rumination sessions (Exp 1 and 2). RQ had a significant effect on the duration of eating sessions in Exp 3 only, whilst period of day affected this same behaviour in Exp 2 and 3. Generally, goats and sheep fed on roughage alone ruminate at night and eat more during the day but those fed a roughage and supplemented with Lucerne hay spent more time ruminating than eating. Time spent eating and ruminating had positive correlations to crude protein and feed intake. Intake rates had strong positive correlations to intake.ConclusionChewing time, number of eating and ruminating sessions, and duration of eating bouts are physiologically controlled in small ruminants, though chewing time requires isometric scaling during modelling of intake.

Catalytic pyrolysis of crude glycerol over shaped ZSM-5/bentonite catalysts for bio-BTX synthesis

Ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of crude glycerol for the synthesis of bio-based benzene, toluene and xylenes (bio-BTX) was performed in a tandem micro-reactor (TMR), a batch gram scale reactor and a continuous integrated bench scale unit using ZSM-5/bentonite extrudates. A bio-BTX yield of 8.1 wt.% (14.6% carbon yield) based on crude glycerol was obtained over the fresh catalysts (Cat-F) in the bench scale unit (crude glycerol feed rate of 200 g h−1, pyrolysis temperature of 520 °C and catalytic upgrading temperature of 536 °C). Catalyst activity was shown to be a function of the time on stream (TOS) and after 4.7 h the activity dropped with about 8%. After an oxidative regeneration step to remove coke, the activity of the regenerated catalysts (Cat-R1) was recovered to 95% of the original catalyst activity. After 11 reaction-regeneration cycles, the bio-BTX yield decreased to 5.4 wt.% (9.7% carbon yield) over Cat-R11. The fresh, deactivated and regenerated ZSM-5/bentonite catalysts were characterized in detail using nitrogen physisorption, XRD, ICP-AES, EA, TEM-EDX, TGA, NH3-TPD, pyridine-IR and solid MAS NMR. Coke (10.5 wt.% over Cat-D) was mostly deposited on ZSM-5 planes, and not only decreased the number of Lewis and Brönsted acid sites, but also blocked the pores, resulting in catalyst deactivation. Coke removal was effectively performed using an oxidative treatment. However, exchange of cations (e.g., Na) of the bentonite and possibly also from the crude glycerol feed with protons of ZSM-5 was observed, leading to irreversible deactivation. Furthermore, the layered structure of bentonite collapsed due to the removal of interlamellar water and dehydroxylation.

THE IMPROVEMENT PRODUCTION CHICKEN FEED BY FERMENTATION AND EGG INCUBATOR IN MALANG VILLAGE

The purpose of this public service activities is to help improve productivity and accelerate egg hatchability of eggs using appropriate technology incubator eggs that are expected to improve the economy of the people in the district of Malang apart from that application's use of fermented feed can improve the digestibility so that growth can be maximized. IbM's results show that community service is very enthusiastic partners with activities provided by the team, the use of egg incubators can improve hatchability of eggs in bulk to minimize the time the hatch and feed fermentation using Aspergillus orizae can increase the protein content of crude protein feed from 12.09 to 19 , 77 and lower crude fiber of 7.99 becomes 3.83, which improves the performance egg quality (larger size and eggshell color dark brown). A direct partner to practice the use of the incubator incubator capable hatch into chicks and want to practice the use of chicken feed fermentation.