Crude Extracts Of Different Parts Research Articles

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Combretum farinosum Kunth and Combretum igneiflorum Rendón & R. Delgad. extracts

Infectious diseases like bacterial, fungal, viral are the top killers of a third of the world population. Limited access to comprehensive treatment forces people to rely on herbal concoctions for treatment. Combretum farinosum Kunth and C. igneiflorum Rendón & R. Delgad. are two similar vine plant species that have insufficient scientific investigation. The purpose of the study is to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of different parts of Combretum igneiflorum (roots, stem, and leaves) and Combretum farinosum (roots, fruits, leaves, and stem) using petroleum ether, acetone, and ethanol-water. The crude extract was tested against food-borne pathogens. Twenty-seven crude extracts were prepared from C. igneiflorum (roots, stem, and leaves) and C. farinosum (roots, stem, leaves, and fruits) and screened for their antimicrobial activity against four Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant, Bacillus subtilis), four Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli B), and one fungus species (Candida albicans) using agar disc-diffusion, and microbroth dilution assays. Results show that crude extracts of both plants tested had broad antimicrobial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C. farinosum extract against tested bacteria ranged from 0.32 to 100 mg/ml, whereas C. igneiflorum extracts that showed antibacterial activity ranged from 2.5 to 75 mg/ml. Gram-positive bacteria tested were more susceptible to the extracts than gram-negative bacteria. Crude extracts of C. igneiflorum and C. farinosum have broad antimicrobial activity against the microbes tested.
 Keywords: Combretum farinosum Kunth, Combretum igneiflorum Rendón & R. Delgad. MTT, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Antifungal, Antibacterial.

Induction of apoptosis by ethanolic extract of leaf of Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. in A549 cells via NF-κB pathway

BackgroundA large number of populations worldwide still rely on crude extracts of different parts of medicinal plants. Different parts of Dillenia pentagyna has long been used in India for the treatment of different disorders. ObjectiveCytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing capability of ethanolic extract of leaves of Dillenia pentagyna (EELDP) were studied on various human cancer cell lines. MethodsCell viability and morphology, nuclear fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, ratio of Bax/Bcl2, NF-κB expression were measured in three human cancer cells A549, HeLa and U2OS after treatment with EELDP. Further, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle analysis, ROS generation were done in A549 cells. ResultsEELDP dose-dependently increased cell cytotoxicity to all the human cancer cells but showed nontoxic to the normal lung cell L-132. EELDP (0–0.6 mg/ml) significantly induced the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis via fall in mitochondrial membrane potential leading to an increase in Bax to Bcl2 ratio, the release of cytochrome-c, caspase-3 activation, and nuclear fragmentation. EELDP significantly reduced NF-κB expression. However, combined EELDP with Bay11–7082 (NF-κB inhibitor) treatment significantly enhanced Bax to Bcl2 ratio and caspase-3 activation. ConclusionThis data implicates that EELDP has a strong potential to kill various aggressive human cancer cells by inducing apoptosis via NF- κB pathway.

Silver Nanoparticles Formulation of Flower Head's Polyphenols of Cynara scolymus L.: A Promising Candidate against Prostate (PC-3) Cancer Cell Line through Apoptosis Activation.

Cynara scolymus L. (Family: Compositae) or artichoke is a nutritious edible plant widely used for its hepatoprotective effect. Crude extracts of flower, bract, and stem were prepared and evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic content. The flower crude extract exhibited the highest phenolic content (74.29 mg GAE/gm) as well as the best in vitro antioxidant activity using total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FEAP), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhyazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays compared with ascorbic acid. Phenolic fractions of the crude extracts of different parts were separated and identified using high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC-DAD analysis. The silver nanoparticles of these phenolic fractions were established and tested for their cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity. Results showed that silver nanoparticles of a polyphenolic fraction of flower extract (Nano-TP/Flowers) exhibited potent cytotoxicity against prostate (PC-3) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 0.85 μg/mL and 0.94 μg/mL, respectively, compared with doxorubicin as a standard. For apoptosis-induction, Nano-TP/Flowers exhibited apoptosis in PC-3 with a higher ratio than in A549 cells. It induced total prostate apoptotic cell death by 227-fold change while it induced apoptosis in A549 cells by 15.6-fold change. Nano-TP/Flowers upregulated both pro-apoptotic markers and downregulated the antiapoptotic genes using RT-PCR. Hence, this extract may serve as a promising source for anti-prostate cancer candidates.

Evaluation of Wound Healing and Antibacterial Activities of Solvent Fractions of 80% Methanol Leaf Extract of Brucea antidysenterica J.F. Mill (Simaroubaceae).

BackgroundBrucea antidysenterica is a well-known medicinal plant that has traditionally been used to treat a variety of ailments, including wound healing. Supporting the traditional claims, wound healing, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities of the crude extracts of different parts of the plant were reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the wound healing and antibacterial activities of solvent fractions of the menthol leaf extract of Brucea antidysenterica.MethodsMethanol (80%) leaf extract of Brucea antidysenterica was fractionated using three solvents; water, n-butanol and chloroform. An ointment containing 2% and 4% of each fraction was formulated and applied to wounds inflicted on rats topically. The wound contraction rate, period of epithelialization, and breaking strength were analysed. In vitro antibacterial activities were tested using the agar diffusion method. The macro-tube dilution technique was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by sub-culturing the MIC and concentrations below the MIC.ResultsThe 2% and 4% aqueous fractions (AF) significantly increased wound contraction (p 0.001) compared to the negative control and increased tensile strength compared to untreated (p 0.001). Among the three fractions, the n-butanol fraction showed the highest antibacterial growth inhibition, ranging from 8 mm (E. coli) to 16 mm (S. aureus).ConclusionData obtained from this study collectively indicated that the aqueous fraction of 80% methanol leaf extract of B. antidysenterica possesses wound healing and antibacterial activities.

Quercus salicina Blume: Research Progress in Chemistry and Pharmacodynamics (1959-2021).

The crude extracts of different parts (leaves and shoots) of Quercus salicina Blume (QS) have shown considerable effect in urolithiasis. QS has been widely used in clinical practice and has attracted great research interest The relevant published literature, however, reveals only partial education of its chemical components and bio-active mechanisms, and only two review articles have summarized the QS research progress. In this review, a comprehensive and systematic review of chemistry and pharmacodynamics of QS was carried out using the international authoritative databases (1959-2021), focusing on phenols and flavonoids, and their effect such as urinary stone dissolution, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-bacterial, antioxidant, and anti-allergy activities as well as toxic effects. The aim of review is to provide the most recent and effective literature support for further basic research and application development.

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of the crude extracts of different parts of blue lettuce (Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A.Mey.)

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of the crude extracts of different parts of blue lettuce (Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A.Mey.)

Rapid screening for minimum inhibitory concentration of medicinal plant extracts against human pathogenic bacteria

In the present study, crude extracts of different parts of six medicinal plant species have been screened for antibacterial activity through resazurin dye reduction assay. The crude extracts of Coleus strobilifer, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Acalypha paniculata, Solanum erianthum, Curculigo orchioides, and Spatholobus parviflorus were prepared with the solvents, petroleum ether, methanol and ethanol by Soxhlet extraction method. Resazurin titreplate assay was done for screening the plant extracts for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) the pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results revealed that the crude extracts of various parts of the plants obtained using three different solvents were capable of inhibiting the test bacteria with the MIC values ranging from 125 μL to >1000 μL. The stem extracts of C. strobilifer and A. paniculata showed the least antibacterial activity with the MIC values >1000 µL. The leaf extracts of S. erianthum showed a MIC value of 250-500 µL against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. The results revealed that the rhizome extract of C. orchioides and fruit extracts of S. parviflorus have good antibacterial activity and can be tested further with specific trials to develop antibacterial drugs. For initial screening of medicinal plants for antibacterial activity is faster, more accurate and reliable with resazurin dye reduction method.

Antibacterial Activities of Calpurnia aurea against Selected Animal Pathogenic Bacterial Strains.

The study aimed to determine the phytochemicals and to assess the antibacterial activities of crude extracts of different parts of Calpurnia aurea against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157 H:7, Salmonella typhi, and Campylobacter jejuni. The fresh and healthy leaves, barks, stems, and roots of the plant parts were collected, herbarium, dried, and grounded, and bioactive compounds were extracted by ethanol (99%) and water. Mass of crude extracts was determined by using the Whatman No. 1 filter paper and rotary evaporator. Major secondary metabolites were also screened using phytochemical screening tests. Antibacterial activities (inhibition zones, mm) and minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) were evaluated using agar-well diffused methods and agar dilution methods, respectively. The antibiotics ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, penicillin, and tetracycline were used as positive controls at concentrations of 0.1 mg/ml and 0.2 mg/ml, while distilled water was used as the negative control. All the crude extracts were tested triplet (3x) for antibacterial activities against selected bacterial strains with two different concentrations 25 and 50 mg/ml and analyzed to compare the mean ± standard deviation between triplets. The results revealed that ethanol extracts showed high crude mass extracts, antibacterial activities, and major secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tennis, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and phlobatannins compared with aqueous extracts. Among antibiotics used, penicillin showed resistance to S. aureus and E. coli O157 H:7. C. jejuni was found to be the most susceptible bacterium to ethanol extracts' leaves, barks, and stems with MIC 3.125 mg/ml, whereas S. aureus was the least susceptible to all crude extracts. The study provided the traditional and scientific basis of Calpurnia aurea used against some bacterial diseases.

Crude ethanolic extracts of different parts of Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) for the control of Rhipicephalus microplus

ABSTRACT The ectoparasite Rhipicephalus microplus has caused huge economic losses in livestock, and its synthetic chemical control resulted in acaricidal resistant ticks, environmental damages and residues in bovine products. Therefore, it is important to search for alternative products to control this parasite. This study aimed to characterize the crude extracts of different parts of Gallesia integrifolia by GC and MS, and to evaluate the acaricidal activity against R. microplus by adult immersion test (AIT) and larval packet immersion test (LPIT). The acaricidal activity was verified by adult immersion test and larval packet test, while the anticholinesterase activity was done by bioautographic method. The results showed greater larvicidal activity of crude extracts from flowers (LC99.9 = 15.82 mg/mL) and fruits (LC99.9 = 16.13 mg/mL), when compared to the leaf crude extract (LC99.9 = 18.39 mg/mL). Product efficiency of flower and fruit extracts at 12.5 mg/mL was 96.9% and 96.2%, respectively, probably due to the greater amount of sulphur compounds in flowers (21.7%) mainly disulphide, bis(2-sulphhydryl ethyl (12.8%), and in fruits (9.1%), mostly 2,3,5-trithiahexane (5.0%). Thus, G. integrifolia is an alternative to be exploited for the control cattle tick.

In vitro antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of Manilkara kauki.

Manilkara kauki L. Dubard is a tropical plant in the genus Manilkara of family Sapotaceae. This study investigated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant and antityrosinase activities in different parts of M. kauki (fruits, leaves, seeds, stem barks and woods) and in fractions of stem barks. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the methanol and aqueous crude extracts of different parts of M. kauki ranged from 10.87 to 176.56 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents) per gram of crude extract and 14.33 to 821.67 mg QE (quercetin equivalents) per gram of crude extract, resp. Leaves and stem barks exhibited higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities than fruits, seeds and woods. Stem barks were sequentially extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water and then the fractionated extracts were subjected to antioxidant and antityrosinase activities testing. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of stem barks exhibited higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant and antityrosinase activities than the n-hexane and aqueous extracts. Moreover, ethyl acetate extract of M. kauki stem exhibited the highest antityrosinase activity. It may be a potential source of tyrosinase inhibitors for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.

English

Herbal medicines are a valuable and readily available resource for primary health care and complementary health care systems. Undoubtedly, the plant kingdom still holds many species of plants containing substances of medicinal value that have yet to be discovered; though large numbers of plants are constantly being screened for their antimicrobial effects. These plants may prove to be a rich source of compounds with possible antimicrobial activities, but more pharmacological investigations are necessary. The present study reveals the antibacterial potential of crude extracts of different parts of Rosa indica. Extracts from almost all parts of the plant showed antibacterial potential and produced zone(s) of inhibition thus; it should be further studied to determine the active component (s). Furthermore, Gram-negative bacteria were found to have more susceptibility as compared to Gram-positive bacterial species. This is probably due to the differences in chemical composition and structure of cell wall of both types of microorganisms. Data also showed that some antimicrobial substances could be extracted by organic solvents, suggesting that organic solvents are clearly better solvents of antimi-

Insignificant antimicrobial activities and phytochemical screening in different extracts of indian Ginseng

Aim: The aim of present study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of (Flower, Ripen fruit and calyx) of Withania somnifera (RUBL20668) extracts, in order to use them as a possible source of new antimicrobial substances against important human pathogens. Materials and Methods: Crude extracts of different parts of both species of W. somnifera were evaluated against some important bacteria (two Gram +ve and four Gram-ve bacteria). Staphylococcus aureus (Gram +ve), Bacillus Subtilis (Gram +ve), Escherichia coli (Gram-ve), Raoultella planticola (Gram-ve), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-ve), Enterobactor aerogens (Gram-ve), one yeast Candida albicans and one fungus Aspergillus flavus . The dried and powdered seeds were successively extracted with hexane, toluene, iso propyl alcohol, acetone and ethanol, using the soxhlet assembly. The antimicrobial activity assay was done by both disc diffusion and serial dilution methods. Result: The results indicate that all the extracts in different polar solvents did not show any antibacterial activity against S. aureus , E. coli , R. planticola or E. aerogens or any antifungal activity against A. flavus . Conclusion: All extracts in the different polar solvents did not have or had very less antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Antimicrobial Activity of the Crude Extracts of Withania somnifera and Cenchrus setigerus In-vitro

Introduction: The aim of present study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Withania somnifera (RUBL20668) and Cenchrus setigerus (CAZRI-76) extracts in order to use it as a possible source for new antimicrobial substances against important human pathogens. Method: The crude extracts of different parts (root, stem, leaf and seed) of C. setigerus and (Unripen fruit, ripen fruit, calyx) of W. somnifera and were successively extracted with polar to non polar solvents using soxhlet assembly. The extracts were then screened for their antimicrobial activity in-vitro against one gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis), two gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobactor aerogens) and one fungus (Aspergillus flavus) by disc diffusion assay. Serial dilution method was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC). Result: Water extract of stems of C. setigerus (IZ-21.83 ± 0.24 mm, AI- 0.780) and chloroform extract of calyx of W. somnifera (IZ-16.17 ± 0.24 mm, AI- 1.078) showed highest activity against B. subtilis. Conclusion: The demonstration of broad spectrum of W. somnifera and C. setigerus may help to discover new chemical classes of antibiotic substances that could serve as selective agents for infectious disease chemotherapy and control.

Detection of Antimicrobial Activity of Solanum melogena L. (Egg plant) Against Pathogenic Microorganisms

Abstract Introduction: Solanum melogena L. or egg plant is one of few cultivated Solanaceous species originating from the old world. Methods: To determine antimicrobial effects of egg plant, well agar diffusion assay for bacteria and colony diameter method for fungi were used. Crude extracts of different parts of Solanum melogena L. (egg plant) were tested for their antimicrobial activities against seven pathogenic microorganisms that include two strains of fungi (dermatophytes) and five strains of bacteria. Results: Root and fruit extracts showed significant effects on tested microorganisms. Epidermophyton floccosum considered the most susceptible fungus for extract of these parts with MIC value of 15 and 28 mg/ml respectively. Meanwhile, the bacterium Proteus vulgaris exhibited susceptibility to all tested extracts with less MIC value. Conclusions: Crude extracts of different parts of S. melogena showed variable potential effects on various types of pathogenic microorganisms.

In vitro pharmacological evaluation of three Barleria species

Ethnopharmacological relevance Various parts of Barleria prionitis L. (Acanthaceae) are used in traditional medicine to treat infection-related ailments. A comparison of their activities and knowledge of their mechanisms of action are important for drug development and conservation. Aims of the study This study investigated the antibacterial effects and underlying mechanisms of action of the anti-inflammatory activities of different parts of three Barleria species of South African origin. Materials and methods Crude extracts of different parts of three Barleria species were investigated in vitro for their biological activity. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the micro-dilution assay against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2 assays. Results All the extracts showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.059 to 6.25 mg/ml. Twelve out of 21 crude extracts evaluated showed good activity (>70%) in the COX-1 assay while 10 extracts showed good activity in the COX-2 assay. All the petroleum ether extracts (except B. prionitis stem) exhibited good inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in COX-1. Conclusion The results demonstrated the therapeutic potential of these plants as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents. Their anti-inflammatory properties are mediated by the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzymes.

In vitro pharmacological evaluation of three Barleria species

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Various parts of Barleria prionitis L. (Acanthaceae) are used in traditional medicine to treat infection-related ailments. A comparison of their activities and knowledge of their mechanisms of action are important for drug development and conservation. Aims of the study This study investigated the antibacterial effects and underlying mechanisms of action of the anti-inflammatory activities of different parts of three Barleria species of South African origin. Materials and methods Crude extracts of different parts of three Barleria species were investigated in vitro for their biological activity. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the micro-dilution assay against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2 assays. Results All the extracts showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.059 to 6.25 mg/ml. Twelve out of 21 crude extracts evaluated showed good activity (>70%) in the COX-1 assay while 10 extracts showed good activity in the COX-2 assay. All the petroleum ether extracts (except B. prionitis stem) exhibited good inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in COX-1. Conclusion The results demonstrated the therapeutic potential of these plants as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents. Their anti-inflammatory properties are mediated by the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzymes.

Somatostatin: The beginnings, 1972

Somatostatin: The beginnings, 1972

Arabidopsis AtcwINV3 and 6 are not invertases but are fructan exohydrolases (FEHs) with different substrate specificities

ABSTRACTThe genome of Arabidopsis thaliana contains six putative cell‐wall type invertase genes (AtcwINV1‐6). Heterologous expression of AtcwINV1, 3 and 6 cDNAs in Pichia pastoris revealed that the enzymes encoded by AtcwINV3 and 6 did not show invertase activity. Instead, AtcwINV3 is a 6‐FEH and AtcwINV6 is a fructan exohydrolase (FEH) that can degrade both inulin and levan‐type fructans. For AtcwINV6 it is proposed to use the term (6&1) FEH. In contrast, AtcwINV1 is a typical invertase. FEH activity was also detected in crude extracts of different parts of Arabidopsis. To verify that the FEH activity of AtcwINV3 and 6 were not artefacts of the heterologous expression system, the protein corresponding to AtcwINV3 was isolated from whole Arabidopsis plants and indeed showed only 6‐FEH activity and no invertase activity. Although no fructans can be detected in Arabidopsis plants, it is shown that kestoses (trimers) can be synthesized in crude leaf extracts. The putative physiological significance of FEH in so‐called non‐fructan plants is discussed.